Companies: 10,793     total market cap: $134.237 T
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Valley Bank
VLY
#2508
Rank
$6.92 B
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$12.42
Share price
-0.16%
Change (1 day)
56.23%
Change (1 year)
  1. Valley Bank
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2022 Q1

Valley Bank - 10-Q quarterly report FY2022 Q1


Text size:
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2022
OR
☐Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from                      to                     
Commission File Number 1-11277 
 Valley National Bancorp
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
New Jersey22-2477875
(State or other jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
One Penn Plaza
New York,NY10119
(Address of principal executive office)(Zip code)
973-305-8800
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) 
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading SymbolsName of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, no par valueVLYThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A, no par valueVLYPPThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B, no par valueVLYPOThe Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files.)    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (check one):
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer
☐
Smaller reporting company
☐
Non-accelerated filer
☐
Emerging growth company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. Common Stock (no par value), of which 506,305,454 shares were outstanding as of May 6, 2022.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
  Page
Number
PART I
Item 1.
2
3
5
6
7
9
Item 2.
41
Item 3.
72
Item 4.
72
PART II
Item 1.
73
Item 1A.
73
Item 2.
73
Item 6.
74
75

1


PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
VALLEY NATIONAL BANCORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(in thousands, except for share data)
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Assets(Unaudited)
Cash and due from banks$424,035 $205,156 
Interest bearing deposits with banks306,885 1,844,764 
Investment securities:
Equity securities35,992 36,473 
Trading debt securities11,739 38,130 
Available for sale debt securities1,015,034 1,128,809 
Held to maturity debt securities (net of allowance for credit losses of $1,222 at March 31, 2022 and $1,165 at December 31, 2021)
3,071,983 2,667,532 
Total investment securities4,134,748 3,870,944 
Loans held for sale, at fair value77,632 139,516 
Loans35,364,405 34,153,657 
Less: Allowance for loan losses(362,510)(359,202)
Net loans35,001,895 33,794,455 
Premises and equipment, net337,479 326,306 
Lease right of use assets258,512 259,117 
Bank owned life insurance566,440 566,770 
Accrued interest receivable102,667 96,882 
Goodwill1,468,354 1,459,008 
Other intangible assets, net74,884 70,386 
Other assets797,926 813,139 
Total Assets$43,551,457 $43,446,443 
Liabilities
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing$11,947,001 $11,675,748 
Interest bearing:
Savings, NOW and money market20,285,967 20,269,620 
Time3,414,368 3,687,044 
Total deposits35,647,336 35,632,412 
Short-term borrowings484,181 655,726 
Long-term borrowings1,409,142 1,423,676 
Junior subordinated debentures issued to capital trusts56,500 56,413 
Lease liabilities282,437 283,106 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities575,477 311,044 
Total Liabilities38,455,073 38,362,377 
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, no par value; 50,000,000 authorized shares:
Series A (4,600,000 shares issued at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021)
111,590 111,590 
Series B (4,000,000 shares issued at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021)
98,101 98,101 
Common stock (no par value, authorized 650,000,000 shares; issued 423,034,027 shares at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021)
148,482 148,482 
Surplus3,872,236 3,883,035 
Retained earnings945,225 883,645 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(56,098)(17,932)
Treasury stock, at cost (1,639,750 common shares at March 31, 2022 and 1,596,959 common shares at December 31, 2021)
(23,152)(22,855)
Total Shareholders’ Equity5,096,384 5,084,066 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$43,551,457 $43,446,443 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
2


VALLEY NATIONAL BANCORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited)
(in thousands, except for share data)
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
Interest Income
Interest and fees on loans$317,365 $313,181 
Interest and dividends on investment securities:
Taxable18,439 13,166 
Tax-exempt2,517 3,356 
Dividends1,676 1,871 
Interest on federal funds sold and other short-term investments461 224 
Total interest income340,458 331,798 
Interest Expense
Interest on deposits:
Savings, NOW and money market9,627 11,125 
Time2,831 11,093 
Interest on short-term borrowings806 1,758 
Interest on long-term borrowings and junior subordinated debentures9,525 15,155 
Total interest expense22,789 39,131 
Net Interest Income317,669 292,667 
Provision (credit) for credit losses for held to maturity securities57 (358)
Provision for credit losses for loans3,500 9,014 
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses314,112 284,011 
Non-Interest Income
Trust and investment services5,131 3,329 
Insurance commissions1,859 1,558 
Service charges on deposit accounts6,212 5,103 
(Losses) gains on securities transactions, net(1,072)101 
Fees from loan servicing2,781 2,899 
Gains on sales of loans, net986 3,513 
Bank owned life insurance2,046 2,331 
Other21,327 12,399 
Total non-interest income39,270 31,233 
Non-Interest Expense
Salary and employee benefits expense107,733 88,103 
Net occupancy and equipment expense36,806 32,259 
FDIC insurance assessment4,158 3,276 
Amortization of other intangible assets4,437 6,006 
Professional and legal fees14,749 6,272 
Amortization of tax credit investments2,896 2,744 
Telecommunication expense3,271 3,160 
Other23,290 18,393 
Total non-interest expense197,340 160,213 
Income Before Income Taxes156,042 155,031 
Income tax expense39,314 39,321 
Net Income116,728 115,710 
Dividends on preferred stock 3,172 3,172 
Net Income Available to Common Shareholders$113,556 $112,538 
3



VALLEY NATIONAL BANCORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Unaudited) (continued)
(in thousands, except for share data)
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
Earnings Per Common Share:
Basic$0.27 $0.28 
Diluted0.27 0.28 
Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share0.11 0.11 
Weighted Average Number of Common Shares Outstanding:
Basic421,573,843 405,152,605 
Diluted423,506,550 407,636,765 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4


VALLEY NATIONAL BANCORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)
(in thousands)
 
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
Net income$116,728 $115,710 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities
Net losses arising during the period(38,892)(10,436)
Less reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses included in net income(10)44 
Total(38,902)(10,392)
Unrealized gains and losses on derivatives (cash flow hedges)
Net gains on derivatives arising during the period218 174 
Less reclassification adjustment for net losses included in net income386 651 
Total604 825 
Defined benefit pension plan
Amortization of actuarial net loss132 280 
Total other comprehensive loss(38,166)(9,287)
Total comprehensive income$78,562 $106,423 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5


CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Common StockAccumulated
Preferred StockSharesAmountSurplusRetained
Earnings		Other
Comprehensive
Loss		Treasury
Stock		Total
Shareholders’
Equity
 (in thousands)
Balance - December 31, 2021$209,691 421,437 $148,482 $3,883,035 $883,645 $(17,932)$(22,855)$5,084,066 
Net income— — — — 116,728 — — 116,728 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
— — — — — (38,166)— (38,166)
Cash dividends declared:
Preferred stock, Series A, $0.39 per share
— — — — (1,797)— — (1,797)
Preferred stock, Series B, $0.34 per share
— — — — (1,375)— — (1,375)
Common stock, $0.11 per share
— — — — (46,803)— — (46,803)
Effect of stock incentive plan, net
— 972 — (10,799)(5,173)— 13,220 (2,752)
Purchase of treasury stock— (1,015)— — — — (13,517)(13,517)
Balance - March 31, 2022$209,691 421,394 $148,482 $3,872,236 $945,225 $(56,098)$(23,152)$5,096,384 

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Common StockAccumulated
Preferred StockSharesAmountSurplusRetained
Earnings		Other
Comprehensive
Loss		Treasury
Stock		Total
Shareholders’
Equity
 (in thousands)
Balance - December 31, 2020$209,691 403,859 $141,746 $3,637,468 $611,158 $(7,718)$(225)$4,592,120 
Net income— — — — 115,710 — — 115,710 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax— — — — — (9,287)— (9,287)
Cash dividends declared:
Preferred stock, Series A, $0.39 per share
— — — — (1,797)— — (1,797)
Preferred stock, Series B, $0.34 per share
— — — — (1,375)— — (1,375)
Common stock, $0.11 per share
— — — — (45,281)— — (45,281)
Effect of stock incentive plan, net— 1,939 689 14,480 (5,764)— 175 9,580 
Balance - March 31, 2021$209,691 405,798 $142,435 $3,651,948 $672,651 $(17,005)$(50)$4,659,670 

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
6


VALLEY NATIONAL BANCORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
(in thousands)

 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$116,728 $115,710 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization14,346 13,848 
Stock-based compensation7,263 5,465 
Provision for credit losses3,557 8,656 
Net amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on securities and borrowings7,487 8,293 
Amortization of other intangible assets4,437 6,006 
Losses (gains) on securities transactions, net1,072 (101)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale204,628 357,108 
Gains on sales of loans, net(986)(3,513)
Originations of loans held for sale(144,485)(287,765)
Gains on sales of assets, net64 196 
Net change in:
Fair value of borrowings hedged by derivative transactions(14,696)— 
Trading debt securities26,391 — 
Cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance(2,046)(2,331)
Accrued interest receivable(5,785)(1,560)
Other assets12,999 204,948 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities265,029 (111,562)
Net cash provided by operating activities496,003 313,398 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Net loan originations and purchases(1,210,754)(475,142)
Equity securities:
Purchases(662)(1,878)
Sales848 319 
Held to maturity debt securities:
Purchases(545,462)(407,793)
Maturities, calls and principal repayments136,024 184,163 
Available for sale debt securities:
Purchases(15,000)— 
Sales— 41,134 
Maturities, calls and principal repayments73,008 164,235 
Death benefit proceeds from bank owned life insurance2,369 1,628 
Proceeds from sales of real estate property and equipment5,692 1,742 
Purchases of real estate property and equipment(22,749)(8,042)
Cash paid in acquisition(8,607)— 
Net cash used in investing activities(1,585,293)(499,634)
7


VALLEY NATIONAL BANCORP
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) (continued)
(in thousands)
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net change in deposits$14,924 $649,607 
Net change in short-term borrowings(171,545)(63,292)
Repayments of long-term borrowings— (51,769)
Cash dividends paid to preferred shareholders(3,172)(3,172)
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders(46,205)(45,526)
Purchase of common shares to treasury(23,627)(542)
Common stock issued, net95 5,723 
Other, net(180)(165)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(229,710)490,864 
Net change in cash and cash equivalents(1,319,000)304,628 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year2,049,920 1,329,205 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$730,920 $1,633,833 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash payments for:
Interest on deposits and borrowings$19,682 $37,997 
Federal and state income taxes6,842 5,855 
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing activities:
Transfer of loans to other real estate owned$— $141 
Lease right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities6,836 21 
Non-cash net assets acquired8,607 — 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
8


VALLEY NATIONAL BANCORP
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
Note 1. Basis of Presentation
The unaudited consolidated financial statements of Valley National Bancorp, a New Jersey corporation (Valley), include the accounts of its commercial bank subsidiary, Valley National Bank (the Bank), and all of Valley’s direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated. The accounting and reporting policies of Valley conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and general practices within the financial services industry. In accordance with applicable accounting standards, Valley does not consolidate statutory trusts established for the sole purpose of issuing trust preferred securities and related trust common securities. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
In the opinion of management, all adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly Valley’s financial position, results of operations, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows at March 31, 2022 and for all periods presented have been made. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire fiscal year or any subsequent interim period.
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and industry practice have been condensed or omitted pursuant to rules and regulations of the SEC. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Valley’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Significant Estimates. In preparing the unaudited consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management has made estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated statements of financial condition and results of operations for the periods indicated. Material estimates that require application of management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgment and are particularly susceptible to change include: the allowance for credit losses, the evaluation of goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment, and income taxes. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically, and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are deemed necessary. While management uses its best judgment, actual amounts or results could differ significantly from those estimates. The current economic environment has increased the degree of uncertainty inherent in these material estimates. Actual results may differ from those estimates. Also, future amounts and values could differ materially from those estimates due to changes in values and circumstances after the balance sheet date.
Note 2. Business Combinations
Acquisitions
Landmark Insurance of the Palm Beaches. On February 1, 2022, the Bank's insurance agency subsidiary, Valley Insurance Services, acquired Landmark Insurance of the Palm Beaches Inc. (Landmark) agency. The purchase price included $8.6 million in cash and $1.0 million in contingent consideration. Goodwill and other intangible assets totaled $4.4 million and $6.2 million, respectively. The transaction was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting and accordingly the results of Landmark's operations have been included in Valley's consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2022 from the date of acquisition.
The Westchester Bank Holding Corporation. On December 1, 2021, Valley completed its acquisition of The Westchester Bank Holding Corporation (Westchester) and its principal subsidiary, The Westchester Bank which was headquartered in White Plains, New York. As of December 1, 2021, Westchester had approximately $1.4 billion in assets, $915.0 million in loans, and $1.2 billion in deposits, after purchase accounting adjustments, and a branch network of seven locations in Westchester County, New York. The common shareholders of Westchester
9


received 229.645 shares of Valley common stock for each Westchester share they owned prior to the merger. The total consideration for the merger was $211.1 million, consisting of approximately 15.7 million shares of Valley common stock.
During the first quarter 2022, Valley revised the estimated fair values of the acquired assets as of the acquisition date of Westchester based upon additional information obtained that existed as of December 1, 2021. The adjustments related to the fair value of deferred tax assets and resulted in a $5.0 million increase in goodwill (see Note 9 for more information). If additional information (that existed as of the acquisition date) becomes available, the fair value estimates for acquired assets and assumed liabilities are subject to change for up to one year after the acquisition date.

Recent Acquisition
Bank Leumi Le-Israel Corporation. On April 1, 2022, Valley completed its acquisition of Bank Leumi Le-Israel Corporation, the U.S. subsidiary of Bank Leumi Le-Israel B.M., and parent company of Bank Leumi USA, and collectively referred to as "Bank Leumi USA". Bank Leumi USA maintained its headquarters in New York City with commercial banking offices in Chicago, Los Angeles, Palo Alto, and Aventura, Florida. Valley issued approximately 85 million shares of common stock and paid $113.4 million in cash in the transaction. The common shareholders of Bank Leumi USA received 3.8025 shares of Valley common stock and $5.08 in cash for each Bank Leumi USA common share that they owned. Based on Valley’s closing stock price on March 31, 2022, the transaction was valued at an estimated $1.2 billion, inclusive of the value of options. As a result of the acquisition, Bank Leumi Le-Israel B.M. owned approximately 14 percent of Valley's common stock as of April 1, 2022. As of March 31, 2022, Bank Leumi had approximately $8.3 billion in assets, $6.1 billion of loans and $7.1 billion of deposits. The acquisition supplements Valley’s commercial banking expertise and provides new business capabilities in the technology banking and private banking areas. In addition, the acquisition further diversifies our loan portfolio from a geographic perspective by allowing Valley to enter new markets.
Merger expenses related to the completed and subsequent acquisition activity above totaled $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The merger expenses mainly consisted of salaries and benefits expense, professional and legal fees, and other expense within non-interest expense on the consolidated statements of income. Valley incurred no merger related expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2021.
Note 3. Earnings Per Common Share
The following table shows the calculation of both basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
 (in thousands, except for share data)
Net income available to common shareholders$113,556 $112,538 
Basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding
421,573,843 405,152,605 
Plus: Common stock equivalents1,932,707 2,484,160 
Diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding
423,506,550 407,636,765 
Earnings per common share:
Basic$0.27 $0.28 
Diluted0.27 0.28 

Common stock equivalents represent the dilutive effect of additional common shares issuable upon the assumed vesting or exercise, if applicable, of restricted stock units and common stock options to purchase Valley’s common shares. Common stock options with exercise prices that exceed the average market price per share of Valley’s common stock during the periods presented may have an anti-dilutive effect on the diluted earnings per common
10


share calculation and therefore are excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation along with restricted stock units. Potential anti-dilutive weighted common shares were immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Note 4. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following table presents the after-tax changes in the balances of each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2022: 

 Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
 Unrealized Gains
and Losses on
Available for Sale
(AFS) Securities		Unrealized Gains
and Losses on
Derivatives		Defined
Benefit
Pension Plan
 (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2021$9,186 $(1,332)$(25,786)$(17,932)
Other comprehensive (loss) gain before reclassification (38,892)218 — (38,674)
Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive (loss) income(10)386 132 508 
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net
(38,902)604 132 (38,166)
Balance at March 31, 2022$(29,716)$(728)$(25,654)$(56,098)

The following table presents amounts reclassified from each component of accumulated other comprehensive loss on a gross and net of tax basis for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
Amounts Reclassified from
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Three Months Ended
March 31,
Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss20222021Income Statement Line Item
 (in thousands) 
Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities before tax$14 $(59)(Losses) gains on securities transactions, net
Tax effect(4)15 
Total net of tax10 (44)
Unrealized losses on derivatives (cash flow hedges) before tax(542)(915)Interest expense
Tax effect156 264 
Total net of tax(386)(651)
Defined benefit pension plan:
Amortization of actuarial net loss(183)(388)*
Tax effect51 108 
Total net of tax(132)(280)
Total reclassifications, net of tax$(508)$(975)
*Amortization of actuarial net loss is included in the computation of net periodic pension cost recognized within other non-interest expense.
Note 5. New Authoritative Accounting Guidance

New Accounting Guidance Adopted in 2022

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2021-01 "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)" extends some of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 848’s optional expedients to derivative contracts impacted by the discounting transition, including for derivatives that do not reference LIBOR or other reference rates that are expected to be discontinued. ASU No. 2021-01 is effective for all entities immediately upon issuance and may be
11


elected retrospectively to eligible modifications as of any date from the beginning of the interim period that includes March 12, 2020, or prospectively to new modifications made on or after any date within the interim period including January 7, 2021 and it can be applied through December 31, 2022, similar to the other reference rate reform relief provided under Topic 848. ASU No. 2021-01 is not expected to have a significant impact on Valley’s consolidated financial statements.

ASU No. 2021-05 "Lessors – Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments" updates guidance in ASC 842, Leases and requires a lessor to classify a lease with variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate as an operating lease at lease commencement if: (i) the lease would have been classified as a sales-type lease or direct financing lease under ASC 842 classification criteria; and (ii) the lessor would have recognized a selling loss at lease commencement. Valley adopted ASU No. 2021-05 on January 1, 2022, and the new guidance did not have a significant impact on Valley’s consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Guidance Issued in 2022

ASU No. 2022-01, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging –Portfolio Layer Method” expands and clarifies the current guidance on accounting for fair value hedge basis adjustments under the portfolio layer method for both single-layer and multiple-layer hedges. This method allows entities to designate multiple hedging relationships with a single closed portfolio, and therefore a larger portion of the interest rate risk associated with such a portfolio is eligible to be hedged. ASU No. 2022-01 also clarifies that no assets may be added to a closed portfolio once it is designated in a portfolio layer method hedge. ASU No. 2022-01 will be effective for Valley on January 1, 2023, and it is not expected to have a significant impact on Valley's consolidated financial statements.

ASU No. 2022-02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” eliminates the troubled debt restructuring (TDR) accounting model for creditors, such as Valley, that have adopted Topic 326, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” ASU No. 2022-02 will require all loan modifications to be accounted for under the general loan modification guidance in Subtopic 310-20. On a prospective basis, entities will also be subject to new disclosure requirements covering modifications of receivables to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Public business entities within the scope of the Topic 326 vintage disclosure requirements also will be required to prospectively disclose current-period gross write-off information by vintage. However, gross recoveries will not be required. ASU No. 2022-02 will be effective for Valley on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. Valley is currently evaluating the impact of ASU No. 2022-02 on its consolidated financial statements.

Note 6. Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities

ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements” establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

•Level 1    - Unadjusted exchange quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, or identical liabilities traded as assets that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
•Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (i.e., quoted prices on similar assets) for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
•Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).




