Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
☑
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-10524
UDR, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Maryland
54-0857512
(State or other jurisdiction of
(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)
Identification No.)
1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129
(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (720) 283-6120
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value
UDR
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
(Title of Class)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ⌧ No ◻
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ⌧
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ◻
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:
Large Accelerated Filer þ
Accelerated Filer ◻
Non-Accelerated Filer ◻
Smaller Reporting Company ☐
Emerging Growth Company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.◻
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ◻
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ◻
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ⌧
The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock of UDR, Inc. held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2024 was approximately $5.9 billion. This calculation excludes shares of common stock held by the registrant’s officers and directors and each person known by the registrant to beneficially own more than 5% of the registrant’s outstanding shares, as such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status should not be deemed conclusive for any other purpose. As of February 14, 2025, there were 331,133,359 shares of UDR, Inc.’s common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information required by Part III of this Report, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated by reference from UDR, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PART I
Item 1. Business
4
Item 1A. Risk Factors
15
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
32
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Item 2. Properties
35
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
36
Item 6. [Reserved]
38
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
39
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
57
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Item 9B. Other Information
58
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
59
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
60
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
69
Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Report to “UDR,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to UDR, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, including United Dominion Realty, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership” or the “OP”) and UDR Lighthouse DownREIT L.P. (the “DownREIT Partnership”).
Forward-Looking Statements
This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements concerning property acquisitions and dispositions, development activity and capital expenditures, capital raising activities, rent growth, occupancy and rental expense growth. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “likely,” “will,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the results of operations or plans expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.
The following factors, among others, could cause our future results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements:
●general market and economic conditions;
●the impact of inflation/deflation;
●unfavorable changes in apartment market and economic conditions that could adversely affect occupancy levels and rental rates;
●the failure of acquisitions, developments or redevelopments to achieve anticipated results;
●possible difficulty in selling apartment communities;
●competitive factors that may limit our ability to lease apartment homes or increase or maintain rents;
●insufficient cash flow that could affect our debt financing and create refinancing risk;
●failure to generate sufficient revenue, which could impair our debt service payments and distributions to stockholders;
●development and construction risks that may impact our profitability;
●potential damage from natural disasters, including hurricanes, fires, floods, ice storms and other weather-related events, which could result in substantial costs to us;
●risks from climate change that impacts our properties or operations;
●risks from extraordinary losses for which we may not have insurance or adequate reserves;
●risks from cybersecurity breaches of our information technology systems and the information technology systems of our third party vendors and other third parties;
●the availability of capital and the stability of the capital markets;
●changes in job growth, home affordability and the demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing;
●the failure of automation or technology to help grow net operating income;
●uninsured losses due to insurance deductibles, self-insurance retention, uninsured claims or casualties, or losses in excess of applicable coverage;
●delays in completing developments and lease-ups on schedule or at expected rent and occupancy levels;
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●our failure to succeed in new markets;
●risks that third parties who have an interest in or are otherwise involved in projects in which we have an interest, including mezzanine borrowers, joint venture partners or other investors, do not perform as expected;
●changing interest rates, which could increase interest costs and affect the market price of our securities;
●potential liability for environmental contamination, which could result in substantial costs to us;
●the imposition of federal taxes if we fail to qualify as a REIT under the Code in any taxable year;
●our internal control over financial reporting may not be considered effective which could result in a loss of investor confidence in our financial reports, and in turn have an adverse effect on our stock price; and
●changes in real estate laws, tax laws, rent control or stabilization laws or other laws affecting our business.
A discussion of these and other factors affecting our business and prospects is set forth in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors. We encourage investors to review these risk factors.
Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained herein are reasonable, any of the assumptions could be inaccurate, and therefore such statements included in this Report may not prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the results or conditions described in such statements or our objectives and plans will be achieved.
Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law.
Summary of Risk Factors
Our business is subject to a number of risks, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully in Item 1A. Risk Factors herein. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:
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Item 1. BUSINESS
General
UDR is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio consisted of 169 communities located in 21 markets, consisting of 55,696 completed apartment homes, which are held directly or through our subsidiaries, including the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership, and consolidated joint ventures. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.
UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this Report as the “Code.” To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must continue to meet certain tests which, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent we distribute such net income to our stockholders annually. In 2024, we declared total distributions of $1.70 per common share and paid dividends of $1.695 per common share.
Dividends
Declared in
Paid in
2024
First Quarter
$
0.4250
0.4200
Second Quarter
Third Quarter
Fourth Quarter
Total
1.7000
1.6950
UDR was formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our corporate offices are located at 1745 Shea Center Drive, Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado and our telephone number is (720) 283-6120. Our website is www.udr.com. The information contained on our website, including any information referred to in this Report as being available on our website, is not a part of or incorporated into this Report.
As of December 31, 2024, there were 189.8 million units in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million OP Units (including 0.1 million of general partnership units), or 93.0%, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million OP Units, or 7.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0%, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0%, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.
Human Capital Management
We strive to attract and retain high-performing talent. As of December 31, 2024, our Company had 1,419 full-time associates and 13 part-time associates, all of whom are dedicated to the success of our organization. Within this workforce, 1,007 associates are focused on roles directly associated with our communities, while the remaining associates contribute to various corporate functions. Our commitment extends to the entire employee lifecycle, encompassing recruitment, onboarding, development, engagement, and retention. Our overarching objective is to enhance the associate experience, foster diversity, and maintain a motivated and committed workforce that fuels our growth and talent retention. This dedication to our UDR culture, values, and behaviors directly influences improved engagement, productivity, and the overall success of our organization.
We strive to create a culture focused on a philosophy of collaboration, trust, and innovation where every individual feels welcomed, valued, proud, and empowered to do their best work. By prioritizing and enhancing the associate experience, we aim to enhance engagement levels, leading to increased customer satisfaction, higher employee retention, and superior results. We report to our Board of Directors at least annually with respect to our human capital initiatives, including evaluations and analyses.
Associate Compensation
Attracting, nurturing, and retaining top-tier, diverse talent across our organization is essential to our long-term success. An integral part of this process is our commitment to fair and attractive compensation practices. We continue to utilize general market, as well as industry and geographically specific public compensation data to make informed decisions and adjust our salary ranges accordingly, so we can remain competitive and attract and retain top talent. We seek to stay up to date with the latest trends in the job market in order to provide fair and competitive compensation packages for our associates. Our compensation programs are designed to include performance-driven bonuses. These metrics are presented annually to our executive leadership and our Board of Directors for oversight purposes.
Associate Growth and Development
We firmly believe that ongoing development is essential for associate job satisfaction, effectiveness, career progression, and retention. New associates participate in a comprehensive two-day onboarding process that covers our culture, values, mission, and administrative procedures. In 2024, we piloted a new onboarding roadmap to support onboarding new operations associates and decrease time to productivity. In addition, we offer a wide range of training opportunities tailored to individual needs.
Throughout 2024, the talent development team assessed the current training curriculum, audited the quality of existing content, and began documenting opportunities for improvement. As we look to the future, our long-term strategy will focus on UDR-developed content that supports the enhancement of skills and competencies at all levels and emphasizes personalized learning paths, ongoing development opportunities, and career progression.
During 2024, we introduced two digital customer experience service training courses and subsequent leader guides to approximately 1,200 associates to improve overall customer service skills and increase resident satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, more than 450 UDR associates completed a DiSC assessment, which is a personality tool that measures preferences and tendencies, not skill or ability. Finally, in 2024 more than 400 leaders across the Company participated in in-person experiential training, leveraging hands-on learning activities to improve team effectiveness, trust, communication, and collaboration.
In total, over 6,000 training courses are available to our associates, spanning topics such as leasing skills, property maintenance, customer service, project management, and leadership development. In 2024, our associates collectively invested 38,225 hours in training, averaging 27 hours per full time associate. By the end of 2024, 90% of associates had completed annual IT security training, fair housing, harassment, workplace violence, diversity and inclusion, and business ethics training.