12


Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring and Non-Recurring Basis

The following tables present the assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as reported on the consolidated statements of financial condition at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The assets presented under “non-recurring fair value measurements” in the tables below are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments under certain circumstances (e.g., when an impairment loss is recognized). 
 March 31,
2022		Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
 Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in thousands)
Recurring fair value measurements:
Assets
Investment securities:
Equity securities (1)
$30,528 $19,009 $— $— 
Trading debt securities11,739 — 11,739 — 
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. government agency securities18,332 — 18,332 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
67,951 — 67,951 — 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
795,554 — 795,554 — 
Corporate and other debt securities133,197 — 133,197 — 
Total available for sale debt securities1,015,034 — 1,015,034 — 
Loans held for sale (2)
77,632 — 77,632 — 
Other assets (3)
176,270 — 176,270 — 
Total assets$1,311,203 $19,009 $1,280,675 $— 
Liabilities
Other liabilities (3)
$189,682 $— $189,682 $— 
Total liabilities$189,682 $— $189,682 $— 
Non-recurring fair value measurements:
Collateral dependent loans $47,603 $— $— $47,603 
Foreclosed assets 1,176 — — 1,176 
Total$48,779 $— $— $48,779 
13


  Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
 December 31,
2021		Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in thousands)
Recurring fair value measurements:
Assets
Investment securities:
Equity securities (1)
$32,844 $21,284 $— $— 
Trading debt securities38,130 — 38,130 — 
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. government agency securities20,925 — 20,925 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions79,890 — 79,890 — 
Residential mortgage-backed securities904,502 — 904,502 — 
Corporate and other debt securities123,492 — 123,492 — 
Total available for sale debt securities1,128,809 — 1,128,809 — 
Loans held for sale (2)
139,516 — 139,516 — 
Other assets (3)
181,500 — 181,500 — 
Total assets$1,520,799 $21,284 $1,487,955 $— 
Liabilities
Other liabilities (3)
$52,376 $— $52,376 $— 
Total liabilities$52,376 $— $52,376 $— 
Non-recurring fair value measurements:
Collateral dependent loans $47,871 $— $— $47,871 
Foreclosed assets 2,931 — — 2,931 
Total$50,802 $— $— $50,802 
(1)Includes equity securities measured at net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient totaling $11.5 million and $11.6 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. These securities have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
(2)Represents residential mortgage loans held for sale that are carried at fair value and had contractual unpaid principal balances totaling approximately $79.1 million and $136.3 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(3)Derivative financial instruments are included in this category.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following valuation techniques were used for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis. All the valuation techniques described below apply to the unpaid principal balance, excluding any accrued interest or dividends at the measurement date. Interest income and expense are recorded within the consolidated statements of income depending on the nature of the instrument using the effective interest method based on acquired discount or premium.

Equity securities. The fair value of equity securities consists of a publicly traded mutual fund, Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) investment fund and an investment related to the development of new financial technologies that are carried at quoted prices in active markets. Valley also has privately held CRA funds measured at NAV, which are excluded from fair value hierarchy levels in the tables above.

Trading debt securities. The fair value of trading debt securities, consisting of municipal bonds, is reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The prices for these investments are derived from market quotations and matrix pricing obtained through an independent pricing service. Management reviews the data and assumptions used in
14


pricing the securities by its third-party provider to ensure the highest level of significant inputs are derived from market observable data.

Available for sale debt securities. U.S. Treasury securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs. The majority of other investment securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The prices for these instruments are obtained through an independent pricing service or dealer market participants with whom Valley has historically transacted both purchases and sales of investment securities. Prices obtained from these sources include prices derived from market quotations and matrix pricing. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. Management reviews the data and assumptions used in pricing the securities by its third-party provider to ensure the highest level of significant inputs are derived from market observable data. In addition, Valley reviews the volume and level of activity for all available for sale debt securities and attempts to identify transactions which may not be orderly or reflective of a significant level of activity and volume.

Loans held for sale. Residential mortgage loans originated for sale are reported at fair value using Level 2 inputs. The fair values were calculated utilizing quoted prices for similar assets in active markets. The market prices represent a delivery price, which reflects the underlying price each institution would pay Valley for an immediate sale of an aggregate pool of mortgages. Non-performance risk did not materially impact the fair value of mortgage loans held for sale at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 based on the short duration these assets were held, and the credit quality of these loans.

Derivatives. Derivatives are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The fair values of Valley’s derivatives are determined using third-party prices that are based on discounted cash flow analysis using observed market inputs, such as the LIBOR, Overnight Index Swap and Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) curves for all cleared derivatives. The fair value of mortgage banking derivatives, consisting of interest rate lock commitments to fund residential mortgage loans and forward commitments for the future delivery of such loans (including certain loans held for sale at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021), is determined based on the current market prices for similar instruments. The fair values of most of the derivatives incorporate credit valuation adjustments, which consider the impact of any credit enhancements to the contracts, to account for potential nonperformance risk of Valley and its counterparties. The credit valuation adjustments were not significant to the overall valuation of Valley’s derivatives at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

The following valuation techniques were used for certain non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, including collateral dependent loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral and foreclosed assets, which are reported at fair value upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment as described below.

Collateral Dependent Loans. Collateral dependent loans are loans when foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and substantially all of the repayment is expected from the collateral. Collateral dependent loans are reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral. Collateral values are estimated using Level 3 inputs, consisting of individual third-party appraisals that may be adjusted based on certain discounting criteria. Certain real estate appraisals may be discounted based on specific market data by location and property type. At March 31, 2022, collateral dependent loans were individually re-measured and reported at fair value through direct loan charge-offs to the allowance for loan losses based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. At March 31, 2022, collateral dependent loans with a total amortized cost of $114.4 million, including our taxi medallion loan portfolio, were reduced by specific allowance for loan losses allocations totaling $66.8 million to a reported total net carrying amount of $47.6 million.

Foreclosed assets. Certain foreclosed assets (consisting of other real estate owned and other repossessed assets included in other assets), upon initial recognition and transfer from loans, are re-measured and reported at fair value
15


using Level 3 inputs, consisting of a third-party appraisal less estimated cost to sell. When an asset is acquired, the excess of the loan balance over fair value, less estimated selling costs, is charged to the allowance for loan losses. If further declines in the estimated fair value of the asset occur, an asset is re-measured and reported at fair value through a write-down recorded in non-interest expense. There were no adjustments to the appraisals of foreclosed assets at March 31, 2022.

Other Fair Value Disclosures

ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments,” requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis.

The fair value estimates presented in the following table were based on pertinent market data and relevant information on the financial instruments available as of the valuation date. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the entire portfolio of financial instruments. Because no market exists for a portion of the financial instruments, fair value estimates may be based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For instance, Valley has certain fee-generating business lines (e.g., its mortgage servicing operation, trust and investment management departments) that were not considered in these estimates since these activities are not financial instruments. In addition, the tax implications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in any of the estimates.

16


The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments not measured and not reported at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial condition at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows: 
 Fair Value
Hierarchy		March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 Carrying
Amount		Fair ValueCarrying
Amount		Fair Value
 (in thousands)
Financial assets
Cash and due from banksLevel 1$424,035 $424,035 $205,156 $205,156 
Interest bearing deposits with banksLevel 1306,885 306,885 1,844,764 1,844,764 
Equity securities (1)
Level 35,464 5,464 3,629 3,629 
Held to maturity debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securitiesLevel 167,401 68,932 67,558 71,661 
U.S. government agency securities
Level 25,572 5,453 6,265 6,378 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Level 2319,160 318,021 337,962 344,164 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Level 22,594,295 2,440,498 2,166,142 2,152,301 
Trust preferred securitiesLevel 237,027 31,733 37,020 31,916 
Corporate and other debt securitiesLevel 249,750 49,214 53,750 54,185 
Total held to maturity debt securities (2)
3,073,205 2,913,851 2,668,697 2,660,605 
Net loansLevel 335,001,895 33,815,930 33,794,455 33,283,251 
Accrued interest receivableLevel 1102,667 102,667 96,882 96,882 
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock (3)
Level 2195,536 195,536 206,450 206,450 
Financial liabilities
Deposits without stated maturitiesLevel 132,232,968 32,232,968 31,945,368 31,945,368 
Deposits with stated maturitiesLevel 23,414,368 3,365,608 3,687,044 3,670,113 
Short-term borrowingsLevel 1484,181 478,300 655,726 637,490 
Long-term borrowingsLevel 21,409,142 1,336,303 1,423,676 1,404,184 
Junior subordinated debentures issued to capital trusts
Level 256,500 39,578 56,413 46,306 
Accrued interest payable (4)
Level 18,016 8,016 4,909 4,909 
(1)Represents equity securities without a readily determinable fair value measured at cost less impairment, if any.
(2)The carrying amount is presented gross without the allowance for credit losses.
(3)Included in other assets.
(4)Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.
Note 7. Investment Securities

Equity Securities

Equity securities carried at fair value totaled $36.0 million and $36.5 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. At March 31, 2022, Valley's equity securities consisted of one publicly traded mutual fund, CRA investments and to a lesser extent, equity investments related to the development of new financial technologies. Our CRA and other equity investments are a mixture of both publicly traded entities and privately held entities without readily determinable fair market values.

Trading Debt Securities

The fair value of trading debt securities, wholly consisting of municipal bonds, totaled $11.7 million and $38.1 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Net trading gains and losses were included in net
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gains and losses on securities transactions within non-interest income. We recorded net trading losses of $1.1 million and net trading gains of $219 thousand for three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Available for Sale Debt Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of available for sale debt securities at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows: 
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
U.S. government agency securities$18,448 $32 $(148)$18,332 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies25,274 22 (310)24,986 
Municipal bonds47,270 66 (4,371)42,965 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions72,544 88 (4,681)67,951 
Residential mortgage-backed securities829,222 971 (34,639)795,554 
Corporate and other debt securities135,550 1,033 (3,386)133,197 
Total $1,055,764 $2,124 $(42,854)$1,015,034 
December 31, 2021
U.S. government agency securities$20,323 $608 $(6)$20,925 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies26,088 132 (93)26,127 
Municipal bonds53,530 349 (116)53,763 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions79,618 481 (209)79,890 
Residential mortgage-backed securities895,279 14,986 (5,763)904,502 
Corporate and other debt securities120,871 3,177 (556)123,492 
Total$1,116,091 $19,252 $(6,534)$1,128,809 

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The age of unrealized losses and fair value of the related available for sale debt securities at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows: 
 Less than
Twelve Months		More than
Twelve Months		Total
 Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
U.S. government agency securities$13,880 $(140)$1,292 $(8)$15,172 $(148)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies
10,153 (310)— — 10,153 (310)
Municipal bonds31,523 (4,371)— — 31,523 (4,371)
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
41,676 (4,681)— — 41,676 (4,681)
Residential mortgage-backed securities688,282 (31,427)39,143 (3,212)727,425 (34,639)
Corporate and other debt securities74,665 (3,386)— — 74,665 (3,386)
Total$818,503 $(39,634)$40,435 $(3,220)$858,938 $(42,854)
December 31, 2021
U.S. government agency securities$— $— $1,326 $(6)$1,326 $(6)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies
10,549 (93)— — 10,549 (93)
Municipal bonds19,100 (116)— — 19,100 (116)
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
29,649 (209)— — 29,649 (209)
Residential mortgage-backed securities371,256 (4,770)25,960 (993)397,216 (5,763)
Corporate and other debt securities59,039 (556)— — 59,039 (556)
Total$459,944 $(5,535)$27,286 $(999)$487,230 $(6,534)
Within the available for sale debt securities portfolio, the total number of security positions in an unrealized loss position was 404 and 139 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
As of March 31, 2022, the fair value of available for sale debt securities that were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, lines of credit, and for other purposes required by law, was $488.5 million.
The contractual maturities of available for sale debt securities at March 31, 2022 are set forth in the following table. Maturities may differ from contractual maturities in residential mortgage-backed securities because the mortgages underlying the securities may be prepaid without any penalties. Therefore, residential mortgage-backed securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary.
 March 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
 (in thousands)
Due in one year$11,305 $11,303 
Due after one year through five years23,241 23,375 
Due after five years through ten years103,691 102,991 
Due after ten years88,305 81,811 
Residential mortgage-backed securities829,222 795,554 
Total $1,055,764 $1,015,034 
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Actual maturities of available for sale debt securities may differ from those presented above since certain obligations provide the issuer the right to call or prepay the obligation prior to scheduled maturity without penalty.
The weighted average remaining expected life for residential mortgage-backed securities available for sale was 5.0 years at March 31, 2022.
Impairment Analysis of Available For Sale Debt Securities

Valley's available for sale debt securities portfolio includes corporate bonds and revenue bonds, among other securities. These types of securities may pose a higher risk of future impairment charges by Valley as a result of the unpredictable nature of the U.S. economy and its potential negative effect on the future performance of the security issuers, including due to the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses on a quarterly basis. Valley has evaluated available for sale debt securities that are in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022 included in the table above and has determined that the declines in fair value are mainly attributable to market volatility, not credit quality or other factors. Based on a comparison of the present value of expected cash flows to the amortized cost, management recognized no impairment during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. There was no allowance for credit losses for available for sale debt securities at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Held to Maturity Debt Securities

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of debt securities held to maturity at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows: 
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities$67,401 $1,531 $— $68,932 
U.S. government agency securities5,572 — (119)5,453 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies132,017 648 (1,054)131,611 
Municipal bonds187,143 871 (1,604)186,410 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions319,160 1,519 (2,658)318,021 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,594,295 1,993 (155,790)2,440,498 
Trust preferred securities37,027 4 (5,298)31,733 
Corporate and other debt securities49,750 181 (717)49,214 
Total $3,073,205 $5,228 $(164,582)$2,913,851 
December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury securities$67,558 $4,103 $— $71,661 
U.S. government agency securities6,265 113 — 6,378 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies141,015 3,065 (312)143,768 
Municipal bonds196,947 3,536 (87)200,396 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions337,962 6,601 (399)344,164 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,166,142 14,599 (28,440)2,152,301 
Trust preferred securities37,020 5 (5,109)31,916 
Corporate and other debt securities53,750 559 (124)54,185 
Total $2,668,697 $25,980 $(34,072)$2,660,605 
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The age of unrealized losses and fair value of related debt securities held to maturity at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows: 
 Less than
Twelve Months		More than
Twelve Months		Total
 Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
U.S. government agency securities$4,092 $(119)$— $— $4,092 $(119)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies
38,979 (815)5,317 (239)44,296 (1,054)
Municipal bonds25,255 (1,514)1,305 (90)26,560 (1,604)
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
64,234 (2,329)6,622 (329)70,856 (2,658)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
1,786,943 (105,507)533,425 (50,283)2,320,368 (155,790)
Trust preferred securities— — 30,729 (5,298)30,729 (5,298)
Corporate and other debt securities37,783 (717)— — 37,783 (717)
Total$1,893,052 $(108,672)$570,776 $(55,910)$2,463,828 $(164,582)
December 31, 2021
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies$17,000 $(254)$5,517 $(58)$22,517 $(312)
Municipal bonds9,403 (87)— — 9,403 (87)
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
26,403 (341)5,517 (58)31,920 (399)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
1,381,405 (22,365)206,520 (6,075)1,587,925 (28,440)
Trust preferred securities— — 30,912 (5,109)30,912 (5,109)
Corporate and other debt securities
32,627 (124)— — 32,627 (124)
Total$1,440,435 $(22,830)$242,949 $(11,242)$1,683,384 $(34,072)

Within the held to maturity portfolio, the total number of security positions in an unrealized loss position was 303 and 108 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
As of March 31, 2022, the fair value of debt securities held to maturity that were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, lines of credit, and for other purposes required by law, was $909.7 million.
The contractual maturities of investments in debt securities held to maturity at March 31, 2022 are set forth in the table below. Maturities may differ from contractual maturities in residential mortgage-backed securities because the mortgages underlying the securities may be prepaid without any penalties. Therefore, residential mortgage-backed securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary.  
 March 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
 (in thousands)
Due in one year$39,603 $39,663 
Due after one year through five years215,490 217,668 
Due after five years through ten years46,097 45,919 
Due after ten years177,720 170,103 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,594,295 2,440,498 
Total$3,073,205 $2,913,851 
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Actual maturities of held to maturity debt securities may differ from those presented above since certain obligations provide the issuer the right to call or prepay the obligation prior to scheduled maturity without penalty.
The weighted-average remaining expected life for residential mortgage-backed securities held to maturity was 7.9 years at March 31, 2022.
Credit Quality Indicators
Valley monitors the credit quality of the held to maturity debt securities through the use of the most current credit ratings from external rating agencies. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of held to maturity debt securities by external credit rating at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
AAA/AA/A RatedBBB ratedNon-investment grade ratedNon-ratedTotal
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury securities$67,401 $— $— $— $67,401 
U.S. government agency securities5,572 — — — 5,572 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies110,710 — 5,556 15,751 132,017 
Municipal bonds135,463 — — 51,680 187,143 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
246,173 — 5,556 67,431 319,160 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,594,295 — — — 2,594,295 
Trust preferred securities— — — 37,027 37,027 
Corporate and other debt securities2,000 6,000 — 41,750 49,750 
Total $2,915,441 $6,000 $5,556 $146,208 $3,073,205 
December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury securities$67,558 $— $— $— $67,558 
U.S. government agency securities6,265 — — — 6,265 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies118,368 — 5,576 17,071 141,015 
Municipal bonds148,854 — — 48,093 196,947 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
267,222 — 5,576 65,164 337,962 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,166,142 — — — 2,166,142 
Trust preferred securities— — — 37,020 37,020 
Corporate and other debt securities2,000 6,000 — 45,750 53,750 
Total$2,509,187 $6,000 $5,576 $147,934 $2,668,697 

Obligations of states and political subdivisions include municipal bonds and revenue bonds issued by various municipal corporations. At March 31, 2022, most of the obligations of states and political subdivisions were rated investment grade and a large portion of the "non-rated" category included TEMS securities secured by Ginnie Mae securities. Trust preferred securities consist of non-rated single-issuer securities, issued by bank holding companies. Corporate bonds consist of debt primarily issued by banks.

Allowance for Credit Losses for Held to Maturity Debt Securities

Valley has a zero loss expectation for certain securities within the held to maturity portfolio, and therefore it is not required to estimate an allowance for credit losses related to these securities under the CECL standard. After an evaluation of qualitative factors, Valley identified the following securities types which it believes qualify for this
22


exclusion: U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and collateralized municipal bonds called TEMS.

At March 31, 2022, held to maturity debt securities were carried net of allowance for credit losses totaling $1.2 million and $1.2 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Valley recorded provision for credit losses of $57 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and a credit (negative) provision for credit losses of $358 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021.
Note 8. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans

The detail of the loan portfolio as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows: 
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 (in thousands)
Loans:
Commercial and industrial:
Commercial and industrial $5,587,781 $5,411,601 
Commercial and industrial PPP loans *203,609 435,950 
Total commercial and industrial loans5,791,390 5,847,551 
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate19,763,202 18,935,486 
Construction2,174,542 1,854,580 
Total commercial real estate loans21,937,744 20,790,066 
Residential mortgage4,691,935 4,545,064 
Consumer:
Home equity393,538 400,779 
Automobile1,552,928 1,570,036 
Other consumer996,870 1,000,161 
Total consumer loans2,943,336 2,970,976 
Total loans$35,364,405 $34,153,657 
*Represents SBA Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans, net of unearned fees totaling $5.9 million and $12.1 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Total loans includes net unearned discounts and deferred loan fees of $62.0 million and $78.5 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Net unearned discounts and deferred loan fees include the non-credit discount on purchased credit deterioration (PCD) loans and net unearned fees related to PPP loans at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Accrued interest on loans, which is excluded from the amortized cost of loans held for investment, totaled $87.6 million and $83.7 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and is presented within total accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

There were no sales of loans from the held for investment portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

Credit Risk Management

For all of its loan types, Valley adheres to a credit policy designed to minimize credit risk while generating the maximum income given the level of risk appetite. Management reviews and approves these policies and procedures on a regular basis with subsequent approval by the Board of Directors annually. Credit authority relating to a significant dollar percentage of the overall portfolio is centralized and controlled by the Credit Risk Management
23


Division and by the Credit Committee. A reporting system supplements the management review process by providing management with frequent reports concerning loan production, loan quality, internal loan classification, concentrations of credit, loan delinquencies, non-performing, and potential problem loans. Loan portfolio diversification is an important factor utilized by Valley to manage its risk across business sectors and through cyclical economic circumstances. See Valley’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for further details.

Credit Quality

The following table presents past due, current and non-accrual loans without an allowance for loan losses by loan portfolio class at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans
 30-59  Days 
Past Due Loans		60-89  Days 
Past Due Loans		90 Days or More
Past Due Loans		Non-Accrual Loans
Total Past Due Loans
Current Loans
Total Loans		Non-Accrual Loans Without Allowance for Loan Losses
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial
$6,723 $14,461 $9,261 $96,631 $127,076 $5,664,314 $5,791,390 $8,341 
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate
30,807 6,314 — 79,180 116,301 19,646,901 19,763,202 66,191 
Construction1,708 3,125 — 17,618 22,451 2,152,091 2,174,542 — 
Total commercial real estate loans32,515 9,439 — 96,798 138,752 21,798,992 21,937,744 66,191 
Residential mortgage9,266 2,560 1,746 33,275 46,847 4,645,088 4,691,935 19,227 
Consumer loans:
Home equity38 42 — 3,382 3,462 390,076 393,538 3 
Automobile4,687 458 4 273 5,422 1,547,506 1,552,928 — 
Other consumer1,137 54 396 99 1,686 995,184 996,870 — 
Total consumer loans
5,862 554 400 3,754 10,570 2,932,766 2,943,336 3 
Total$54,366 $27,014 $11,407 $230,458 $323,245 $35,041,160 $35,364,405 $93,762 

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 Past Due and Non-Accrual Loans  
 
30-59
Days
Past Due Loans		60-89 
Days
Past Due Loans		90 Days or More
Past Due Loans		Non-Accrual Loans
Total Past Due Loans
Current Loans		Total LoansNon-Accrual Loans Without Allowance for Loan Losses
(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Commercial and industrial$6,717 $7,870 $1,273 $99,918 $115,778 $5,731,773 $5,847,551 $9,066 
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate14,421 — 32 83,592 98,045 18,837,441 18,935,486 70,719 
Construction1,941 — — 17,641 19,582 1,834,998 1,854,580 — 
Total commercial real estate loans16,362 — 32 101,233 117,627 20,672,439 20,790,066 70,719 
Residential mortgage10,999 3,314 677 35,207 50,197 4,494,867 4,545,064 20,401 
Consumer loans:
Home equity242 98 — 3,517 3,857 396,922 400,779 4 
Automobile6,391 656 271 240 7,558 1,562,478 1,570,036 — 
Other consumer178 266 518 101 1,063 999,098 1,000,161 — 
Total consumer loans6,811 1,020 789 3,858 12,478 2,958,498 2,970,976 4 
Total$40,889 $12,204 $2,771 $240,216 $296,080 $33,857,577 $34,153,657 $100,190 

Credit quality indicators. Valley utilizes an internal loan classification system as a means of reporting problem loans within commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, and construction loan portfolio classes. Under Valley’s internal risk rating system, loan relationships could be classified as "Pass," "Special Mention," "Substandard," "Doubtful," and "Loss." Substandard loans include loans that exhibit well-defined weakness and are characterized by the distinct possibility that Valley will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loans classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, based on currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loans classified as Loss are those considered uncollectible with insignificant value and are charged-off immediately to the allowance for loan losses, and, therefore, not presented in the table below. Loans that do not currently pose a sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but pose weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention are deemed Special Mention. Pass rated loans do not currently pose any identified risk and can range from the highest to average quality, depending on the degree of potential risk. Risk ratings are updated any time the situation warrants.
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The following table presents the internal loan classification risk by loan portfolio class by origination year based on the most recent analysis performed at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
 Term Loans  
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
March 31, 202220222021202020192018Prior to 2018Revolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansTotal
 (in thousands)
Commercial and industrial
Risk Rating:
Pass$337,060 $1,224,531 $705,495 $414,559 $327,590 $443,359 $2,094,405 $208 $5,547,207 
Special Mention197 4,469 716 3,087 13,566 9,848 97,834 11 129,728 
Substandard28 2,144 5,728 3,387 570 6,286 10,497 110 28,750 
Doubtful— — — 2,717 — 82,988 — — 85,705 
Total commercial and industrial$337,285 $1,231,144 $711,939 $423,750 $341,726 $542,481 $2,202,736 $329 $5,791,390 
Commercial real estate
Risk Rating:
Pass$1,301,030 $4,505,671 $3,074,999 $2,564,818 $1,654,197 $5,685,062 $203,527 $13,286 $19,002,590 
Special Mention3,890 22,188 69,992 32,837 84,259 176,080 9,684 — 398,930 
Substandard— 10,193 39,207 36,344 42,625 224,972 8,160 — 361,501 
Doubtful— — — — — 181 — — 181 
Total commercial real estate$1,304,920 $4,538,052 $3,184,198 $2,633,999 $1,781,081 $6,086,295 $221,371 $13,286 $19,763,202 
Construction
Risk Rating:
Pass$31,645 $313,251 $88,262 $44,544 $13,381 $17,718 $1,623,723 $— $2,132,524 
Special Mention— — — 1,001 — — 21,467 — 22,468 
Substandard— — — 1 — 17,841 1,708 — 19,550 
Total construction$31,645 $313,251 $88,262 $45,546 $13,381 $35,559 $1,646,898 $— $2,174,542 

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 Term Loans  
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 202120212020201920182017Prior to 2017Revolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansTotal
 (in thousands)
Commercial and industrial
Risk Rating:
Pass$1,563,050 $743,165 $461,022 $362,748 $143,753 $337,713 $1,968,513 $247 $5,580,211 
Special Mention4,182 1,195 3,217 14,143 1,726 9,869 102,145 40 136,517 
Substandard8,248 4,823 3,139 7,077 910 408 19,642 109 44,356 
Doubtful— — 2,733 — 16,355 67,379 — — 86,467 
Total commercial and industrial$1,575,480 $749,183 $470,111 $383,968 $162,744 $415,369 $2,090,300 $396 $5,847,551 
Commercial real estate
Risk Rating:
Pass$4,517,917 $2,983,140 $2,702,580 $1,734,922 $1,474,770 $4,557,011 $195,851 $13,380 $18,179,571 
Special Mention7,700 50,019 46,911 44,187 65,623 143,540 50,168 — 408,148 
Substandard735 34,655 29,029 41,231 70,941 169,041 1,949 — 347,581 
Doubtful— — — — — 186 — — 186 
Total commercial real estate$4,526,352 $3,067,814 $2,778,520 $1,820,340 $1,611,334 $4,869,778 $247,968 $13,380 $18,935,486 
Construction
Risk Rating:
Pass$274,097 $98,609 $48,555 $32,781 $6,061 $28,419 $1,313,555 $— $1,802,077 
Special Mention4,131 — 1,009 — — — 18,449 — 23,589 
Substandard199 19 6 246 — 17,842 10,602 — 28,914 
Total construction$278,427 $98,628 $49,570 $33,027 $6,061 $46,261 $1,342,606 $— $1,854,580 
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For residential mortgages, automobile, home equity and other consumer loan portfolio classes, Valley also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented, and by payment activity. The following table presents the amortized cost in those loan classes based on payment activity by origination year as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
 Term Loans  
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
March 31, 202220222021202020192018Prior to 2018Revolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansTotal
 (in thousands)
Residential mortgage
Performing$394,913 $1,487,234 $603,092 $563,634 $345,807 $1,220,733 $69,458 $— $4,684,871 
90 days or more past due— — 542 1,663 4,094 765 — — 7,064 
Total residential mortgage $394,913 $1,487,234 $603,634 $565,297 $349,901 $1,221,498 $69,458 $— $4,691,935 
Consumer loans
Home equity
Performing$5,735 $13,431 $5,258 $6,173 $6,486 $16,775 $298,122 $40,566 $392,546 
90 days or more past due— — — — — 2 400 590 992 
Total home equity5,735 13,431 5,258 6,173 6,486 16,777 298,522 41,156 393,538 
Automobile
Performing142,530 678,425 279,849 245,235 134,274 71,935 — — 1,552,248 
90 days or more past due— 134 103 154 159 130 — — 680 
Total automobile142,530 678,559 279,952 245,389 134,433 72,065 — — 1,552,928 
Other consumer
Performing7,033 4,215 6,368 6,419 6,836 9,527 956,468 — 996,866 
90 days or more past due— — — — — — 4 — 4 
Total other consumer7,033 4,215 6,368 6,419 6,836 9,527 956,472 — 996,870 
Total consumer$155,298 $696,205 $291,578 $257,981 $147,755 $98,369 $1,254,994 $41,156 $2,943,336 

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 Term Loans  
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
December 31, 202120212020201920182017Prior to 2017Revolving Loans Amortized Cost BasisRevolving Loans Converted to Term LoansTotal
 (in thousands)
Residential mortgage
Performing$1,448,602 $635,531 $572,911 $425,152 $368,164 $1,014,190 $70,342 $— $4,534,892 
90 days or more past due— 357 2,627 2,056 2,794 2,338 — — 10,172 
Total residential mortgage $1,448,602 $635,888 $575,538 $427,208 $370,958 $1,016,528 $70,342 $— $4,545,064 
Consumer loans
Home equity
Performing$13,847 $5,723 $6,994 $7,384 $5,359 $13,597 $303,888 $42,822 $399,614 
90 days or more past due— — — — — 35 536 594 1,165 
Total home equity13,847 5,723 6,994 7,384 5,359 13,632 304,424 43,416 400,779 
Automobile
Performing735,446 309,856 278,828 157,450 72,753 15,171 — — 1,569,504 
90 days or more past due129 — 78 163 81 81 — — 532 
Total automobile735,575 309,856 278,906 157,613 72,834 15,252 — — 1,570,036 
Other consumer
Performing2,949 6,717 6,468 7,017 1,009 14,483 961,027 — 999,670 
90 days or more past due— — — — — — 491 — 491 
Total other consumer2,949 6,717 6,468 7,017 1,009 14,483 961,518 — 1,000,161 
Total consumer$752,371 $322,296 $292,368 $172,014 $79,202 $43,367 $1,265,942 $43,416 $2,970,976 
Troubled debt restructured loans. From time to time, Valley may extend, restructure, or otherwise modify the terms of existing loans, on a case-by-case basis, to remain competitive and retain certain customers, as well as assist other customers who may be experiencing financial difficulties. If the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and a concession has been made at the time of such modification, the loan is classified as a troubled debt restructured loan (TDR).
Generally, the concessions made for TDRs involve lowering the monthly payments on loans through either a reduction in interest rate below a market rate, an extension of the term of the loan without a corresponding adjustment to the risk premium reflected in the interest rate, or a combination of these two methods. The concessions may also involve payment deferrals but rarely result in the forgiveness of principal or accrued interest. In addition, Valley frequently obtains additional collateral or guarantor support when modifying such loans. If the borrower has demonstrated performance under the previous terms of the loan and Valley’s underwriting process shows the borrower has the capacity to continue to perform under the restructured terms, the loan will continue to accrue interest. Non-accruing restructured loans may be returned to accrual status when there has been a sustained period of repayment performance (generally six consecutive months of payments) and both principal and interest are deemed collectible.
Performing TDRs (not reported as non-accrual loans) totaled $56.5 million and $71.3 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Non-performing TDRs totaled $104.7 million and $117.2 million as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

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The following table presents the pre- and post-modification amortized cost of loans by loan class modified as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Post-modification amounts are presented as of March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Troubled Debt RestructuringsNumber
of
Contracts		Pre-Modification
Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-Modification
Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number
of
Contracts		Pre-Modification
Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-Modification
Outstanding Recorded Investment
 ($ in thousands)
Commercial and industrial11 $9,684 $9,662 5 $13,744 $13,307 
Commercial real estate2 5,260 5,251 2 4,197 4,185 
Residential mortgage1 121 117 6 1,528 1,518 
Consumer— — — 1 170 168 
Total14 $15,065 $15,030 14 $19,639 $19,178 

The total TDRs presented in the above table had allocated allowance for loan losses of $7.8 million and $3.4 million at March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no charge-offs related to TDRs for the three months ended March 31, 2022. There were charge-offs of $5.1 million related to TDRs for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Valley did not extend any commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans have been modified as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

Loans modified as TDRs within the previous 12 months and for which there was a payment default (90 or more days past due) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
 Three Months Ended March 31,
20222021
Troubled Debt Restructurings Subsequently DefaultedNumber of
Contracts		Recorded InvestmentNumber of
Contracts		Recorded
Investment
 ($ in thousands)
Commercial and industrial2 $1,850 16 $12,384 
Construction2 17,599 — — 
Residential mortgage— — 3 655 
Total4 $19,449 19 $13,039 

Forbearance. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact to certain customers, Valley implemented short-term loan modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or delays in payment, when requested by customers. As of March 31, 2022, Valley had $23.0 million of outstanding loans remaining in their payment deferral period under short-term modifications as compared to $27.9 million of loans in deferral at December 31, 2021. Under the applicable accounting and regulatory guidance, none of these loans were classified as TDRs at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Loans in Process of Foreclosure. Other real estate owned (OREO) totaled $1.0 million and $2.3 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. There were no foreclosed residential real estate properties included in OREO at March 31, 2022 and at December 31, 2021. Residential mortgage and consumer loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $2.8 million and $2.5 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Collateral dependent loans. Loans are collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. When Valley determines that foreclosure is probable, the collateral dependent loan balances are written down to the estimated
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current fair value (less estimated selling costs) resulting in an immediate charge-off to the allowance, excluding any consideration for personal guarantees that may be pursued in the Bank’s collection process.
The following table presents collateral dependent loans by class as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
 March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
 (in thousands)
Collateral dependent loans:
Commercial and industrial *$93,389 $95,335 
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate92,402 110,174 
Construction19,307 — 
Total commercial real estate loans111,709 110,174 
Residential mortgage25,704 35,745 
Home equity3 4 
Total $230,805 $241,258 
*    Commercial and industrial loans are primarily collateralized by taxi medallions.

Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans
The following table summarizes the allowance for credit losses for loans at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
 (in thousands)
Components of allowance for credit losses for loans:
Allowance for loan losses$362,510 $359,202 
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments16,742 16,500 
Total allowance for credit losses for loans$379,252 $375,702 

The following table summarizes the provision for credit losses for loans for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
 (in thousands)
Components of provision for credit losses for loans:
Provision for loan losses$3,258 $8,692 
Provision for unfunded credit commitments242 322 
Total provision for credit losses for loans$3,500 $9,014 





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The following table details the activity in the allowance for loan losses by loan portfolio segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: 
Commercial
and Industrial		Commercial
Real Estate		Residential
Mortgage		ConsumerTotal
 (in thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2022
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance$103,090 $217,490 $25,120 $13,502 $359,202 
Loans charged-off(1,571)(173)(26)(825)(2,595)
Charged-off loans recovered 824 107 457 1,257 2,645 
Net (charge-offs) recoveries(747)(66)431 432 50 
(Credit) provision for loan losses(1,140)2,525 2,638 (765)3,258 
Ending balance$101,203 $219,949 $28,189 $13,169 $362,510 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2021
Allowance for losses:
Beginning balance$131,070 $164,113 $28,873 $16,187 $340,243 
Loans charged-off (7,142)(382)(138)(1,138)(8,800)
Charged-off loans recovered 1,589 69 157 930 2,745 
Net (charge-offs) recoveries(5,553)(313)19 (208)(6,055)
Provision (credit) for loan losses891 10,436 (1,720)(915)8,692 
Ending balance$126,408 $174,236 $27,172 $15,064 $342,880 


The following table represents the allocation of the allowance for loan losses and the related loans by loan portfolio segment disaggregated based on the allowance measurement methodology at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Commercial
and Industrial		Commercial
Real Estate		Residential
Mortgage		ConsumerTotal
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for credit losses
$62,500 $6,303 $641 $179 $69,623 
Collectively evaluated for credit losses
38,703 213,646 27,548 12,990 292,887 
Total$101,203 $219,949 $28,189 $13,169 $362,510 
Loans:
Individually evaluated for credit losses
$103,534 $128,583 $34,696 $1,553 $268,366 
Collectively evaluated for credit losses
5,687,856 21,809,161 4,657,239 2,941,783 35,096,039 
Total$5,791,390 $21,937,744 $4,691,935 $2,943,336 $35,364,405 
December 31, 2021
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for credit losses
$64,359 $6,277 $470 $390 $71,496 
Collectively evaluated for credit losses
38,731 211,213 24,650 13,112 287,706 
Total$103,090 $217,490 $25,120 $13,502 $359,202 
Loans:
Individually evaluated for credit losses
$119,760 $134,135 $42,469 $2,431 $298,795 
Collectively evaluated for credit losses
5,727,791 20,655,931 4,502,595 2,968,545 33,854,862 
Total$5,847,551 $20,790,066 $4,545,064 $2,970,976 $34,153,657 
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Note 9. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill as allocated to our business segments, or reporting units thereof, for goodwill impairment analysis were:

 Business Segment / Reporting Unit *
 Wealth
Management		Consumer
Lending		Commercial
Lending		Investment
Management		Total
 (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2021$34,315 $308,248 $896,015 $220,430 $1,459,008 
Goodwill from business combinations4,370 85 4,866 25 9,346 
Balance at March 31, 2022$38,685 $308,333 $900,881 $220,455 $1,468,354 
*    Valley’s Wealth Management Division is comprised of trust, asset management, insurance and tax credit advisory services. This reporting unit is included in the Consumer Lending segment for financial reporting purposes.

The goodwill from business combinations set forth in the above table during the three months ended March 31, 2022, related to the acquisition of Landmark by our insurance agency subsidiary and an adjustment to goodwill from the Westchester acquisition. The Landmark transaction resulted in $4.4 million of goodwill which was allocated entirely to the Wealth Management reporting unit. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, Valley recorded $5.0 million of additional goodwill reflecting an adjustment to the deferred tax assets acquired from Westchester as of the acquisition date. See Note 2 for details related to these acquisitions.

There was no impairment of goodwill recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table summarizes other intangible assets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021: 
Gross
Intangible
Assets		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Intangible
Assets
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
Loan servicing rights$117,363 $(92,133)$25,230 
Core deposits109,290 (68,373)40,917 
Other12,299 (3,562)8,737 
Total other intangible assets$238,952 $(164,068)$74,884 
December 31, 2021
Loan servicing rights$114,636 $(90,951)$23,685 
Core deposits109,290 (65,488)43,802 
Other6,092 (3,193)2,899 
Total other intangible assets$230,018 $(159,632)$70,386 

Loan servicing rights are accounted for using the amortization method. Under this method, Valley amortizes the loan servicing assets over the period of the economic life of the assets arising from estimated net servicing revenues. On a quarterly basis, Valley stratifies its loan servicing assets into groupings based on risk characteristics and assesses each group for impairment based on fair value. Impairment charges on loan servicing rights are recognized in earnings when the book value of a stratified group of loan servicing rights exceeds its estimated fair value.
There was no net impairment recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2022. Valley recorded net recoveries of impairment charges on its loan servicing rights totaling $791 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Core deposits are amortized using an accelerated method and have a weighted average amortization period of 9.2 years. The line item labeled “Other” included in the table above primarily consists of certain financial asset
33


servicing contracts, customer lists and covenants not to compete, which are amortized over their expected lives generally using a straight-line method and have a weighted average amortization period of approximately 4.8 years.
Valley recorded $6.2 million of other intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2022 resulting from the Landmark acquisition. Valley evaluates core deposits and other intangibles for impairment when an indication of impairment exists. No impairment was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense of other intangible assets for the remainder of 2022 through 2026: 
Loan Servicing
Rights		Core
Deposits		Other
 (in thousands)
2022$2,660 $8,516 $1,372 
20233,146 9,510 1,600 
20242,733 7,740 1,401 
20252,368 5,970 1,202 
20262,039 4,225 998 

Valley recognized amortization expense on other intangible assets totaling approximately $4.4 million and $6.0 million (including net recoveries of impairment charges on loan servicing rights) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Note 10. Stock–Based Compensation
On April 19, 2021, Valley's shareholders approved the Valley National Bancorp 2021 Incentive Compensation Plan (the 2021 Plan) administered by the Compensation and Human Capital Management Committee (the Committee) as appointed by Valley's Board of Directors. The purposes of the 2021 Plan are to provide additional incentives to officers and key employees of Valley and its subsidiaries, whose substantial contributions are essential to the continued growth and success of Valley, and to attract and retain officers, other employees and non-employee directors whose efforts will result in the continued and long-term growth of Valley's business.
As of March 31, 2022, 6.1 million shares of common stock were available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. The essential features of each award are described in the award agreement relating to that award. The grant, exercise, vesting, settlement or payment of an award may be based upon the fair value of Valley's common stock on the last sale price reported for Valley's common stock on such date or the last sale price reported preceding such date, except for performance-based awards with a market condition. The grant date fair values of performance-based awards that vest based on a market condition are determined by a third-party specialist using a Monte Carlo valuation model.
Valley granted 1.2 million and 1.1 million of time-based restricted stock units (RSUs) during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Generally, time-based RSUs vest ratably over a three-year period. The average grant date fair value of the RSUs granted during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 was $14.05 per share and $11.75 per share, respectively.
Valley granted 567 thousand and 604 thousand of performance-based RSUs to certain officers for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The performance-based RSU awards include RSUs with vesting conditions based upon certain levels of growth in Valley's tangible book value per share plus dividends and RSUs with vesting conditions based upon Valley's total shareholder return as compared to its peer group. The RSUs “cliff” vest after three years based on the cumulative performance of Valley during that time period. The RSUs earn dividend equivalents (equal to cash dividends paid on Valley's common stock) over the applicable performance period. Dividend equivalents are accumulated and paid to the grantee at the vesting date or forfeited if the performance conditions are not met. The grant date fair value of the performance-based RSUs granted during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 was $14.82 per share and $12.36 per share, respectively.
34



Valley recorded total stock-based compensation expense of $7.3 million and $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The fair values of stock awards are expensed over the shorter of the vesting or required service period. As of March 31, 2022, the unrecognized amortization expense for all stock-based employee compensation totaled approximately $38.4 million and will be recognized over an average remaining vesting period of approximately 2.21 years.
Note 11. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Valley enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates.