Certifications play a crucial role in career progression in the apartment industry. We actively encourage our associates to pursue professional certifications that align with their interests and benefit the Company. These certifications range from master's degree programs to certified property manager programs or technical licenses. We offer partial tuition reimbursement to support associates in attaining these certifications.
Additionally, in 2024, the Company put greater focus on organizational development and succession planning to help ensure UDR has the right talent in the right positions to drive success and growth, as well as business continuity during leadership transitions.
Diversity and Inclusion
We prioritize respect, fairness, and the promotion of diverse perspectives, which contribute to our Company's growth and success. Our commitment extends to fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace environment that facilitates the development and advancement of all associates.
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As of December 31, 2024, our workforce is comprised of 61% male and 39% female associates, with an ethnic composition of 51% White, 27% Hispanic/Latino, 13% Black, 3% Asian, and 6% Other. Our management team (including resident services managers and more senior job classifications) reflects a gender balance of 59% male and 41% female, with an ethnic breakdown of 60% White and 40% non-White. Over the three-year period ending December 31, 2024, 533 promotions occurred, with 45% of those promoted to resident services manager, director, or more senior job classifications being female and 42% non-White.
Our commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion remains as we strive to create a healthy and diverse work environment and attract candidates from all backgrounds, ethnicities, and genders.
Associate Engagement and Outreach
Throughout 2024, we listened to our associates through quarterly pulse surveys, and leveraging associate feedback implemented several measures aimed at improving communication, making data-driven decisions, and promoting collaboration between our operations and corporate teams. We will continue to enhance our active listening strategy to drive continuous improvement across our business.
We believe that our associates should be active in their communities, and we support their efforts. In 2024, we introduced an enhanced volunteer policy that continues to provide associates with up to eight paid hours annually for volunteer activities. Previously, volunteer opportunities were limited to one or two company-sponsored events per year with designated organizations. The updated policy now allows associates the flexibility to volunteer at any time throughout the year with a charitable organization of their choice. Through the policy, UDR provided 1,050 hours of paid time off to associates for volunteer work with over 30 local organizations. We also organized food, clothing, and blood drives, as well as initiatives to promote non-profit organizations and causes, fostering a culture of giving back.
Employee Health, Wellness and Benefits
The health, wellness, and safety of our associates are paramount to UDR. We maintain an inclusive culture by prioritizing the well-being of our associates.
In 2024, we upgraded our Employee Assistance Program (EAP) and increased enrollment by 10%. Our EAP includes counseling services, educational resources, and tools, including workshops and seminars on stress management, nutrition, and well-being for associates, partners, and teen-aged dependents. We also invested in virtual and in-person wellness fairs aimed at providing associates learning opportunities on topics ranging from stress management and mental health to financial fitness. We continue to leverage our Lifestyle Spending Account, which provides associates with $1,000 annually to spend as they choose bolstering associate wellness and satisfaction.
Our commitment to associate benefits is underscored by a third-party benefits survey, conducted in 2024, where 84% of respondents stated they understood their benefits and 64% believed that UDR offered a benefit package that is satisfactory relative to other companies in the industry.
Reporting Segments
We report in two segments: Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other.
Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023, and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.
Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties. For additional information regarding our operating segments, see Note 16, Reportable Segments, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.
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Business Objectives
Our principal business objective is to maximize the economic returns of our apartment communities in a sustainable manner to provide our stockholders with the greatest possible total return and value. To achieve this objective, we intend to continue to pursue the following goals and strategies:
2024 Highlights
Commitment to Shareholders
●In July 2024, the Company marked its 52nd year as a REIT and, in October 2024, paid its 208th consecutive quarterly dividend. The Company’s annualized declared 2024 dividend of $1.70 represented a 1.2% increase over the previous year.
Earnings Results
·
Net income attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million as compared to $439.5 million in the prior year. The primary drivers for the decrease were lower gains from dispositions of real estate as we sold fewer assets in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023, and lower interest income and other income/(expense) primarily driven by a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve partially offset by higher notes receivable balances. These were partially offset by higher total net operating income (“NOI”).