Fair Value Hedges of Fixed Rate Assets and Liabilities. Valley is exposed to changes in the fair value of fixed-rate subordinated debt due to changes in interest rates. From time to time, Valley uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in fair value on these instruments attributable to changes in the designated benchmark interest rate. Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges involve the receipt of variable rate payments from a counterparty in exchange for Valley making fixed rate payments over the life of the agreements without the exchange of the underlying notional amount. For derivatives that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk. Valley’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, Valley uses interest rate swaps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the payment of either fixed or variable-rate amounts in exchange for the receipt of variable or fixed-rate amounts from a counterparty, respectively.

Valley had five interest rate swaps with a total notional amount of $500 million mature during the three months ended March 31, 2022. These swaps were used to hedge the changes in cash flows associated with certain short-term Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (FHLB) advances.

Non-designated Hedges. Derivatives not designated as hedges may be used to manage Valley’s exposure to interest rate movements or to provide service to customers but do not meet the requirements for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not entered into for speculative purposes.

Valley executes interest rate swaps with commercial lending customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. These interest rate swaps with customers are simultaneously offset by interest rate swaps that Valley executes with a third party, such that Valley minimizes its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. As these interest rate swaps do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements, changes in the fair value of both the customer swaps and the offsetting swaps are recognized directly in earnings.

Valley sometimes enters into risk participation agreements with external lenders where the banks are sharing their risk of default on the interest rate swaps on participated loans. Valley either pays or receives a fee depending on the participation type. Risk participation agreements are credit derivatives not designated as hedges. Credit derivatives are not speculative and are not used to manage interest rate risk in assets or liabilities. Changes in the fair value in credit derivatives are recognized directly in earnings. At March 31, 2022, Valley had 25 credit swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $245.6 million related to risk participation agreements. 

At March 31, 2022, Valley had two “steepener” swaps, each with a current notional amount of $10.4 million where the receive rate on the swap mirrors the pay rate on the brokered deposits and the rates paid on these types of hybrid instruments are based on a formula derived from the spread between the long and short ends of the constant maturity swap (CMS) rate curve. Although these types of instruments do not meet the hedge accounting requirements, the change in fair value of both the bifurcated derivative and the stand alone swap tend to move in opposite directions with changes in the three-month LIBOR rate and therefore provide an effective economic hedge.
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Valley regularly enters into mortgage banking derivatives which are non-designated hedges. These derivatives include interest rate lock commitments provided to customers to fund certain residential mortgage loans to be sold into the secondary market and forward commitments for the future delivery of such loans. Valley enters into forward commitments for the future delivery of residential mortgage loans when interest rate lock commitments are entered into in order to economically hedge the effect of future changes in interest rate on Valley's commitments to fund the loans as well as on its portfolio of mortgage loans held for sale.

Amounts included in the consolidated statements of financial condition related to the fair value of Valley’s derivative financial instruments were as follows: 
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 Fair ValueFair Value
Other AssetsOther LiabilitiesNotional AmountOther AssetsOther LiabilitiesNotional Amount
 (in thousands)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Cash flow hedge interest rate swaps
$590 $— $200,000 $— $310 $700,000 
Fair value hedge interest rate swaps — 16,634 300,000 — 3,335 300,000 
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments$590 $16,634 $500,000 $— $3,645 $1,000,000 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps and other contracts*
$172,393 $171,610 $11,264,601 $181,012 $47,277 $10,301,460 
Mortgage banking derivatives3,287 1,438 181,017 488 1,454 312,428 
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
$175,680 $173,048 $11,445,618 $181,500 $48,731 $10,613,888 
*    Other derivatives include risk participation agreements.
The Chicago Mercantile Exchange and London Clearing House variation margins are classified as a single-unit of account as settlements of the cash flow hedges and other non-designated derivative instruments. As a result, the fair value of the applicable derivative assets and liabilities are reported net of variation margin at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 in the table above.

Gains (losses) included in the consolidated statements of income and other comprehensive income (loss), on a pre-tax basis, related to interest rate derivatives designated as hedges of cash flows were as follows: 
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
 (in thousands)
Amount of loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to interest expense$(542)$(915)
Amount of gain recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)320 177 
The accumulated net after-tax losses related to effective cash flow hedges included in accumulated other comprehensive loss were $728 thousand and $1.3 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to cash flow interest rate derivatives are reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the hedged variable interest rate liabilities. Valley estimates that $485 thousand will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense over the next 12 months.

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Gains (losses) included in the consolidated statements of income related to interest rate derivatives designated as hedges of fair value were as follows: 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20222021
 (in thousands)
Derivative - interest rate swap:
Interest expense530 — 
Hedged item - subordinated debt
Interest expense(530)— 
The changes in the fair value of the hedged item designated as a qualifying hedge are captured as an
adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item (basis adjustment). The following table presents the hedged item related to interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges and the cumulative basis fair value adjustment included in the net carrying amount of the hedged item at March 31, 2022.
Line Item in the Statement of Financial Position in Which the Hedged Item is IncludedCarrying Amount of the Hedged LiabilityCumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Liability
(in thousands)
Long-term borrowings$282,443 $(17,557)
The net gains included in the consolidated statements of income related to derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments were as follows: 
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
 (in thousands)
Non-designated hedge interest rate swaps and credit derivatives
Other non-interest expense$(2,797)$(1,785)

Other non-interest income included fee income related to non-designated hedge derivative interest rate swaps (not designated as hedging instruments) executed with commercial loan customers totaling $14.0 million and $6.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Credit Risk Related Contingent Features. By using derivatives, Valley is exposed to credit risk if counterparties to the derivative contracts do not perform as expected. Management attempts to minimize counterparty credit risk through credit approvals, limits, monitoring procedures and obtaining collateral where appropriate. Credit risk exposure associated with derivative contracts is managed at Valley in conjunction with Valley’s consolidated counterparty risk management process. Valley’s counterparties and the risk limits monitored by management are periodically reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors.

Valley has agreements with its derivative counterparties providing that if Valley defaults on any of its indebtedness, including default where repayment of the indebtedness has not been accelerated by the lender, then Valley could also be declared in default on its derivative counterparty agreements. Additionally, Valley has an agreement with several of its derivative counterparties that contains provisions that require Valley’s debt to maintain an investment grade credit rating from each of the major credit rating agencies from which it receives a credit rating. If Valley’s credit rating is reduced below investment grade, or such rating is withdrawn or suspended, then the counterparty could terminate the derivative positions and Valley would be required to settle its obligations under the agreements. As of March 31, 2022, Valley was in compliance with all of the provisions of its derivative counterparty agreements. As of March 31, 2022, there were no derivatives in an aggregate net liability position. Valley has derivative counterparty agreements that require minimum collateral posting thresholds for certain counterparties.
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Note 12. Balance Sheet Offsetting

Certain financial instruments, including certain over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives (mostly interest rate swaps) and repurchase agreements (accounted for as secured long-term borrowings), may be eligible for offset in the consolidated statements of financial condition and/or subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. OTC derivatives include interest rate swaps executed and settled bilaterally with counterparties without the use of an organized exchange or central clearing house (presented in the table below). The credit risk associated with bilateral OTC derivatives is managed through obtaining collateral and enforceable master netting agreements.

Valley is party to master netting arrangements with its financial institution counterparties; however, Valley does not offset assets and liabilities under these arrangements for financial statement presentation purposes. The master netting arrangements provide for a single net settlement of all swap agreements, as well as collateral, in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. Collateral, usually in the form of cash or marketable investment securities, is posted by the counterparty with net liability positions in accordance with contract thresholds. Master repurchase agreements which include “right of set-off” provisions generally have a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts. In such cases, the collateral would be used to settle the fair value of the swap or repurchase agreement should Valley be in default. The total amount of collateral held or pledged cannot exceed the net derivative fair values with the counterparty.

The table below presents information about Valley’s financial instruments eligible for offset in the consolidated statements of financial condition as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
    Gross Amounts Not Offset 
 Gross Amounts
Recognized		Gross Amounts
Offset		Net Amounts
Presented		Financial
Instruments		Cash
Collateral *		Net
Amount
 (in thousands)
March 31, 2022
Assets
Interest rate swaps$172,983 $— $172,983 $12,555 $117,289 $43,139 
Liabilities
Interest rate swaps $188,244 $— $188,244 $(12,555)$(2,323)$173,366 
December 31, 2021
Assets
Interest rate swaps $181,012 $— $181,012 $— $— $181,012 
Liabilities
Interest rate swaps $50,922 $— $50,922 $— $(44,231)$6,691 
*    Cash collateral received (pledged) to our counterparties in relation to market value exposures of OTC derivative contacts in a liability position.

Note 13. Tax Credit Investments

Valley’s tax credit investments are primarily related to investments promoting qualified affordable housing projects, and other investments related to community development and renewable energy sources. Some of these tax-advantaged investments support Valley’s regulatory compliance with the CRA. Valley’s investments in these entities generate a return primarily through the realization of federal income tax credits, and other tax benefits, such as tax deductions from operating losses of the investments, over specified time periods. These tax credits and deductions are recognized as a reduction of income tax expense.

Valley’s tax credit investments are carried in other assets on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Valley’s unfunded capital and other commitments related to the tax credit investments are carried in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Valley recognizes amortization
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of tax credit investments, including impairment losses, within non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of income using the equity method of accounting. After initial measurement, the carrying amounts of tax credit investments with non-readily determinable fair values are increased to reflect Valley's share of income of the investee and are reduced to reflect its share of losses of the investee, dividends received and impairments, if applicable.

The following table presents the balances of Valley’s affordable housing tax credit investments, other tax credit investments, and related unfunded commitments at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
(in thousands)
Other Assets:
Affordable housing tax credit investments, net$14,666 $15,343 
Other tax credit investments, net54,687 57,006 
Total tax credit investments, net
$69,353 $72,349 
Other Liabilities:
Unfunded affordable housing tax credit commitments$1,360 $1,360 
    Total unfunded tax credit commitments$1,360 $1,360 

The following table presents other information relating to Valley’s affordable housing tax credit investments and other tax credit investments for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: 

Three Months Ended
March 31,
20222021
(in thousands)
Components of Income Tax Expense:
Affordable housing tax credits and other tax benefits$744 $897 
Other tax credit investment credits and tax benefits2,551 2,685 
Total reduction in income tax expense
$3,295 $3,582 
Amortization of Tax Credit Investments:
Affordable housing tax credit investment losses$415 $543 
Affordable housing tax credit investment impairment losses
262 341 
Other tax credit investment losses309 173 
Other tax credit investment impairment losses1,910 1,687 
Total amortization of tax credit investments recorded in non-interest expense$2,896 $2,744 

Note 14. Business Segments

Valley has four business segments that it monitors and reports on to manage Valley’s business operations. These
segments are consumer lending, commercial lending, investment management, and corporate and other adjustments. Valley’s reportable segments have been determined based upon its internal structure of operations and lines of business. Each business segment is reviewed routinely for its asset growth, contribution to income before income taxes and return on average interest earning assets and impairment (if events or circumstances indicate a possible inability to realize the carrying amount). Expenses related to the branch network, all other components of retail banking, along with the back office departments of the Bank are allocated from the corporate and other adjustments segment to each of the other three business segments. Interest expense and internal transfer expense (for general corporate expenses) are allocated to each business segment utilizing a transfer pricing methodology, which involves the allocation of operating and funding costs based on each segment's respective mix of average earning assets and/
39


or liabilities outstanding for the period. The financial reporting for each segment contains allocations and reporting in line with Valley’s operations, which may not necessarily be comparable to any other financial institution. The
accounting for each segment includes internal accounting policies designed to measure consistent and reasonable financial reporting and may result in income and expense measurements that differ from amounts under U.S. GAAP. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in reported segment financial data.

The following tables represent the financial data for Valley’s four business segments for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
 Consumer
Lending		Commercial
Lending		Investment
Management		Corporate
and Other
Adjustments		Total
 ($ in thousands)
Average interest earning assets
$7,638,942 $26,984,460 $5,659,646 $—$40,283,048 
Interest income$59,459 $257,906 $23,787 $(694)$340,458 
Interest expense3,207 11,327 2,376 5,87922,789 
Net interest income (loss)56,252 246,579 21,411 (6,573)317,669 
Provision for credit losses1,873 1,627 57 —3,557 
Net interest income (loss) after provision for credit losses
54,379 244,952 21,354 (6,573)314,112 
Non-interest income13,817 16,880 2,073 6,50039,270 
Non-interest expense16,568 25,085 836 154,851197,340 
Internal transfer expense (income)28,647 99,916 17,061 (145,624)— 
Income (loss) before income taxes$22,981 $136,831 $5,530 $(9,300)$156,042 
Return on average interest earning assets (pre-tax)
1.20 %2.03 %0.39 %N/A1.55 %
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
 Consumer
Lending		Commercial
Lending		Investment
Management		Corporate
and Other
Adjustments		Total
 ($ in thousands)
Average interest earning assets
$7,049,252 $25,533,227 $4,803,740 $—$37,386,219 
Interest income$60,845 $252,336 $19,509 $(892)$331,798 
Interest expense6,415 23,235 4,371 5,11039,131 
Net interest income (loss)54,430 229,101 15,138 (6,002)292,667 
(Credit) provision for credit losses(2,635)11,676 (385)—8,656 
Net interest income (loss) after provision for credit losses
57,065 217,425 15,523 (6,002)284,011 
Non-interest income13,685 7,713 2,331 7,50431,233 
Non-interest expense19,849 25,531 1,777 113,056160,213 
Internal transfer expense (income)19,502 70,555 13,277 (103,334)— 
Income (loss) before income taxes$31,399 $129,052 $2,800 $(8,220)$155,031 
Return on average interest earning assets (pre-tax)
1.78 %2.02 %0.23 %N/A1.66 %





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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following MD&A should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing in Part I, Item 1 of this report. The words "Valley," the "Company," "we," "our" and "us" refer to Valley National Bancorp and its wholly owned subsidiaries, unless we indicate otherwise. Additionally, Valley’s principal subsidiary, Valley National Bank, is commonly referred to as the “Bank” in this MD&A.

The MD&A contains supplemental financial information, described in the sections that follow, which has been determined by methods other than U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) that management uses in its analysis of our performance. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures provide information useful to investors in understanding our underlying operational performance, our business and performance trends and facilitate comparisons with the performance of others in the financial services industry. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for or superior to financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures may also be calculated differently from similar measures disclosed by other companies.
Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, both in the MD&A and elsewhere, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are not historical facts and include expressions about management’s confidence and strategies and management’s expectations about our business, new and existing programs and products, acquisitions, relationships, opportunities, taxation, technology, market conditions and economic expectations. These statements may be identified by such forward-looking terminology as “should,” “expect,” “believe,” “view,” “opportunity,” “allow,” “continues,” “reflects,” “would,” “could,” “typically,” “usually,” “anticipate,” “may,” “estimate,” “outlook,” “project,” or similar statements or variations of such terms. Such forward-looking statements involve certain risks and uncertainties and our actual results may differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements, include, but are not limited to:

•the inability to realize expected cost savings and synergies from the Bank Leumi USA acquisition in amounts or in the timeframe anticipated;
•greater than expected costs or difficulties relating to Bank Leumi USA integration matters;
•the inability to retain customers and qualified employees of Bank Leumi USA;
•greater than expected non-recurring charges related to the Bank Leumi USA acquisition;
•the continued impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. and global economies, including business disruptions, reductions in employment and an increase in business failures, specifically among our clients;
•the continued impact of COVID-19 on our employees and our ability to provide services to our customers and respond to their needs as more cases of COVID-19 may arise in our primary markets;
•the impact of forbearances or deferrals we are required or agree to as a result of customer requests and/or government actions, including, but not limited to our potential inability to recover fully deferred payments from the borrower or the collateral;
•the risks related to the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate and other reference rates, including increased expenses and litigation and the effectiveness of hedging strategies;
•damage verdicts or settlements or restrictions related to existing or potential class action litigation or individual litigation arising from claims of violations of laws or regulations, contractual claims, breach of fiduciary responsibility, negligence, fraud, environmental laws, patent or trademark infringement, employment related claims, and other matters;
•a prolonged downturn in the economy, mainly in New Jersey, New York, Florida, Alabama, California and Illinois, as well as an unexpected decline in commercial real estate values within our market areas;
•higher or lower than expected income tax expense or tax rates, including increases or decreases resulting from changes in uncertain tax position liabilities, tax laws, regulations and case law;
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•the inability to grow customer deposits to keep pace with loan growth;
•a material change in our allowance for credit losses under CECL due to forecasted economic conditions and/or unexpected credit deterioration in our loan and investment portfolios;
•the need to supplement debt or equity capital to maintain or exceed internal capital thresholds;
•greater than expected technology related costs due to, among other factors, prolonged or failed implementations, additional project staffing and obsolescence caused by continuous and rapid market innovations;
•the loss of or decrease in lower-cost funding sources within our deposit base, including our inability to achieve deposit retention targets under Valley's branch transformation strategy;
•cyber-attacks, ransomware attacks, computer viruses or other malware that may breach the security of our websites or other systems to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information, destroy data, disable or degrade service, or sabotage our systems;
•results of examinations by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Federal Reserve Bank, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, require us to increase our allowance for credit losses, write-down assets, reimburse customers, change the way we do business, or limit or eliminate certain other banking activities;
•our inability or determination not to pay dividends at current levels, or at all, because of inadequate earnings, regulatory restrictions or limitations, changes in our capital requirements or a decision to increase capital by retaining more earnings;
•unanticipated loan delinquencies, loss of collateral, decreased service revenues, and other potential negative effects on our business caused by severe weather, the COVID-19 pandemic or other external events; and
•unexpected significant declines in the loan portfolio due to the lack of economic expansion, increased competition, large prepayments, changes in regulatory lending guidance or other factors.