We achieved Same-Store revenue growth of 2.3% and Same-Store NOI growth of 1.5%.
Investing and Developments
We completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.
We recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.
We received distributions totaling $102.4 million from the Company’s unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships.
We funded an additional $32.2 million to two of our notes receivable investments.
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Balance Sheet
We issued $300.0 million of 5.125% medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. The net proceeds were used to pay down outstanding indebtedness under our commercial paper program.
We amended our Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options and amended our Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option.
We amended our Working Capital Credit Facility to extend the maturity date from January 12, 2025, to January 12, 2026.
ESG Report
We published our 2024 ESG Report on our website, which discloses our environmental and social initiatives, programs, and performance. The report’s ESG disclosures were, to the extent applicable, prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards (core), the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, and the Task Force for Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) framework.
Refer to Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, for further information on the Company’s activities in 2024.
Our Strategic Vision
Our strategic vision is to be the multifamily public REIT of choice for investors. We intend to realize this vision by executing on our strategic objectives, which are:
Maintaining a Diversified Portfolio and Allocating Capital to Accretive Investment Opportunities
We believe greater portfolio diversification, as defined by geographic concentration, location within a market (i.e., urban or suburban) and property quality (i.e., A or B), reduces the volatility of our same-store growth throughout the real estate cycle, appeals to a wider renter and investor audience, lessens the market risk associated with owning a homogenous portfolio, and provides more opportunities for accretive external growth when appropriate. Diversified characteristics of our portfolio include:
We are focused on increasing our presence in markets with favorable job formation and income growth, high propensity to rent, strong relative affordability for rental versus homeownership, and a favorable demand/supply ratio for multifamily housing. Portfolio investment decisions consider internal analyses and third-party research.
Acquisitions and Dispositions
When evaluating potential acquisitions, we consider a wide variety of factors, including:
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We regularly monitor our assets to increase the quality and performance of our portfolio. Factors we consider in deciding whether to dispose of a property include:
The following table summarizes our apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and our consolidated year-end ownership position for the past five years (dollars in thousands):
2023
2022
2021
2020
Homes acquired
173
(a)
1,889
433
5,426
1,642
Homes disposed
214
1,604
(b)
90
651
599
Homes owned at December 31,
55,696
55,550
54,999
53,229
48,283
Total real estate owned, at cost
16,213,363
16,023,859
15,570,072
14,740,803
13,071,472
Development Activities
Our objective in developing a community is to create value while improving the quality of our portfolio. How demographic trends, economic drivers, and multifamily fundamentals and valuations have trended over the long-term
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and our portfolio strategy generally govern our review process on where and when to allocate development capital. At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.
Redevelopment Activities
Our objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to grow rental rates while also producing a higher yielding and more valuable asset through asset quality improvement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred $51.4 million in major renovations, which included major structural changes and/or architectural revisions to existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.
Joint Venture and Partnership Activities
We have entered into, and may continue in the future to enter into, joint ventures (including limited liability companies or partnerships) through which we own an indirect economic interest of less than 100% of the community or communities owned directly by such joint ventures. Our decision to either hold an apartment community in fee simple or have an indirect interest in the community through a joint venture is based on a variety of factors and considerations, including: (i) the economic and tax terms required by the seller of land or a community; (ii) our desire to diversify our portfolio of communities by market, submarket and product type; (iii) our desire at times to preserve our capital resources to maintain liquidity or balance sheet strength; and (iv) our projections, in some circumstances, that we will achieve higher returns on our invested capital or reduce our risk if a joint venture vehicle is used. Each joint venture agreement is individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture agreement.
Maintaining a Strong Balance Sheet
We maintain a capital structure that we believe allows us to proactively source potential investment opportunities in the marketplace. We have structured our debt maturity schedule to be able to opportunistically access both secured and unsecured debt markets when appropriate.
As part of our plan to finance our activities, we utilize proceeds from debt and equity offerings and refinancings to extend maturities, pay down existing debt, fund development and redevelopment activities, and acquire apartment communities.