A detailed discussion of factors that could affect our results is included in our SEC filings, including the “Risk Factors” section in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Valley’s accounting policies are fundamental to understanding management’s discussion and analysis of its financial condition and results of operations. At March 31, 2022, we identified our policies on the allowance for credit losses, goodwill and other intangible assets, and income taxes to be critical accounting policies because management has to make subjective and/or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. Management has reviewed the application of these policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of Valley’s Board of Directors. Our critical accounting policies are described in detail in Part II, Item 7 in Valley’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, and there have been no material changes in such policies and estimates since the date of such report.
New Authoritative Accounting Guidance
See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements for a description of new authoritative accounting guidance, including the respective dates of adoption and effects on results of operations and financial condition.
Executive Summary
Company Overview. At March 31, 2022, Valley had consolidated total assets of approximately $43.6 billion, total net loans of $35.0 billion, total deposits of $35.6 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $5.1 billion. Our commercial bank operations include branch office locations in northern and central New Jersey, the New York City Boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Long Island, Westchester County, New York, Florida and Alabama. Of our current 232 branch network, 56 percent, 19 percent, 18 percent and 7 percent of the branches are in New Jersey,
42


New York, Florida and Alabama, respectively. Despite targeted branch consolidation activity, we have significantly grown both in asset size and locations over the past several years primarily both through organic efforts and bank acquisitions as discussed below.
Landmark Insurance of the Palm Beaches. On February 1, 2022, the Bank's insurance agency subsidiary, Valley Insurance Services, acquired Landmark Insurance of the Palm Beaches, Inc. for $8.6 million in cash and $1.0 million in contingent consideration. This acquisition expanded Valley's presence in Florida and is expected to provide additional cross-selling opportunities across the Bank's service and product offerings.
Bank Leumi Le-Israel Corporation. On April 1, 2022, Valley completed its acquisition of Bank Leumi Le-Israel Corporation, the U.S. subsidiary of Bank Leumi Le-Israel B.M. and parent company of Bank Leumi USA, and collectively referred to as "Bank Leumi USA". Bank Leumi USA was headquartered in New York City with commercial banking offices in Chicago, Los Angeles, Palo Alto, and Aventura, Florida. As of the acquisition date, Bank Leumi USA had total assets of $8.3 billion, total deposits of $7.1 billion and gross loans of $6.1 billion, unadjusted for purchase accounting. The common shareholders of Bank Leumi USA received 3.8025 shares of Valley common stock and 5.08 in cash for each Bank Leumi USA common share that they owned. As a result, Valley issued approximately 85 million shares of common stock and paid $113.4 million in cash in the transaction.
See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details regarding our acquisition activities.
Impact of COVID-19. COVID-19 infection rates declined during the first quarter 2022 and consumer and business activities remained robust. These factors combined with global supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and other factors contributed to higher inflation in the U.S. We continue to monitor the impact of COVID-19 including the emergence of any new variants closely, including its impact on our employees, customers, communities and results of operations and other government or Federal Reserve actions. See the "Operating Environment" section of MD&A for more details.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act and additional legislation that followed including the Consolidated Appropriations Act and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 provided funding for the SBA's Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and established rules for qualifying borrowers to receive loan forgiveness by the SBA under this program. Valley extended a total of $3.2 billion PPP loans under the program, of which $3.0 billion of these loans have received forgiveness from the SBA. As of March 31, 2022, we had $203.6 million of PPP loans still outstanding.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact on certain customers and in accordance with provisions set forth by the CARES Act, Valley implemented short-term loan modifications, such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or delays in payment that are insignificant, when requested by customers. Valley had $23.0 million of outstanding loans remaining in their payment deferral period under short-term modifications at March 31, 2022 as compared to $27.9 million at December 31, 2021.
Quarterly Results. Net income for the first quarter 2022 was $116.7 million, or $0.27 per diluted common share as compared to $115.7 million, or $0.28 per diluted common share, for the first quarter 2021. The $1.0 million increase in quarterly net income as compared to the same quarter one year ago was largely due to following changes:
•a $25.0 million increase in net interest income mainly due to (i) higher average loan balances driven by strong organic growth and loans acquired from The Westchester Bank Holding Corporation (Westchester) on December 1, 2021, (ii) higher average investment securities, (iii) a continued customer shift to deposits without stated maturities and the run-off of higher cost time deposits, (iv) lower average other borrowings driven by repayment of maturing FHLB advances, partially offset by (v) an $18.9 million decrease in PPP loan related interest and fees;
•an $8.0 million increase in non-interest income mainly due to a $7.8 million increase in fee income related to derivative interest rate swaps executed with commercial lending customers, fees generated by Dudley Ventures, our tax credit advisory subsidiary acquired in the fourth quarter 2021, partially offset by a decrease in net gains on sales of residential mortgage loans; and
43


•a $5.1 million decrease in our provision for credit losses mostly due to lower expected loss rates for the commercial real estate portfolio; partially offset by:
•a $37.1 million increase in non-interest expense mainly due to increases in salary and employee benefits, net occupancy and equipment, and professional and legal fees expense categories driven, in part, by our expansion of business operations due to acquisitions and targeted growth in our lending and technology teams, as well as merger related expenses totaling $4.6 million for the first quarter 2022.
See the “Net Interest Income”, “Non-Interest Income”, “Non-Interest Expense”, and “Income Taxes” sections below for more details on the items above impacting our first quarter 2022 results.
Operating Environment. During the first quarter 2022, real gross domestic product at an annual rate decreased 1.4 percent compared to a 6.9 percent increase in the fourth quarter 2021 largely as a result of a slowdown in inventory restocking and trade. Household demand and fixed investment from businesses and households improved modestly despite an acceleration in overall prices.
In March, the Federal Reserve raised the federal funds rate 0.25 percent to a target range of 0.25 percent to 0.50 percent. Following its meeting in May, the Federal Reserve raised the federal fund rate by another 0.50 percent to a target range of 0.75 percent to 1.00 percent to tame building inflationary pressures. Further interest rate hikes are expected during the remainder of 2022 largely due to the Federal Reserve's efforts to curtail the current high level of inflation, which has reached a 40-year high. In addition, the Federal Reserve slowed its purchase of Treasury securities and agency residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and the Federal Reserve indicated at its recent meeting that it expects to reduce its securities holdings starting in June as securities reach their maturities.
The 10-year U.S. Treasury note yield ended the first quarter 2022 at 2.32 percent, 80 basis points higher compared with December 31, 2021. The spread between the 2- and 10-year U.S. Treasury note yields ended the first quarter 2022 at 0.04 percent, which is 75 basis points lower as compared to December 31, 2021.
The industry reported that demand for most commercial loan products continued to increase during the first quarter 2022. The increase was broad-based across commercial real estate lending and loans to middle market firms. Our loan originations increased sharply across most products in the first quarter 2022 primarily driven by increases in commercial real estate loans. However, anticipated higher market interest rates, persistent inflation, the lingering impact of the pandemic on supply chains and business opportunities, labor market conditions, and fallout from the Russia-Ukraine war, among other factors, add a high level of uncertainty to the future path of the U.S. economy. Should economic conditions deteriorate causing business activity, spending and investment to slow, it would adversely impact the Bank’s financial results, as highlighted below in this MD&A.
Loans. Total loans increased $1.2 billion to $35.4 billion at March 31, 2022 from December 31, 2021 despite a $232.3 million decrease in commercial and industrial PPP loans. Our non-PPP loan portfolio increased $1.4 billion, or 17.1 percent on an annualized basis, largely due to well-balanced commercial loan production across our primary markets and an uptick in new residential mortgage loans originated for investment rather than sale. See further details on our loan activities under the “Loan Portfolio” section below.
Asset Quality. Total non-performing assets (NPAs), consisting of non-accrual loans, other real estate owned (OREO), and other repossessed assets decreased $12.7 million to $232.7 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021. Non-accrual loans decreased $9.8 million to $230.5 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 partly due to lower commercial real estate non-accruals reflecting one loan payoff partly offset by two loans which were moved to non-accrual status. In addition, commercial and industrial along with residential mortgage non-accrual loans decreased partly due to loan payoffs during the first quarter 2022. Non-accrual loans represented 0.65 percent of total loans at March 31, 2022 compared to 0.70 percent at December 31, 2021.
Total accruing past due loans (i.e., loans past due 30 days or more and still accruing interest) increased $36.9 million to $92.8 million, or 0.26 percent of total loans, at March 31, 2022 as compared to $55.9 million, or 0.16 percent of total loans at December 31, 2021. Commercial real estate loans past due 30 to 59 days and 60 to 89 days increased $16.4 million and $6.3 million, respectively, to $30.8 million and $6.3 million, respectively at March 31,
44


2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 mainly due to two loans totaling $13.2 million and $6.0 million included in these respective delinquency categories at March 31, 2022. Commercial and industrial loans past due 60 to 89 days and 90 days or more increased $6.6 million and $8.0 million, respectively, as compared to December 31, 2021 mainly due to a few additional loans that are considered well-secured and in the process of collection. See further details in the "Non-performing Assets" section below.
Deposits and Other Borrowings. Overall, average deposits increased by $1.0 billion to $35.8 billion for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the fourth quarter 2021 mostly due to increased quarterly average balances related to deposits assumed from Westchester on December 1, 2021. Average non-interest bearing deposits; savings, NOW and money market deposits; and time deposits represented approximately 33 percent, 57 percent and 10 percent of total deposits as of March 31, 2022, respectively. Our mix of average deposits for the first quarter 2022 continued to shift away from higher cost time deposits to the non-maturity deposit categories as compared to the fourth quarter 2021. The shift has been aided by normal CD maturities and our ability to increase commercial and retail non-maturity deposits.
Actual ending balances for deposits increased $14.9 million to approximately $35.6 billion at March 31, 2022 from December 31, 2021 largely due to increases of $271.3 million and $16.3 million in the non-maturity non-interest bearing deposit and interest bearing deposit categories, respectively, mostly offset by a $272.7 million decrease in time deposits. The decrease in time deposits was driven by run-off of maturing retail CDs with some continued migration to the more liquid deposit product categories. Total brokered deposits (consisting of money market deposit accounts) decreased approximately $203 million to $1.2 billion at March 31, 2022 as compared to $1.4 billion at December 31, 2021 as our funding mix continued to shift to commercial and retail deposit customers. While we believe the current operating environment will likely continue to be favorable for Valley’s deposit gathering initiatives, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain deposit levels at or near those reported at March 31, 2022.
The following table presents average short-term and long-term borrowings for the three months ended March 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2021:
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021March 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Average short-term borrowings:
FHLB advances$434,444 $500,000 $996,667 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements148,575 170,433 145,728 
Federal funds purchased11,278 — 26,222 
Total $594,297 $670,433 $1,168,617 
Average long-term borrowings:
FHLB advances$788,956 $789,108 $1,563,987 
Subordinated debt631,056 636,514 403,181 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements— — 300,000 
Junior subordinated debentures issued to capital trusts56,457 56,379 56,111 
Total$1,476,469 $1,482,001 $2,323,279 
Average short-term borrowings decreased $574.3 million during the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 mostly due to our repayment of maturing FHLB advances funded with excess cash liquidity. Average long-term borrowings (including junior subordinated debentures issued to capital trusts which are presented separately on the consolidated statements of financial condition) decreased $846.8 million from the first quarter 2021 largely due to the combination of prepayments of FHLB advances during the second quarter 2021, repayments at maturity of several FHLB advances and $300 million of long-term repurchase agreements which matured during
45


the third quarter 2021, partially offset by our issuance of $300 million subordinated notes in the second quarter 2021.
Actual ending balances for short-term borrowings decreased by $171.5 million to $484.2 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 largely due to normal repayments of maturing FHLB advances, partially offset by $125 million of federal funds purchased at March 31, 2022. Long-term borrowings of $1.4 billion at March 31, 2022 remained relatively unchanged as compared to December 31, 2021.

Selected Performance Indicators. The following table presents our annualized performance ratios for the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
Return on average assets1.07 %1.14 %
Return on average assets, as adjusted1.10 1.14 
Return on average shareholders’ equity9.15 9.96 
Return on average shareholders’ equity, as adjusted9.43 9.97 
Return on average tangible shareholders’ equity (ROATE)13.09 14.49 
ROATE, as adjusted13.49 14.50 
Adjusted return on average assets, adjusted return on average shareholders' equity, ROATE and adjusted ROATE included in the table above are non-GAAP measures. Management believes these measures provide information useful to management and investors in understanding our underlying operational performance, business and performance trends, and the measures facilitate comparisons of our prior performance with the performance of others in the financial services industry. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for or superior to financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures may also be calculated differently from similar measures disclosed by other companies. The non-GAAP measure reconciliations are presented below.
Adjusted net income is computed as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20222021
(in thousands)
Net income, as reported$116,728 $115,710 
Add: Losses on available for sale and held to maturity securities transactions (net of tax) (a)
6 85 
Add: Merger related expenses (net of tax) (b)
3,579 — 
Net income, as adjusted$120,313 $115,795 
(a)    Included in (losses) gains on securities transactions, net.
(c)    Merger related expenses are primarily within salary and employee benefits expense, and professional and legal fees.

In addition to the items used to calculate net income, as adjusted, in the table above, our net income is, from time to time, impacted by fluctuations in the level of net gains on sales of loans and swap fees recognized from commercial loan customer transactions. These amounts can vary widely from period to period due to, among other factors, the amount of residential mortgage loans originated for sale, loan portfolio sales and commercial loan customer demand for certain products. See the “Non-Interest Income” section below for more details.
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Adjusted annualized return on average assets is computed by dividing adjusted net income by average assets, as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20222021
($ in thousands)
Net income, as adjusted$120,313$115,795
Average assets$43,570,251$40,770,731
Annualized return on average assets, as adjusted1.10 %1.14 %
Adjusted annualized return on average shareholders' equity is computed by dividing adjusted net income by average shareholders' equity, as follows:
Three Months Ended
March 31,
20222021
($ in thousands)
Net income, as adjusted$120,313$115,795
Average shareholders' equity$5,104,709$4,645,400
Annualized return on average shareholders' equity, as adjusted9.43 %9.97 %

ROATE and adjusted ROATE are computed by dividing net income and adjusted net income, respectively, by average shareholders’ equity less average goodwill and average other intangible assets, as follows:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
 ($ in thousands)
Net income$116,728$115,710
Net income, as adjusted120,313115,795
Average shareholders’ equity$5,104,709$4,645,400
Less: Average goodwill and other intangible assets
1,538,3561,451,750
Average tangible shareholders’ equity$3,566,353$3,193,650
Annualized ROATE13.09 %14.49 %
Annualized ROATE, as adjusted13.49 %14.50 %

Net Interest Income
Net interest income consists of interest income and dividends earned on interest earning assets, less interest expense on interest bearing liabilities, and represents the main source of income for Valley.
Net interest income on a tax equivalent basis totaling $318.4 million for the first quarter 2022 increased $2.4 million as compared to the fourth quarter 2021 and increased $24.8 million from the first quarter 2021. Interest income on a tax equivalent basis in the first quarter 2022 increased $475 thousand to $341.2 million as compared to the fourth quarter 2021. The increase was mainly due to increases in average loans and taxable investments totaling $1.3 billion and $275.1 million, respectively, largely offset by a $10.1 million decrease in PPP loan related interest and fees during the first quarter 2022 caused by the significant wind-down of our remaining PPP loan portfolio over the last several quarters. Interest expense of $22.8 million for the first quarter 2022 decreased $1.9 million as compared to the fourth quarter 2021 as we reduced our cost of funding from deposits and borrowings.
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Average interest earning assets increased $2.9 billion to $40.3 billion for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 primarily due to strong organic loan growth over the 12-month period ended March 31, 2022, loans acquired from Westchester on December 1, 2021, purchases of taxable investment securities and higher interest bearing overnight funds due to fluctuations in the timing of loan and investment activity, as well as deposit growth. Compared to the fourth quarter 2021, average interest earning assets increased by $1.1 billion during the first quarter 2022. The increase was primarily driven by a $1.3 billion increase in average loan balances due to continued organic loan growth mainly in the commercial and residential mortgage loan categories and loans acquired from Westchester.
Average interest bearing liabilities increased $193.7 million to $26.1 billion for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 mainly due to the general solid growth in commercial and retail customer deposits without stated maturities and $727 million of interest bearing deposits assumed from Westchester, partially offset by repayments of other borrowings during the last 12-month period. As compared to the fourth quarter 2021, average interest bearing liabilities increased by $565.0 million in the first quarter 2022 mainly due to continued growth in average non-maturity deposits balances, including supplemental growth from relatively new niche product efforts targeting cannabis companies and professional service firms, partially offset by continued run-off of higher cost time deposits and lower utilization of short-term FHLB advances as a funding source. Total average deposits, including non-interest bearing deposits, increased $1.0 billion to $35.8 billion for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the fourth quarter 2021. See additional information under "Deposits and Other Borrowings" in the Executive Summary section above.
Our net interest margin on a tax equivalent basis of 3.16 percent for the first quarter 2022 decreased by 7 basis points and increased by 2 basis points from 3.23 percent and 3.14 percent for the fourth quarter 2021 and first quarter 2021, respectively. The yield on average interest earning assets decreased by 9 basis points on a linked quarter basis mostly due to the lower yield on loans and two less days in the first quarter 2022 as compared to the fourth quarter 2021. The yield on average loans decreased by 16 basis points to 3.67 percent for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the fourth quarter 2021 largely due to the decrease in PPP loan related interest and fees. The overall cost of average interest bearing liabilities decreased 4 basis points to 0.35 percent for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the fourth quarter 2021. The decrease was mainly due to a 22 basis point decrease in the cost of average long-term borrowings, the continued runoff of maturing higher cost time deposits, and the moderately lower cost of our average non-maturity interest bearing deposits. Our cost of total average deposits was 0.14 percent for the first quarter 2022 as compared to 0.15 percent for the fourth quarter 2021.

In March 2022, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds target rate by 0.25 percent to 0.50 percent and projected as many as six more similar interest rate hikes during the remainder of 2022. Higher levels of market interest rates would benefit certain interest earning assets on our balance sheet and likely provide us the opportunity to reinvest any excess cash, including normal repayments of loans and investments, at higher rates. Under this scenario, we continue to anticipate a certain lag in higher funding costs given the current liquidity present in the U.S. banking system. Based upon our estimates at March 31, 2022, we anticipate net interest income for the full 12 months of 2022 to be approximately 8 to 12 percent higher than reported net interest income in 2021, excluding the impact of our recent acquisition of Bank Leumi USA on April 1, 2022.

On May 4, 2022, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds target rate by 0.50 percent to a range of 0.75 percent to 1.00 percent. This increase was generally anticipated in the interest rate backdrop used to forecast our net interest income as of March 31, 2022 and as such, our projected net interest income range given above for 2022 is unchanged.

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The following table reflects the components of net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2021:

Quarterly Analysis of Average Assets, Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity and
Net Interest Income on a Tax Equivalent Basis
 Three Months Ended
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021March 31, 2021
 Average
Balance		InterestAverage
Rate		Average
Balance		InterestAverage
Rate		Average
Balance		InterestAverage
Rate
 ($ in thousands)
Assets
Interest earning assets:
Loans (1)(2)
$34,623,402 $317,390 3.67 %$33,338,128 $319,165 3.83 %$32,582,479 $313,206 3.85 %
Taxable investments (3)
3,838,468 20,115 2.10 3,563,329 17,667 1.98 3,111,116 15,037 1.93 
Tax-exempt investments (1)(3)
401,742 3,186 3.17 418,049 3,209 3.07 513,809 4,248 3.31 
Interest bearing deposits with banks1,419,436 461 0.13 1,873,508 636 0.14 1,178,815 224 0.08 
Total interest earning assets40,283,048 341,152 3.39 39,193,014 340,677 3.48 37,386,219 332,715 3.56 
Allowance for credit losses(367,989)(355,415)(347,262)
Cash and due from banks281,883 326,074 312,882 
Other assets3,361,185 3,286,785 3,373,506 
Unrealized gains on securities available for sale, net12,124 23,370 45,386 
Total assets$43,570,251 $42,473,828 $40,770,731 
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Interest bearing liabilities:
Savings, NOW and money market deposits$20,522,629 $9,627 0.19 %$19,685,730 $9,983 0.20 %$16,617,762 $11,125 0.27 %
Time deposits3,554,520 2,831 0.32 3,744,792 3,328 0.36 5,844,524 11,093 0.76 
Total interest bearing deposits24,077,149 12,458 0.21 23,430,522 13,311 0.23 22,462,286 22,218 0.40 
Short-term borrowings594,297 806 0.54 670,433 983 0.59 1,168,617 1,758 0.60 
Long-term borrowings (4)
1,476,469 9,525 2.58 1,482,001 10,383 2.80 2,323,279 15,155 2.61 
Total interest bearing liabilities26,147,915 22,789 0.35 25,582,956 24,677 0.39 25,954,182 39,131 0.60 
Non-interest bearing deposits11,686,534 11,316,264 9,373,000 
Other liabilities631,093 669,265 798,149 
Shareholders’ equity5,104,709 4,905,343 4,645,400 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$43,570,251 $42,473,828 $40,770,731 
Net interest income/interest rate spread (5)
$318,363 3.04 %$316,000 3.09 %$293,584 2.96 %
Tax equivalent adjustment(694)(699)(917)
Net interest income, as reported$317,669 $315,301 $292,667 
Net interest margin (6)
3.15 %3.22 %3.13 %
Tax equivalent effect0.01 0.01 0.01 
Net interest margin on a fully tax equivalent basis (6)
3.16 %3.23 %3.14 %
_____________

(1)Interest income is presented on a tax equivalent basis using a 21 percent federal tax rate.
(2)Loans are stated net of unearned income and include non-accrual loans.
(3)The yield for securities that are classified as available for sale is based on the average historical amortized cost.
(4)Includes junior subordinated debentures issued to capital trusts which are presented separately on the consolidated
statements of financial condition.
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(5)Interest rate spread represents the difference between the average yield on interest earning assets and the average cost of interest bearing liabilities and is presented on a fully tax equivalent basis.
(6)Net interest income as a percentage of total average interest earning assets.
The following table demonstrates the relative impact on net interest income of changes in the volume of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities and changes in rates earned and paid by us on such assets and liabilities. Variances resulting from a combination of changes in volume and rates are allocated to the categories in proportion to the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each category.

Change in Net Interest Income on a Tax Equivalent Basis
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Compared to March 31, 2021
 Change
Due to
Volume		Change
Due to
Rate		Total
Change
 (in thousands)
Interest Income:
Loans*$19,096 $(14,912)$4,184 
Taxable investments3,733 1,345 5,078 
Tax-exempt investments*(895)(167)(1,062)
Interest bearing deposits with banks53 184 237 
Total increase (decrease) in interest income21,987 (13,550)8,437 
Interest Expense:
Savings, NOW and money market deposits2,270 (3,768)(1,498)
Time deposits(3,330)(4,932)(8,262)
Short-term borrowings(793)(159)(952)
Long-term borrowings and junior subordinated debentures(5,465)(165)(5,630)
Total decrease in interest expense(7,318)(9,024)(16,342)
Total increase (decrease) in net interest income$29,305 $(4,526)$24,779 
*Interest income is presented on a tax equivalent basis using 21 percent as the federal tax rate.
Non-Interest Income
Non-interest income increased $8.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021. The following table presents the components of non-interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
 (in thousands)
Trust and investment services$5,131 $3,329 
Insurance commissions1,859 1,558 
Service charges on deposit accounts6,212 5,103 
(Losses) gains on securities transactions, net(1,072)101 
Fees from loan servicing2,781 2,899 
Gains on sales of loans, net986 3,513 
Bank owned life insurance2,046 2,331 
Other21,327 12,399 
Total non-interest income$39,270 $31,233 

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Trust and investment services income increased by $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 mostly due to additional revenues generated by our new advisory firm, Dudley Ventures, LLC, specializing in the investment and management of tax credit investments, which we acquired in October 2021.
Net losses on securities transactions of $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 were mostly due to net trading losses (including the fair value mark at March 31, 2022) related to our trading municipal bond portfolio.
Net gains on sales of loans for each period are comprised of both gains on sales of residential mortgages and the net change in the mark to market gains and losses on our loans originated for sale and carried at fair value at each period end. Net gains on sales of loans decreased $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021 mostly due to lower loan sales volume and spreads (i.e., margin on individual loan sales). During the first quarter 2022, we sold approximately $201 million of residential mortgage loans as compared to $348 million during the first quarter 2021. In addition, the mark to market loss on loans held for sale carried at fair value resulted in net losses totaling $4.8 million and $9.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our ability to generate net gains on sales of loans could continue to be challenged by a number of factors, including increases in market interest rates, lower customer demand and our potential decision to change the mix of loans originated for investment in our loan portfolio rather than sale. See further discussion of our residential mortgage loan origination activity under the “Loan Portfolio” section of this MD&A below.
Other non-interest income increased $8.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 primarily due to higher fee income from derivative interest rate swaps executed with commercial lending customers caused by a greater volume of transactions. Swap fee income totaled $14.0 million and $6.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. While we believe our commercial loan swap based product will remain attractive to borrowers in the current interest rate environment, we can provide no assurance that our swap fees will remain at the level reported for the first quarter 2022.
Non-Interest Expense
Non-interest expense increased $37.1 million to $197.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. The following table presents the components of non-interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
 (in thousands)
Salary and employee benefits expense$107,733 $88,103 
Net occupancy and equipment expense36,806 32,259 
FDIC insurance assessment4,158 3,276 
Amortization of other intangible assets4,437 6,006 
Professional and legal fees14,749 6,272 
Amortization of tax credit investments2,896 2,744 
Telecommunications expense3,271 3,160 
Other23,290 18,393 
Total non-interest expense$197,340 $160,213 
Salary and employee benefits expense increased $19.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021 primarily due to strategic increases in our headcount to enhance lending and operations (including additions to staff due to the Westchester acquisition), increases in our branch compensation to preserve staffing and service levels, and to keep pace with the increases in wage demand across the industry. In addition, salary and employee benefits expense included approximately $2.8 million in merger expense, primarily consisting of severance, during the first quarter 2022.
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Net occupancy and equipment expense increased $4.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021 mainly due to higher technology related expense and repair and maintenance costs.
Amortization of other intangible assets decreased $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021 mostly due to lower amortization expense on mortgage servicing rights. During the first quarter 2021, the higher level of amortization expense was partly caused by the acceleration of loan prepayments from customer refinance activity, partially offset by $791 thousand of net recoveries of impairment charges on certain loan servicing rights. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Professional and legal fees increased $8.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021. The increase was largely attributable to higher third party managed services expense, increased consulting expense mainly related to technology transformation and new product initiatives, and, to a lesser extent, merger related expenses of $770 thousand during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Other non-interest expense increased $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021. The increase was largely due to higher data processing costs, OREO expense, meals and entertainment, advertising and other incrementally higher operating expenses due to the expansion of our operations, including the acquisition of Westchester on December 1, 2021. The first quarter 2022 also included $1.1 million of merger related expenses.

Efficiency Ratio
The efficiency ratio measures total non-interest expense as a percentage of net interest income plus total non-interest income. We believe this non-GAAP measure provides a meaningful comparison of our operational performance and facilitates investors’ assessments of business performance and trends in comparison to our peers in the banking industry. Our overall efficiency ratio, and its comparability to some of our peers, is negatively impacted primarily by the amortization of tax credit investments, as well as infrequent charges within non-interest income and expense, including merger related expenses.
The following table presents our efficiency ratio and a reconciliation of the efficiency ratio adjusted for certain items during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 20222021
 ($ in thousands)
Total non-interest expense$197,340 $160,213 
Less: Amortization of tax credit investments (pre-tax)2,896 2,744 
Less: Merger related expenses (pre-tax) (a)
4,628 — 
Total non-interest expense, adjusted$189,816 $157,469 
Net interest income$317,669 $292,667 
Total non-interest income39,270 31,233 
Add: Losses on available for sale and held to maturity securities transactions, net (pre-tax) (b)
9 118 
Total net interest income and non-interest income$356,948 $324,018 
Efficiency ratio55.29 %49.46 %
Efficiency ratio, adjusted53.18 %48.60 %
(a)    Included primarily within salary and employee benefits expense, professional and legal fees and other expense.
(b)    Included in gains on securities transactions, net.

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Income Taxes
Income tax expense totaled $39.3 million for the first quarter 2022 as compared to $42.3 million and $39.3 million for the fourth quarter 2021 and first quarter 2021, respectively. Our effective tax rate was 25.2 percent, 26.9 percent and 25.4 percent for the first quarter 2022, fourth quarter 2021 and first quarter 2021, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate in the first quarter 2022 as compared to the fourth quarter 2021 was mainly due to an increase in excess stock compensation benefit recognized within income tax expense for the 2022 period.
U.S. GAAP requires that any change in judgment or change in measurement of a tax position taken in a prior annual period be recognized as a discrete event in the quarter in which it occurs, rather than being recognized as a change in effective tax rate for the current year. Our adherence to these tax guidelines may result in volatile effective income tax rates in future quarterly and annual periods. Factors that could impact management’s judgment include changes in income, tax laws and regulations, and tax planning strategies. Based on the current information available, we anticipate that our effective tax rate will range from 26 percent to 28 percent for 2022.
Business Segments
We have four business segments that we monitor and report on to manage our business operations. These segments are consumer lending, commercial lending, investment management, and corporate and other adjustments. Our reportable segments have been determined based upon Valley’s internal structure of operations and lines of business. Each business segment is reviewed routinely for its asset growth, contribution to income before income taxes and return on average interest earning assets and impairment (if events or circumstances indicate a possible inability to realize the carrying amount). Expenses related to the branch network, all other components of retail banking, along with the back office departments of the Bank are allocated from the corporate and other adjustments segment to each of the other three business segments. Interest expense and internal transfer expense (for general corporate expenses) are allocated to each business segment utilizing a transfer pricing methodology, which involves the allocation of operating and funding costs based on each segment's respective mix of average earning assets and/or liabilities outstanding for the period. The financial reporting for each segment contains allocations and reporting in line with our operations, which may not necessarily be comparable to any other financial institution. The accounting for each segment includes internal accounting policies designed to measure consistent and reasonable financial reporting and may result in income and expense measurements that differ from amounts under U.S. GAAP. Furthermore, changes in management structure or allocation methodologies and procedures may result in changes in reported segment financial data.
The following tables present the financial data for each business segment for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
 Consumer
Lending		Commercial
Lending		Investment
Management		Corporate
and Other
Adjustments		Total
 ($ in thousands)
Average interest earning assets$7,638,942$26,984,460$5,659,646$—$40,283,048
Income (loss) before income taxes22,981136,8315,530(9,300)156,042
Annualized return on average interest earning assets (before tax)
1.20 %2.03 %0.39 %N/A1.55 %
 
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 Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
 Consumer
Lending		Commercial
Lending		Investment
Management		Corporate
and Other
Adjustments		Total
 ($ in thousands)
Average interest earning assets$7,049,252$25,533,227$4,803,740$—$37,386,219
Income (loss) before income taxes31,399129,0522,800(8,220)155,031
Annualized return on average interest earning assets (before tax)
1.78 %2.02 %0.23 %N/A1.66 %

See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.
Consumer Lending
This consumer lending segment represented 21.6 percent of our loan portfolio at March 31, 2022, and was mainly comprised of residential mortgage loans and automobile loans, and to a lesser extent, home equity loans, secured personal lines of credit and other consumer loans (including credit card loans). The duration of the residential mortgage loan portfolio (which represented 13.3 percent of our loan portfolio at March 31, 2022) is subject to movements in the market level of interest rates and forecasted prepayment speeds. The weighted average life of the automobile loans (representing 4.4 percent of total loans at March 31, 2022) is relatively unaffected by movements in the market level of interest rates. However, the average life may be impacted by new loans as a result of the availability of credit within the automobile marketplace and consumer demand for purchasing new or used automobiles. The consumer lending segment also includes the Wealth Management and Insurance Services Division, comprised of trust, asset management, insurance and tax credit advisory services.
Average interest earning assets in this segment increased $589.7 million to $7.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021. The increase was largely due to solid new and refinanced residential mortgage loan volumes over the last 12-month period, as well as growth in automobile loans and secured personal lines of credit. Loans acquired from Westchester on December 1, 2021 did not materially impact this business segment.
Income before income taxes generated by the consumer lending segment decreased $8.4 million to $23.0 million for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 largely due to a $4.5 million increase in the provision for loan losses and a $9.1 million increase in the internal transfer expense. The negative impact of these items was partially offset by a $3.3 million decrease in non-interest expense. The increase in the provision for loan losses was mainly due to reserves related to residential loan growth and deterioration in our economic forecast in the first quarter 2022 from December 31, 2021, and a negative (credit) provision in the first quarter 2021 caused by improvement in the economic forecast component of the reserves at March 31, 2021. The higher internal transfer expense was mostly driven by general increases related to organic growth in our business. Non-interest expense was higher in the 2021 period partly due to the mark to market impact of mortgage banking derivatives. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on our mortgage bank derivative activities.
The net interest margin on the consumer lending portfolio decreased 15 basis points to 2.94 percent for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 mainly due to a 34 basis point decrease in the yield on average loans, partially offset by a 19 basis point decrease in the costs associated with our funding sources. The 34 basis point decrease in loan yield was largely due to lower yielding new loan volumes and normal loan repayments over the last 12-month period. The decrease in our funding costs was mainly due to continued runoff of higher cost time deposits, greater mix of non-interest bearing deposits and our ability to reprice most deposit products at lower interest rates. See the "Executive Summary" and the "Net Interest Income" sections above for more details on our net interest margin and funding sources.

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Commercial Lending
The commercial lending segment is comprised of floating rate and adjustable rate commercial and industrial loans and construction loans, as well as fixed rate owner occupied and commercial real estate loans. Due to the portfolio’s interest rate characteristics, commercial lending is Valley’s business segment that is most sensitive to movements in market interest rates. Commercial and industrial loans totaled approximately $5.8 billion and represented 16.4 percent of the total loan portfolio at March 31, 2022. Commercial real estate loans and construction loans totaled $21.9 billion and represented 62.0 percent of the total loan portfolio at March 31, 2022.
Average interest earning assets in this segment increased approximately $1.5 billion to $27.0 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 mostly due to strong new organic loan originations primarily concentrated in the commercial real estate loan portfolio and acquired loans from Westchester, partially offset by run-off of commercial and industrial PPP loans due to SBA loan forgiveness.
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, income before income taxes for the commercial lending segment increased $7.8 million to $136.8 million as compared to the first quarter 2021 mainly driven by increases in both net interest income and non-interest income, as well as a lower provision for loan losses, partially offset by higher internal transfer expense. Net interest income for this segment increased $17.5 million to $246.6 million for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 primarily due to additional income generated on higher average loans and lower funding costs. Non-interest income increased $9.2 million to $16.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 mainly due to a $7.8 million increase in swap fee income from derivative interest rate swaps executed with commercial loan customers. The provision for loan losses decreased by $10.0 million mainly due to lower reserves in the commercial real estate loan category attributed primarily to lower loss rates as compared to March 31, 2021. Internal transfer expense increased $29.4 million for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 due to general increases related to both organic and acquired growth in our business.
The net interest margin for this segment increased 4 basis points to 3.65 percent for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 due to a 17 basis point decrease in the cost of our funding sources, which was largely offset by a 13 basis point decrease in the yield on average loans.
Investment Management
The investment management segment generates a large portion of our income through investments in various types of securities and interest-bearing deposits with other banks. These investments are mainly comprised of fixed rate securities and, depending on our liquid cash position, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks (primarily the Federal Reserve Bank of New York) as part of our asset/liability management strategies. The fixed rate investments are one of Valley’s least sensitive assets to changes in market interest rates. However, a portion of the investment portfolio is invested in shorter-duration securities to maintain the overall asset sensitivity of our balance sheet. See the “Asset/Liability Management” section below for further analysis.
Average interest earning assets in this segment increased $855.9 million during the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021 mainly due to increases in average investment securities and interest bearing deposits with banks totaling $615.3 million and $240.6 million, respectively. The higher average investment securities balance was mainly driven by purchases of residential mortgage backed securities classified as held to maturity funded largely funded by deposit growth over the last 12-month period. The increase in overnight investments and deposits with other banks was mostly due to fluctuations in the timing of loan and investment activity and excess cash liquidity resulting from the solid growth in commercial and retail customer deposits.
During the first quarter 2022, income before income taxes for the investment management segment increased $2.7 million to $5.5 million as compared to $2.8 million for the first quarter 2021. The increase was mainly due to higher net interest income, largely offset by an increase in internal transfer expense. The increase in net interest income totaled $6.3 million and was mostly driven by higher yields and average investment balances, as well as lower cost of funding. Internal transfer expense increased $3.8 million for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the first quarter 2021.
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The net interest margin for this segment increased 25 basis points to 1.51 percent for the first quarter 2022 as compared to the same quarter in 2021 largely due to a 19 basis point decrease in our cost of funding coupled with a 6 basis point increase in the yield on average investments. The increase in the yield on average investments as compared to the first quarter 2021 was largely driven by the higher amortization expense in the prior year caused, in part, by acceleration of principal repayments in the low interest rate environment.
Corporate and other adjustments
The amounts disclosed as “corporate and other adjustments” represent income and expense items not directly attributable to a specific segment, including net gains and losses on available for sale and held to maturity securities transactions, not reported in the investment management segment above, interest expense related to subordinated notes, amortization and impairment of tax credit investments, as well as non-core items, including merger expenses.
The corporate and other adjustments segment recognized pre-tax losses of $9.3 million and $8.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The $1.1 million increase in the pre-tax loss during the 2022 period was mainly driven by an increase in non-interest expense and, to a much lesser extent, lower non-interest income, mostly offset by an increase in internal transfer income. Non-interest expense increased $41.8 million to $154.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period a year ago largely due to increases in salaries and employee benefits expense and professional and legal fees for the three months ended March 31, 2022. See further details in the "Non-Interest Income" and "Non-Interest Expense" sections of this MD&A. The internal transfer income increased by $42.3 million to $145.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to the same period year ago mostly due to general increases related to our growth.
ASSET/LIABILITY MANAGEMENT

Interest Rate Sensitivity
Our success is largely dependent upon our ability to manage interest rate risk. Interest rate risk can be defined as the exposure of our interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities to the movement in interest rates. Our Asset/Liability Management Committee is responsible for managing such risks and establishing policies that monitor and coordinate our sources and uses of funds. Asset/Liability management is a continuous process due to the constant change in interest rate risk factors. In assessing the appropriate interest rate risk levels for us, management weighs the potential benefit of each risk management activity within the desired parameters of liquidity, capital levels and management’s tolerance for exposure to income fluctuations. Many of the actions undertaken by management utilize fair value analysis and attempt to achieve consistent accounting and economic benefits for financial assets and their related funding sources. We have predominantly focused on managing our interest rate risk by attempting to match the inherent risk and cash flows of financial assets and liabilities. Specifically, management employs multiple risk management activities such as optimizing the level of new residential mortgage originations retained in our mortgage portfolio through increasing or decreasing loan sales in the secondary market, product pricing levels, the desired maturity levels for new originations, the composition levels of both our interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, as well as several other risk management activities.
We use a simulation model to analyze net interest income sensitivity to movements in interest rates. The simulation model projects net interest income based on various interest rate scenarios over a 12-month and 24-month period. The model is based on the actual maturity and re-pricing characteristics of rate sensitive assets and liabilities. The model incorporates certain assumptions which management believes to be reasonable regarding the impact of changing interest rates and the prepayment assumptions of certain assets and liabilities as of March 31, 2022. The model assumes immediate changes in interest rates without any proactive change in the composition or size of the balance sheet, or other future actions that management might undertake to mitigate this risk. In the model, the forecasted shape of the yield curve remains static as of March 31, 2022. The impact of interest rate derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, is also included in the model.
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Our simulation model is based on market interest rates and prepayment speeds prevalent in the market as of March 31, 2022. Although the size of Valley’s balance sheet is forecasted to remain static as of March 31, 2022 in our model, the composition is adjusted to reflect new interest earning assets and funding originations coupled with rate spreads utilizing our actual originations during the first quarter 2022. The model also utilizes an immediate parallel shift in market interest rates at March 31, 2022.
The assumptions used in the net interest income simulation are inherently uncertain. Actual results may differ significantly from those presented in the table below due to the frequency and timing of changes in interest rates and changes in spreads between maturity and re-pricing categories. Overall, our net interest income is affected by changes in interest rates and cash flows from our loan and investment portfolios. We actively manage these cash flows in conjunction with our liability mix, duration and interest rates to optimize the net interest income, while structuring the balance sheet in response to actual or potential changes in interest rates. Additionally, our net interest income is impacted by the level of competition within our marketplace. Competition can negatively impact the level of interest rates attainable on loans and increase the cost of deposits, which may result in downward pressure on our net interest margin in future periods. Other factors, including, but not limited to, the slope of the yield curve and projected cash flows will impact our net interest income results and may increase or decrease the level of asset sensitivity of our balance sheet.
Convexity is a measure of how the duration of a financial instrument changes as market interest rates change. Potential movements in the convexity of bonds held in our investment portfolio, as well as the duration of the loan portfolio may have a positive or negative impact on our net interest income in varying interest rate environments. As a result, the increase or decrease in forecasted net interest income may not have a linear relationship to the results reflected in the table below. Management cannot provide any assurance about the actual effect of changes in interest rates on our net interest income.
The following table reflects management’s expectations of the change in our net interest income over the next 12- month period considering the aforementioned assumptions. While an instantaneous and severe shift in interest rates was used in this simulation model, we believe that any actual shift in interest rates would likely be more gradual and would therefore have a more modest impact than shown in the table below.
 Estimated Change in
Future Net Interest Income
Changes in Interest RatesDollar
Change		Percentage
Change
(in basis points)($ in thousands)
+200$117,882 8.76 %
+10058,392 4.34 
–100(67,571)(5.02)
–200(136,954)(10.18)
As noted in the table above, a 100 basis point immediate increase in interest rates combined with a static balance sheet where the size, mix, and proportions of assets and liabilities remain unchanged is projected to increase net interest income over the next 12 month period by 4.34 percent. Management believes the interest rate sensitivity remains within an acceptable tolerance range at March 31, 2022. However, the level of net interest income sensitivity may increase or decrease in the future as a result of several factors, including potential changes in our balance sheet strategies, the slope of the yield curve and projected cash flows.
Liquidity and Cash Requirements