Consistently Driving Operational Excellence
Investment in new technologies continues to drive operating efficiencies in our business and helps us to better meet the changing needs of our business and our residents. Our residents can conduct business with us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including completing online leasing applications and renewals and submitting maintenance or other requests throughout our portfolio using our web-based resident internet portal or, increasingly, a smart-device application.
As a result of transforming our operations through technology, residents’ satisfaction has improved, and our operating teams have become more efficient. Web-based technologies have also resulted in declining marketing and advertising costs, improved cash management, and better pricing management of our available apartment homes.
Advancing a Strong Corporate Culture and Ensuring High Resident Satisfaction
Refer to Human Capital Management section above, for further information on the Company’s corporate culture.
Competitive Conditions
Competition for new residents is generally intense across our markets. Some competing communities offer amenities that our communities do not have. Competing communities can use rental concessions or lower rents to obtain temporary competitive advantages. Also, some competing communities are larger or newer than our communities. The competitive position of each community is different depending upon many factors, including sub-market supply and
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demand. In addition, other real estate investors compete with us to acquire existing properties, redevelop existing properties, and to develop new properties. These competitors include insurance companies, pension and investment funds, public and private real estate companies, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, some of which may have greater resources, or lower capital costs, than we do.
We believe that, in general, we are well-positioned to compete effectively for residents and investments. We believe our competitive advantages include:
Moving forward, we will continue to improve lease management, improve expense control, increase resident retention efforts and align employee incentive plans with metrics that impact our bottom-line performance. We believe this plan of operation, coupled with the portfolio’s strengths in targeting renters across a geographically diverse platform, should position us for continued operational upside.
Communities
At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes. The overall quality of our portfolio relative to other properties generally enables us to charge higher rents and to attract residents with higher levels of disposable income who are more likely to absorb such rents.
At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities, although the Company was incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.
At December 31, 2024, the Company had no communities at which it was conducting substantial redevelopment activities.
Same-Store Community Comparison
We believe that one pertinent quantitative measurement of the performance of our portfolio is tracking the results of our Same-Store Communities’ NOI, which is total rental revenue, less rental and other operating expenses excluding property management. Our Same-Store Community population is comprised of operating communities which we own and have stabilized occupancy, revenues and expenses as of the beginning of the prior year.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Same-Store NOI increased by $15.3 million compared to the prior year. Our Same-Store Community properties provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in NOI for the 51,428 Same-Store apartment homes, or 92.3% of our portfolio, was primarily driven by an increase in market rental rates and an increase in reimbursement, ancillary and fee income, partially offset by higher personnel costs, higher repair and maintenance expense, higher utilities expense, higher administration and marketing costs, and higher real estate tax expense.
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Revenue growth in 2025 may be impacted by adverse developments affecting the general economy, inclusive of economic conditions as a result of a recession, reduced occupancy rates, increased rental concessions, new supply, increased bad debt and other factors which may adversely impact our ability to increase rents.
Tax Matters
UDR has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To continue to qualify as a REIT, UDR must continue to meet certain tests that, among other things, generally require that our assets consist primarily of real estate assets, our income be derived primarily from real estate assets, and that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than net capital gains) to our stockholders annually. Provided we maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the corporate level on our net income to the extent such net income is distributed to our stockholders annually. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.
We may utilize our taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) to engage in activities that REITs may be prohibited from performing, including the provision of management and other services to third parties and the conduct of certain nonqualifying real estate transactions. Our TRS generally is taxable as a regular corporation, and therefore, subject to federal, state and local income taxes.
Inflation
Inflation primarily impacts our results of operations as a result of wage pressures and increases in utilities and repair and maintenance costs. In addition, inflation could also impact our general and administrative expenses, the interest on our debt if variable or refinanced in a high-inflationary environment, our cost of capital, and our cost of development, redevelopment, maintenance or other operating activities. However, the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, which in an inflationary environment, and absent other factors such as increased supply, generally enables us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes. Although an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases, we do not believe this had a material impact on our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Environmental Matters
Various environmental laws govern certain aspects of the ongoing operation of our communities. Such environmental laws include those regulating the existence of asbestos-containing materials in buildings, management of surfaces with lead-based paint (and notices to residents about the lead-based paint), use of active underground petroleum storage tanks, and waste-management activities. The failure to comply with such requirements could subject us to a government enforcement action and/or claims for damages by a private party.