Bank Liquidity
Liquidity measures the ability to satisfy current and future cash flow needs as they become due. A bank’s liquidity reflects its ability to meet loan demand, to accommodate possible outflows in deposits and to take advantage of interest rate opportunities in the marketplace. Liquidity management is carefully performed and routinely reported by our Treasury Department to two board committees. Among other actions, Treasury reviews historical funding
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requirements, our current liquidity position, sources and stability of funding, marketability of assets, options for attracting additional funds, and anticipated future funding needs, including the level of unfunded commitments. Our goal is to maintain sufficient liquidity to cover current and potential funding requirements.
The Bank has no required regulatory liquidity ratios to maintain; however, it adheres to an internal liquidity policy. The current policy maintains that we may not have a ratio of loans to deposits in excess of 110 percent or reliance on wholesale funding greater than 25 percent of total funding. The Bank was in compliance with the foregoing policies at March 31, 2022.
Valley's short and long-term cash requirements include contractual obligations under borrowings, deposits, payment related to leases, capital expenditures and other purchase commitments. In the ordinary course of operations, the Bank also enters into various financial obligations, including contractual obligations that may require future cash payments. Management believes the Bank has the ability to generate and obtain adequate amounts of cash to meet its short-term and long-term obligations as they come due by utilizing various cash resources described below.
On the asset side of the balance sheet, the Bank has numerous sources of liquid funds in the form of cash and due from banks, interest bearing deposits with banks (including the Federal Reserve Bank of New York), investment securities held to maturity that are maturing within 90 days or would otherwise qualify as maturities if sold (i.e., 85 percent of original cost basis has been repaid), investment securities classified as trading and available for sale, loans held for sale, and from time to time, federal funds sold and receivables related to unsettled securities transactions. Total liquid assets were approximately $2.0 billion, representing 5.0 percent of earning assets at March 31, 2022 and $3.5 billion, representing 8.7 percent of earning assets at December 31, 2021. Of the $2.0 billion of liquid assets at March 31, 2022, approximately $488.5 million of various investment securities were pledged to counterparties to support our earning asset funding strategies. We anticipate the receipt of approximately $644.5 million in principal payments from securities in the total investment portfolio at March 31, 2022 over the next 12 month period due to normally scheduled principal repayments and expected prepayments of certain securities, primarily residential mortgage-backed securities.
Additional liquidity is derived from scheduled loan payments of principal and interest, as well as prepayments received. Loan principal payments from total loans and loans held for sale at March 31, 2022 are projected in accordance with their scheduled contractual terms to be approximately $10.1 billion over the next 12 month period. As a contingency plan for any liquidity constraints, liquidity could also be derived from the sale of conforming residential mortgages from our loan portfolio or alleviated from the temporary curtailment of lending activities.
On the liability side of the balance sheet, we utilize multiple sources of funds to meet liquidity needs, including retail and commercial deposits, brokered and municipal deposits, and short-term and long-term borrowings. Our core deposit base, which generally excludes fully insured brokered deposits and both retail and brokered certificates of deposit over $250 thousand, represents the largest of these sources. Average core deposits totaled approximately $33.8 billion and $29.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021, respectively, representing 84.1 percent and 78.3 percent of average earning assets for the respective periods. The level of interest bearing deposits is affected by interest rates offered, which is often influenced by our need for funds and the need to match the maturities of assets and liabilities.
Additional funding may be provided through deposit gathering networks and in the form of federal funds purchased through our well established relationships with numerous banks. While these lending lines are uncommitted, management believes that the Bank could borrow approximately $1.7 billion from these banks on a collective basis. The Bank is also a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (FHLB) and has the ability to borrow from them in the form of FHLB advances secured by pledges of certain eligible collateral, including but not limited to U.S. government and agency mortgage-backed securities and a blanket assignment of qualifying first lien mortgage loans, consisting of both residential mortgage and commercial real estate loans. Additionally, Valley's collateral pledged to the FHLB may be used to obtain Municipal Letters of Credit (MULOC) to collateralize certain municipal deposits held by Valley. At March 31, 2022, Valley had $1.5 billion of MULOCs outstanding for this purpose. Furthermore, we can obtain overnight borrowings from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York via the
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discount window as a contingency for additional liquidity. At March 31, 2022, our borrowing capacity under the Federal Reserve Bank's discount window was $2.0 billion.
We also have access to other short-term and long-term borrowing sources to support our asset base, such as repos (i.e., securities sold under agreements to repurchase). Short-term borrowings (consisting of FHLB advances, repos, and from time to time, federal funds purchased) decreased approximately $171.5 million to $484.2 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 largely due to normal repayments of FHLB advances, partially offset by $125 million of federal funds purchased at March 31, 2022.
Corporation Liquidity
Valley’s recurring cash requirements primarily consist of dividends to preferred and common shareholders and interest expense on subordinated notes and junior subordinated debentures issued to capital trusts. As part of our on-going asset/liability management strategies, Valley could also use cash to repurchase shares of its outstanding common stock under its share repurchase program or redeem its callable junior subordinated debentures and subordinated notes. Valley's cash needs are routinely satisfied by dividends collected from the Bank. Projected cash flows from the Bank are expected to be adequate to pay preferred and common dividends, if declared, and interest expense payable to subordinated note holders and capital trusts, given the current capital levels and current profitable operations of the Bank. In addition to dividends received from the Bank, Valley can satisfy its cash requirements by utilizing its own cash and potential new funds borrowed from outside sources or capital issuances. Valley also has the right to defer interest payments on the junior subordinated debentures, and therefore distributions on its trust preferred securities for consecutive quarterly periods up to five years, but not beyond the stated maturity dates, and subject to other conditions.
Investment Securities Portfolio

As of March 31, 2022, we had $36.0 million, $11.7 million, $1.0 billion and $3.1 billion in equity, trading debt, available for sale and held to maturity debt securities, respectively. The equity securities consisted of one publicly traded mutual fund, CRA investments and several other equity investments we have made in companies that develop new financial technologies and in a partnership that invests in such companies. Our CRA and other equity investments are a mix of both publicly traded entities and privately held entities. Our trading debt securities portfolio wholly consists of investment grade municipal bonds. The available for sale and held to maturity debt securities portfolios, which comprise the majority of the securities we own, include U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, tax-exempt and taxable issuances of states and political subdivisions, residential mortgage-backed securities, single-issuer trust preferred securities principally issued by bank holding companies, and high quality corporate bonds. Among other securities, our available for sale debt securities include securities such as bank issued and other corporate bonds, as well as municipal special revenue bonds, that may pose a higher risk of future impairment charges to us as a result of the uncertain economic environment and its potential negative effect on the future performance of the security issuers.
Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairment Analysis
Available for sale debt securities. Available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses at least quarterly. In assessing whether a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount the fair value is less than amortized cost basis. Declines in fair value that have not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses, such as declines due to changes in market interest rates, are recorded through other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes.
We have evaluated all available for sale debt securities that are in an unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and determined that the declines in fair value were mainly attributable to changes in market volatility, due to factors such as interest rates and spread factors, but not attributable to credit quality or other
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factors. Based on a comparison of the present value of expected cash flows to the amortized cost, management recognized no impairment charges during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021, as a result, there was no allowance for credit losses for available for sale debt securities at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Held to maturity debt securities. Valley estimates the expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities that have loss expectations using a discounted cash flow model developed by a third party. Valley has a zero loss expectation for certain securities within the held to maturity portfolio, including U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency securities, residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and collateralized municipal bonds. To measure the expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities that have loss expectations, Valley estimates the expected credit losses using a discounted cash flow model developed by a third party. Assumptions used in the model for pools of securities with common risk characteristics include the historical lifetime probability of default and severity of loss in the event of default, with the model incorporating several economic cycles of loss history data to calculate expected credit losses given default at the individual security level. Held to maturity debt securities were carried net of an allowance for credit losses totaling approximately $1.2 million at both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. There were no net charge-offs of held to maturity debt securities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Investment grades. The investment grades in the table below reflect the most current independent analysis performed by third parties of each security as of the date presented and not necessarily the investment grades at the date of our purchase of the securities. For many securities, the rating agencies may not have performed an independent analysis of the tranches owned by us, but rather an analysis of the entire investment pool. For this and other reasons, we believe the assigned investment grades may not accurately reflect the actual credit quality of each security and should not be viewed in isolation as a measure of the quality of our investment portfolio.
The following table presents the held to maturity and available for sale debt securities portfolios by investment grades at March 31, 2022:
 March 31, 2022
 Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
(in thousands)
Available for sale investment grades: *
AAA Rated$872,466 $1,049 $(35,760)$837,755 
AA Rated55,058 40 (5,192)49,906 
A Rated4,992 15 — 5,007 
BBB Rated19,000 105 (262)18,843 
Non-investment grade4,997 — (17)4,980 
Not rated99,251 915 (1,623)98,543 
Total$1,055,764 $2,124 $(42,854)$1,015,034 
Held to maturity investment grades: *
AAA Rated$2,770,369 $4,154 $(156,629)$2,617,894 
AA Rated134,261 808 (1,133)133,936 
A Rated10,811 100 — 10,911 
BBB Rated6,000 135 (88)6,047 
Non-investment grade5,556 — (240)5,316 
Not rated146,208 31 (6,492)139,747 
Total$3,073,205 $5,228 $(164,582)$2,913,851 
Allowance for credit losses1,222 — — — 
Total, net of allowance for credit losses$3,071,983 $5,228 $(164,582)$2,913,851 
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*Rated using external rating agencies. Ratings categories include the entire range. For example, “A rated” includes A+, A, and A-. Split rated securities with two ratings are categorized at the higher of the rating levels.
The unrealized losses in the AAA rated category of the held to maturity debt securities (in the above table) are mainly related to residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The investment securities held to maturity portfolio included $146.2 million of investments not rated by the rating agencies with aggregate unrealized losses of $6.5 million at March 31, 2022 mostly related to four single-issuer bank trust preferred issuances with a combined amortized cost of $36.0 million.
See Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our investment securities portfolio.
Loan Portfolio

The following table reflects the composition of the loan portfolio as of the dates presented:
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
 ($ in thousands)
Loans
Commercial and industrial:
Commercial and industrial$5,587,781 $5,411,601 
Commercial and industrial PPP loans203,609 435,950 
Total commercial and industrial *5,791,390 5,847,551 
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate19,763,202 18,935,486 
Construction2,174,542 1,854,580 
Total commercial real estate21,937,744 20,790,066 
Residential mortgage4,691,935 4,545,064 
Consumer:
Home equity393,538 400,779 
Automobile1,552,928 1,570,036 
Other consumer996,870 1,000,161 
Total consumer loans2,943,336 2,970,976 
Total loans*
$35,364,405 $34,153,657 
As a percent of total loans:
Commercial and industrial16.4 %17.1 %
Commercial real estate62.0 60.9 
Residential mortgage13.3 13.3 
Consumer loans8.3 8.7 
Total100.0 %100.0 %
*     Includes net unearned discount and deferred loan fees of $62.0 million and $78.5 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Net unearned discounts and deferred loan fees included include the non-credit discount on purchased credit deteriorated (PCD) loans, and $5.9 million and $12.1 million of net unearned fees related to PPP loans at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Commercial and industrial loans decreased $56.2 million, or 3.8 percent on an annualized basis, to $5.8 billion at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 mostly due to $232.3 million of PPP loans that were forgiven (i.e., repaid) during the first quarter 2022. PPP loan forgiveness will likely continue to negatively impact our ability to grow total commercial and industrial loans during the second quarter 2022. Non-PPP commercial and industrial loans increased by $176.2 million at March 31, 2022, or 13.0 percent on an annualized basis, as compared to December 31, 2021 mainly resulting from the solid new loan pipeline in most of our markets driven by several factors, including direct calling efforts of our growing commercial lending team.
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Commercial real estate loans (excluding construction loans) increased $827.7 million, or 17.5 percent on an annualized basis, to $19.8 billion at March 31, 2022 from December 31, 2021 reflecting solid organic growth across most of our geographic footprints. Construction loans increased $320.0 million, or 69.0 percent on an annualized basis, to $2.2 billion at March 31, 2022 from December 31, 2021 largely due to a higher volume of advances on pre-existing loan projects during the first quarter 2022.
Residential mortgage loans increased $146.9 million, or 12.9 percent on an annualized basis, during the first quarter 2022 mainly due to new loan activity in the purchased home market, and, to a lesser extent, refinance loan volumes. New and refinanced residential mortgage loans totaled $552.6 million for the first quarter 2022 as compared to $632.8 million and $550.6 million for the fourth quarter 2021 and first quarter 2021, respectively. Florida originations totaled approximately $183.1 million and represented 33 percent of total originations. Of the total originations in the first quarter 2022, $144.5 million of residential mortgage loans were originated for sale rather than held for investment as compared to $287.8 million during the first quarter 2021. During the first quarter 2022, we retained over 74 percent of the total residential mortgages originations in our held for investment loan portfolio. We sold approximately $201.2 million of residential mortgage loans held for sale during the first quarter 2022. While we retained a higher percentage of new loan volumes during the first quarter 2022, we may continue to sell a large portion of our loan originations during the second quarter 2022 based upon normal management of the interest rate risk and mix of the interest earning assets on our balance sheet. Additionally, refinanced loan applications have decreased significantly in the early stages of the second quarter 2022 due to the recent increase in mortgage interest rates and may challenge our ability to grow this loan category.
Home equity loans decreased by $7.2 million to $393.5 million at March 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021. New home equity loan volumes and customer usage of existing home equity lines of credit continue to be modest, and may be further challenged by a less favorable rising interest rate environment.
Automobile loans decreased by $17.1 million, or 4.4 percent on an annualized basis, to $1.6 billion at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 as loan repayments outpaced origination volumes in the first quarter 2022. Car manufacturers have continued to struggle with low inventories of new vehicles caused by supply chain disruptions which have slowed auto production. We originated $148.1 million in auto loans through our dealership network during the first quarter 2022 as compared to $177.1 million in the fourth quarter 2021. Of the total originations, our Florida dealership network contributed $24.5 million in auto loan originations, representing approximately 17 percent of new loans, during the first quarter 2022. The current low levels of new and used automobile inventories may continue to negatively impact our auto loan growth during the second quarter 2022.
Other consumer loans decreased $3.3 million to $996.9 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to $1.0 billion at December 31, 2021.
Most of our lending is in northern and central New Jersey, New York City, Long Island, Florida and Alabama, except for smaller auto and residential mortgage loan portfolios derived from other neighboring states of New Jersey. To mitigate our geographic risks, we make efforts to maintain a diversified portfolio as to type of borrower and loan to guard against a potential downward turn in any one economic sector.
For the remainder of 2022, we anticipate strong organic commercial and industrial non-PPP and commercial real estate loan growth. In the early stages of the second quarter 2022, we are encouraged that our commercial loan origination pipelines remain robust and overall loan growth should remain well-diversified across our markets in our commercial loan categories. Due to the exceptional growth generated in the first quarter, and an improved outlook for the rest of the year, we currently project that our organic loan growth will range from 10 to 12 percent for the full year of 2022, excluding the impact of our recent acquisition of Bank Leumi USA on April 1, 2022. However, there can be no assurance that those positive trends will continue, or balances will not decline from March 31, 2022 given the uncertainty in the U.S. economy due to several factors, including the Russia-Ukraine war, persistently high inflation, and the impact of the Federal Reserve's monetary policy actions.


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Non-performing Assets
Non-performing assets (NPA) include non-accrual loans, other real estate owned (OREO), and other repossessed assets (which primarily consists of automobiles and taxi medallions) at March 31, 2022. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual status when they become past due in excess of 90 days as to payment of principal or interest. Exceptions to the non-accrual policy may be permitted if the loan is sufficiently collateralized and in the process of collection. OREO is acquired through foreclosure on loans secured by land or real estate. OREO and other repossessed assets are reported at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated cost to sell.
Our NPAs decreased $12.7 million to $232.7 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 largely due to loan payoffs net of new non-accrual loans in several categories during the first quarter. NPAs as a percentage of total loans and NPAs totaled 0.65 percent and 0.71 percent at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively (as shown in the table below). We believe our total NPAs has remained relatively low as a percentage of the total loan portfolio and the level of NPAs is reflective of our consistent approach to the loan underwriting criteria for both Valley originated loans and loans purchased from third parties. For additional details, see the "Credit quality indicators" section in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.
Our lending strategy is based on underwriting standards designed to maintain high credit quality and we remain
optimistic regarding the overall future performance of our loan portfolio. During 2021 and the first quarter 2022, our overall credit trends remained stable, and our business and borrowers continued to demonstrate resilience and growth despite the continuing challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, management cannot provide assurance that the non-performing assets will not increase substantially from the levels reported at March 31, 2022 due to the continuing economic uncertainty and potential for credit deterioration. In addition, a few borrowers are still performing under forbearance agreements at March 31, 2022 as discussed under the "Loan Forbearance" section below.




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The following table sets forth by loan category accruing past due and non-performing assets at the dates indicated in conjunction with our asset quality ratios: 
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
 ($ in thousands)
Accruing past due loans:
30 to 59 days past due:
Commercial and industrial$6,723 $6,717 
Commercial real estate30,807 14,421 
Construction1,708 1,941 
Residential mortgage9,266 10,999 
Total consumer5,862 6,811 
Total 30 to 59 days past due54,366 40,889 
60 to 89 days past due:
Commercial and industrial14,461 7,870 
Commercial real estate6,314 — 
Construction3,125 — 
Residential mortgage2,560 3,314 
Total consumer554 1,020 
Total 60 to 89 days past due27,014 12,204 
90 or more days past due:
Commercial and industrial9,261 1,273 
Commercial real estate— 32 
Residential mortgage1,746 677 
Total consumer400 789 
Total 90 or more days past due11,407 2,771 
Total accruing past due loans$92,787 $55,864 
Non-accrual loans:
Commercial and industrial$96,631 $99,918 
Commercial real estate79,180 83,592 
Construction17,618 17,641 
Residential mortgage33,275 35,207 
Total consumer3,754 3,858 
Total non-accrual loans230,458 240,216 
Other real estate owned (OREO)1,024 2,259 
Other repossessed assets1,176 2,931 
Total non-performing assets (NPAs)$232,658 $245,406 
Performing troubled debt restructured loans
$56,538 $71,330 
Total non-accrual loans as a % of loans0.65 %0.70 %
Total NPAs as a % of loans and NPAs0.65 0.71 
Total accruing past due and non-accrual loans as a % of loans
0.91 0.87 
Allowance for loan losses as a % of non-accrual loans
157.30 149.53 
Loans past due 30 to 59 days increased $13.5 million to $54.4 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021. Commercial real estate loans past due 30 to 59 days increased $16.4 million to $30.8 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021 mainly due to a $13.2 million loan included in this delinquency category at March 31, 2022.
Loans past due 60 to 89 days increased $14.8 million to $27.0 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021. Commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans within this delinquency category
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increased $6.6 million and $6.3 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022 mainly due to a few additional loans that are considered well-secured and in the process of collection reported at March 31, 2022.
Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest increased $8.6 million to $11.4 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to December 31, 2021. The increase was mainly driven by a $8.0 million increase in commercial and industrial loans category, as well as a moderate increase in residential mortgage delinquencies. All of the loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest reported at March 31, 2022 are considered to be well-secured and in the process of collection.
Non-accrual loans decreased $9.8 million to $230.5 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to $240.2 million at December 31, 2021 mostly due to decreases of $4.4 million and $3.3 million in commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans, respectively. The decrease in commercial real estate loans delinquencies was due, in part, to the full repayment of a $12.0 million loan during the first quarter 2022, partly offset by two new non-accrual loans at March 31, 2022. The decrease in non-accrual commercial and industrial loans was also partly due to loan payoffs during the first quarter 2022.
Non-accrual commercial and industrial loans totaled $96.6 million at March 31, 2022 and largely consist of non-performing New York City and Chicago taxi medallion loans totaling $84.7 million and $574 thousand, respectively. At March 31, 2022, the taxi medallion loans had related reserves of $58.2 million, or 68.2 percent of such loans. The tax medallion loans and related reserves remained relatively unchanged from December 31, 2021. Potential declines in the market valuation of taxi medallions and the stressed operating environment mainly within New York City due to the COVID-19 pandemic could negatively impact the future performance of this portfolio. For example, a 25 percent decline in our current estimated market value of the taxi medallions would require additional allocated reserves of $5.6 million within the allowance for loan losses based upon the taxi medallion loan balances at March 31, 2022. See the "Allowance for Credit Losses" section below for further details on our reserves.
OREO properties totaled $1.0 million at March 31, 2022 and declined $1.2 million as compared to December 31, 2021. Net gains and losses from sales of OREO were immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The residential mortgage and consumer loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process totaled $2.8 million and $2.5 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

TDRs represent loan modifications for customers experiencing financial difficulties where a concession has been granted. Performing TDRs (i.e., TDRs not reported as loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest or as non-accrual loans) totaled $56.5 million at March 31, 2022 as compared to $71.3 million at December 31, 2021. Performing TDRs consisted of 89 loans at March 31, 2022. On an aggregate basis, the $56.5 million in performing TDRs at March 31, 2022 had a modified weighted average interest rate of approximately 4.12 percent as compared to a pre-modification weighted average interest rate of 4.27 percent.
Loan Forbearance. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic impact on certain customers, Valley implemented short-term loan modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or delays in payment, when requested by customers. Generally, the modification terms allow for a deferral of payments for up to 90 days, which Valley could extend for an additional 90 days. Any extensions beyond this period were provided in accordance with applicable regulatory guidance. Under the applicable accounting and regulatory guidance, none of these loans were classified as TDRs at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Valley had $23.0 million of outstanding loans remaining in their payment deferral periods under short-term modifications at March 31, 2022 as compared to $27.9 million at December 31, 2021.
Allowance for Credit Losses for Loans
The allowance for credit losses (ACL) for loans includes the allowance for loan losses and the reserve for unfunded credit commitments. Under CECL, our methodology to establish the allowance for loan losses has two basic components: (1) a collective reserve component for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share common risk characteristics and (2) an individual reserve component for loans that do not share risk characteristics,
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consisting of collateral dependent, TDR, and expected TDR loans. Valley also maintains a separate allowance for unfunded credit commitments mainly consisting of undisbursed non-cancellable lines of credit, new loan commitments and commercial standby letters of credit.
Valley estimated the collective ACL using a current expected credit losses methodology which is based on relevant information about historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the loan balances. In estimating the component of the allowance on a collective basis we use a transition matrix model which calculates an expected life of loan loss percentage for each loan pool by generating probability of default and loss given default metrics. The metrics are based on the migration of loans from performing to loss by credit quality rating or delinquency categories using historical life-of-loan analysis periods for each loan portfolio pool and the severity of loss based on the aggregate net lifetime losses. The model's expected losses based on loss history are adjusted for qualitative factors. Among other things, these adjustments include and account for differences in: (i) the impact of the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, relative probability weightings and reversion period, (ii) other asset specific risks to the extent they do not exist in the historical loss information, and (iii) net expected recoveries of charged off loan balances. These adjustments are based on qualitative factors not reflected in the quantitative model but are likely to impact the measurement of estimated credit losses. The expected lifetime loss rate is the life of loan loss percentage from the transition matrix model plus the impact of the adjustments for qualitative factors. The expected credit losses are the product of multiplying the model’s expected lifetime loss rate by the exposure at default at period end on an undiscounted basis.
Valley utilizes a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period followed by a one-year period over which estimated losses revert to historical loss experience for the remaining life of the loan on a straight-line basis. The forecasts consist of a multi-scenario economic forecast model to estimate future credit losses and is governed by a cross-functional committee. The committee meets each quarter to determine which economic scenarios developed by Moody's will be incorporated into the model, as well as the relative probability weightings of the selected scenarios, based upon all readily available information. The model projects economic variables under each scenario based on detailed statistical analyses. We have identified and selected key variables that most closely correlated to our historical credit performance, which include: GDP, unemployment and the Case-Shiller Home Price Index.
For the first quarter 2022, we incorporated a probability weighted three-scenario economic forecast, including Moody's Baseline, S-3 and S-4 scenarios. At March 31, 2022, Valley maintained the majority of its probability weighting to the Moody’s Baseline scenario with less emphasis on the S-3 downside and S-4 (most adverse) scenarios. The Baseline weighting reflects a positive economic outlook including higher GDP growth and lower unemployment levels that are expected to improve labor market conditions and promote stronger economic growth during 2022. During the first quarter 2022, we removed our modest weighting to the Moody's S-1 upside scenario used at December 31, 2021 and added weighting to the S-4 adverse scenario due to the greater uncertainty caused by recent developments, including, but not limited to persistently high inflation, the Federal Reserve's monetary policy actions, the Russia-Ukraine war and the unknown impact of economic sanctions on Russia that may further negatively impact the supply chain in the US and abroad.
At March 31, 2022, the Moody's Baseline forecast included the following specific assumptions:
•GDP expansion by over 4.8 percent in the second quarter 2022;
•Unemployment of 3.7 percent in the second quarter 2022 and improving to 3.4 percent over the remainder of the forecast period ending in the first quarter 2024; and
•Strong U.S. economic growth driven by continued consumer spending.
See more details regarding our allowance for credit losses for loans in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

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The table below summarizes the relationship among loans, loans charged-off, loan recoveries, the provision for credit losses and the allowance for credit losses for loans for the periods indicated.
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021		March 31,
2021
 ($ in thousands)
Average loans outstanding$34,623,402$33,338,128$32,582,479
Allowance for credit losses for loans
Beginning balance375,702356,927351,354
Allowance for purchased credit deteriorated (PCD) loans—6,542—
Loans charged-off:
Commercial and industrial(1,571)(2,224)(7,142)
Commercial real estate(173)—(382)
Residential mortgage(26)(1)(138)
Total consumer(825)(914)(1,138)
Total charge-offs(2,595)(3,139)(8,800)
Charged-off loans recovered:
Commercial and industrial8241,1531,589
Commercial real estate1071,79465
Construction——4
Residential mortgage457100157
Total consumer1,257716930
Total recoveries2,6453,7632,745
Net loan recoveries (charge-offs)50624(6,055)
Provision charged for credit losses3,50011,6099,014
Ending balance$379,252$375,702$354,313
Components of allowance for credit losses for loans:
Allowance for loan losses$362,510$359,202$342,880
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments
16,74216,50011,433
Allowance for credit losses for loans$379,252$375,702$354,313
Components of provision for credit losses for loans:
Provision for credit losses for loans$3,258$9,509$8,692
Provision for unfunded credit commitments2422,100322
Total provision for credit losses for loans$3,500$11,609$9,014
Annualized ratio of net (recoveries) charge-offs to average loans outstanding0.00 %(0.01)%0.07 %

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The following table presents the relationship among net loans charged-off and recoveries, and average loan balances outstanding for the indicated:
 Three Months Ended
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021March 31, 2021
 ($ in thousands)
Net loan recoveries (charge-offs)
Commercial and industrial$(747)$(1,071)$(5,553)
Commercial real estate(66)1,794(317)
Construction——4
Residential mortgage4319919
Total consumer432(198)(208)
Total $50$624$(6,055)
Average loans outstanding
Commercial and industrial$5,727,350$5,659,831$6,891,366
Commercial real estate19,342,69718,353,34516,913,773
Construction1,914,4131,857,5901,728,088
Residential mortgage4,681,4174,516,3794,435,252
Total consumer2,957,5252,950,9832,614,000
Total$34,623,402$33,338,128$32,582,479
Net loan charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding
Commercial and industrial0.01%0.02%0.08%
Commercial real estate0.00(0.01)0.00
Construction0.000.000.00
Residential mortgage(0.01)0.000.00
Total consumer(0.01)0.010.01
Net loan loss recoveries totaled $50 thousand and $624 thousand for the first quarter 2022 and fourth quarter 2021, respectively, as compared to $6.1 million in net loan charge-offs for the first quarter 2021. There were partial charge-offs of taxi medallion loans of $206 thousand within the commercial and industrial loan category during the first quarter 2022 as compared to $3.3 million for the first quarter 2021. There were no charge-offs of taxi medallion loans in the fourth quarter 2021. The overall level of loan charge-offs (as presented in the above table) continued to remain very low and trend well within management's expectations for the credit quality of the loan portfolio for the first quarter 2022.
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The following table summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses for loans to loan portfolio categories and the allocations as a percentage of each loan category:
 March 31, 2022December 31, 2021March 31, 2021
 Allowance
Allocation		Allocation
as a % of
Loan
Category		Allowance
Allocation		Allocation
as a % of
Loan
Category		Allowance
Allocation		Allocation
as a % of
Loan
Category
 ($ in thousands)
Loan Category:
Commercial and industrial loans$101,203 1.75 %$103,090 1.76 %$126,408 1.77 %
Commercial real estate loans:
Commercial real estate189,927 0.96 193,258 1.02 153,680 0.91 
Construction30,022 1.38 24,232 1.31 20,556 1.15 
Total commercial real estate loans219,949 1.00 217,490 1.05 174,236 0.93 
Residential mortgage loans28,189 0.60 25,120 0.55 27,172 0.67 
Consumer loans:
Home equity3,656 0.93 3,889 0.97 4,199 1.03 
Auto and other consumer9,513 0.37 9,613 0.37 10,865 0.46 
Total consumer loans13,169 0.45 13,502 0.45 15,064 0.54 
Allowance for loan losses362,510 1.03 359,202 1.05 342,880 1.05 
Allowance for unfunded credit commitments
16,742 16,500 11,433 
Total allowance for credit losses for loans
$379,252 $375,702 $354,313 
Allowance for credit losses for loans as a % total loans1.07 %1.10 %1.08 %
The allowance for credit losses for loans, comprised of our allowance for loan losses and unfunded credit commitments (including letters of credit), as a percentage of total loans was 1.07 percent, 1.10 percent and 1.08 percent at March 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2021, respectively. During the first quarter 2022, we recorded a $3.5 million provision for credit losses as compared to $11.6 million and $9.0 million for the fourth quarter 2021 and the first quarter 2021, respectively. The first quarter 2022 provision and increase in our allowance at March 31, 2022 largely reflects additional reserves required due to loan growth during the first quarter 2022.
The allocated reserves as a percentage of commercial real estate loans decreased 6 basis points to 0.96 percent at March 31, 2022 from December 31, 2021 mainly due to lower quantitative reserves for non-owner occupied loans caused by the improvement in the expected loss rates at March 31, 2022. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total non-PPP loans was 1.08 percent, 1.11 percent and 1.17 percent for the first quarter 2022, fourth quarter 2021 and first quarter 2021, respectively.
Capital Adequacy
A significant measure of the strength of a financial institution is its shareholders’ equity. At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, shareholders’ equity totaled approximately $5.1 billion, which represented 11.7 percent of total assets. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, total shareholders’ equity increased by $12.3 million primarily due to net income of $116.7 million, partially offset by cash dividends declared on common and preferred stock totaling a combined $50.0 million, an increase in other comprehensive loss of $38.2 million, repurchases of $13.5 million of our common stock with these shares held as treasury stock and a $2.7 million decrease attributable to the effect of our stock incentive plan.
Valley and Valley National Bank are subject to the regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve Bank and the OCC. Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require
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Valley and Valley National Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of common equity Tier 1 capital, total and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and Tier 1 capital to average assets, as defined in the regulations.
We are required to maintain common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 4.5 percent, Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 6.0 percent, ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0 percent, and minimum leverage ratio of 4.0 percent, plus a 2.5 percent capital conservation buffer added to the minimum requirements for capital adequacy purposes. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Valley and Valley National Bank exceeded all capital adequacy requirements (see table below).
For regulatory capital purposes, in accordance with the Federal Reserve Board’s final interim rule as of April 3, 2020, we deferred 100 percent of the CECL Day 1 impact to shareholders' equity plus 25 percent of the reserve build (i.e. provision for credit losses less net charge-offs) for a two-year period ending January 1, 2022. Starting January 1, 2022, the deferral amount totaling $47.3 million after-tax will be phased-in 25 percent per year until fully phased-in on January 1, 2025. As of March 31, 2022, approximately $11.8 million of the $47.3 million deferral amount was recognized as a reduction to regulatory capital and, as a result, decreased our risk based capital ratios by approximately 4 basis points.
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The following table presents Valley’s and Valley National Bank’s actual capital positions and ratios under Basel III risk-based capital guidelines at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
 ActualMinimum Capital
Requirements		To Be Well Capitalized
Under Prompt Corrective
Action Provision
 AmountRatioAmountRatioAmountRatio
 
 ($ in thousands)
As of March 31, 2022
Total Risk-based Capital
Valley$4,499,638 12.65 %$3,735,425 10.50 %N/AN/A
Valley National Bank4,576,857 12.88 3,730,491 10.50 $3,552,849 10.00 %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital
Valley3,439,249 9.67 2,490,283 7.00 N/AN/A
Valley National Bank4,290,309 12.08 2,486,994 7.00 2,309,352 6.50 
Tier 1 Risk-based Capital
Valley3,654,090 10.27 3,023,915 8.50 N/AN/A
Valley National Bank4,290,309 12.08 3,019,922 8.50 2,842,279 8.00 
Tier 1 Leverage Capital
Valley3,654,090 8.70 1,679,775 4.00 N/AN/A
Valley National Bank4,290,309 10.22 1,679,314 4.00 2,099,143 5.00 
As of December 31, 2021
Total Risk-based Capital
Valley$4,454,485 13.10 %$3,569,144 10.50 %N/AN/A
Valley National Bank4,571,448 13.45 3,567,618 10.50 $3,397,732 10.00 %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital
Valley3,417,930 10.06 2,379,429 7.00 N/AN/A
Valley National Bank4,308,734 12.68 2,378,412 7.00 2,208,526 6.50 
Tier 1 Risk-based Capital
Valley3,632,771 10.69 2,889,307 8.50 N/AN/A
Valley National Bank4,308,734 12.68 2,888,072 8.50 2,718,185 8.00 
Tier 1 Leverage Capital
Valley3,632,771 8.88 1,635,508 4.00 N/AN/A
Valley National Bank4,307,734 10.53 1,636,097 4.00 2,045,121 5.00 

Tangible book value per common share is computed by dividing shareholders’ equity less preferred stock, goodwill and other intangible assets by common shares outstanding as follows: 
March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
 ($ in thousands, except for share data)
Common shares outstanding421,394,277 421,437,068 
Shareholders’ equity$5,096,384 $5,084,066 
Less: Preferred stock209,691 209,691 
Less: Goodwill and other intangible assets1,543,238 1,529,394 
Tangible common shareholders’ equity$3,343,455 $3,344,981 
Tangible book value per common share$7.93 $7.94 
Book value per common share$11.60 $11.57 

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Management believes the tangible book value per common share ratio, a non-GAAP financial measure, provides information useful to management and investors in understanding our underlying operational performance, our business and performance trends and facilitates comparisons with the performance of others in the financial services industry. This non-GAAP financial measure should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for or superior to financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This non-GAAP financial measure may also be calculated differently from similar measures disclosed by other companies.
Typically, our primary source of capital growth is through retention of earnings. Our rate of earnings retention is derived by dividing undistributed earnings per common share by earnings (or net income available to common shareholders) per common share. Our retention ratio was approximately 59.3 percent for the three months ended March 31, 2022 as compared to 60.7 percent for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Cash dividends declared amounted to $0.11 per common share for each of the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The Board is committed to examining and weighing relevant facts and considerations, including its commitment to shareholder value, each time it makes a cash dividend decision.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements, Contractual Obligations and Other Matters
For a discussion of Valley’s off-balance sheet arrangements and contractual obligations see information included in Valley’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 in the MD&A section - “Liquidity and Cash Requirements” and Notes 11 and 12 to the consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk refers to potential losses arising from changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity prices, and commodity prices. Valley’s market risk is composed primarily of interest rate risk. See page 56 for a discussion of interest rate sensitivity.

Item 4.Controls and Procedures
(a) Disclosure controls and procedures. Valley maintains disclosure controls and procedures which, consistent with Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), are defined to mean controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that Valley files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to Valley’s management, including Valley’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Valley’s CEO and CFO, with the assistance of other members of Valley’s management, have evaluated the effectiveness of Valley’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, Valley’s CEO and CFO have concluded that Valley’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
(b) Changes in internal controls over financial reporting. Valley’s CEO and CFO have also concluded that there have not been any changes in Valley’s internal control over financial reporting in the quarter ended March 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Valley’s internal control over financial reporting.
Valley’s management, including the CEO and CFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A system of internal control, no matter how well conceived and operated, provides reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system of internal control are met. The design of a system of internal control reflects resource constraints and the
72


benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because there are inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Valley have been or will be detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns occur because of a simple error or mistake. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of internal control is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. There can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION 
Item 1.Legal Proceedings
In the normal course of business, we are a party to various outstanding legal proceedings and claims. There have been no material changes in the legal proceedings, if any, previously disclosed under Part I, Item 3 of Valley’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 1A.Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in the risk factors previously disclosed in the section titled "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of Valley’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the quarter, we did not sell any equity securities not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers during the three months ended March 31, 2022 were as follows:

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES 
PeriodTotal  Number of
Shares  Purchased (1)		Average
Price Paid
Per Share		Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Plans (2) (3)		Maximum Number of
Shares that May Yet Be
Purchased Under the Plans (2)
January 1, 2022 to January 31, 2022869,041 $13.77 451,000 2,046,473 
February 1, 2022 to February 28, 2022860,112 13.47 563,503 1,482,970 
March 1, 2022 to March 31, 20225,287 14.43 — 1,482,970 
Total1,734,440 $13.62 1,014,503 
(1)Includes repurchases made in connection with the vesting of employee restricted stock awards.
(2)On January 17, 2007, Valley publicly announced its intention to repurchase up to 4.7 million outstanding common shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase plan has no stated expiration date. No repurchase plans or programs expired or terminated during the three months ended March 31, 2022. On April 26, 2022, Valley terminated its 2007 stock repurchase plan (and the remaining shares available for repurchase under this plan in the table above).
(3)On April 26, 2022, Valley publicly announced a stock repurchase program for up to 25 million shares of Valley common stock. The authorization to repurchase will expire on April 25, 2024.
.





73


Item 6.Exhibits

(3)Articles of Incorporation and By-laws:
(3.1)
(3.2)
(10)Material Contracts:
(10.1)
(10.2)
(31.1)
(31.2)
(32)
(101)Interactive Data File (XBRL Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document) **
(104)Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
*Filed herewith.
**Furnished herewith




























74




SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
  VALLEY NATIONAL BANCORP
  (Registrant)
Date:   /s/ Ira Robbins
May 9, 2022  Ira Robbins
  Chairman of the Board and
  Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date:   /s/ Michael D. Hagedorn
May 9, 2022  Michael D. Hagedorn
  Senior Executive Vice President and
  Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
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