To date, compliance with federal, state and local environmental protection regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We have a property management plan for hazardous materials. As part of the plan, Phase I environmental site investigations and reports have been completed for each property we acquire. In addition, all proposed acquisitions are inspected prior to acquisition. The inspections are conducted by qualified environmental consultants, and we review the issued report prior to the purchase or development of any property. Nevertheless, it is possible that the environmental assessments will not reveal all environmental liabilities, or that some material environmental liabilities exist of which we are unaware. In some cases, we have abandoned otherwise economically attractive acquisitions because the costs of removal or control of hazardous materials have been prohibitive or we have been unwilling to accept the potential risks involved. We do not believe we will be required to engage in any large-scale abatement at any of our properties. We believe that through professional environmental inspections and testing for asbestos, lead paint and other hazardous materials, coupled with a relatively conservative posture toward accepting known environmental risk, we can minimize our exposure to potential liability associated with environmental hazards.
Federal legislation requires owners and landlords of residential housing constructed prior to 1978 to disclose to potential residents or purchasers of the communities any known lead paint hazards and imposes treble damages for failure to provide such notification. In addition, lead based paint in any of the communities may result in lead poisoning in children residing in that community if chips or particles of such lead based paint are ingested, and we may be held liable under state laws for any such injuries caused by ingestion of lead based paint by children living at the communities.
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We are unaware of any environmental hazards at any of our properties that individually or in the aggregate may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position. We have not been notified by any governmental authority, and we are not otherwise aware, of any material non-compliance, liability, or claim relating to environmental liabilities in connection with any of our properties. We do not believe that the cost of continued compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on us or our financial condition or results of operations. Future environmental laws, regulations, or ordinances, however, may require additional remediation of existing conditions that are not currently actionable. Also, if more stringent requirements are imposed on us in the future, the costs of compliance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition.
Insurance
We carry comprehensive general liability coverage on our communities, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry to insure against liability claims and related defense costs. We are also insured, with limits of liability we believe to be customary within the multi-family apartment industry, against the risk of direct physical damage on a replacement cost basis, including loss of rental income during the reconstruction period.
Supplemental U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion supplements and updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” in the prospectus dated February 14, 2023, contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023. Capitalized terms herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the same meaning as when used in such disclosures.
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Available Information
We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may obtain a free copy of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports on the day of filing with the SEC on our website at www.udr.com, or by sending an e-mail message to ir@udr.com.
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Item 1A.
RISK FACTORS
There are many factors that affect the business and the results of operations of the Company, some of which are beyond its control. The following is a description of important factors that may cause the Company’s actual results in future periods to differ materially from those currently expected or discussed in forward-looking statements set forth in this Report relating to our financial results, operations and business prospects. Forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based, except to the extent otherwise required by law. These risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur.
Risks Related to Our Real Estate Investments and Our Operations
Unfavorable Apartment Market and Economic Conditions Could Adversely Affect Occupancy Levels, Rental Revenues and the Value of Our Real Estate Assets. Unfavorable market conditions in the areas in which we operate or unfavorable economic conditions generally, may significantly affect our occupancy levels, our rental rates and collections, the value of our properties and our ability to acquire or dispose of apartment communities on economically favorable terms. Our ability to lease our properties at favorable rates is adversely affected by increases in supply in the multifamily and other rental markets and is dependent upon the overall level in the economy, which is adversely affected by, among other things, job losses and unemployment levels, recession, debt levels, housing markets, stock market volatility and uncertainty about the future. Our major expenses generally do not decline when related rents decline. We would expect that declines in our occupancy levels and rental and other revenues would cause us to have less cash available to pay our indebtedness and to distribute to our stockholders, which could adversely affect our financial condition or the market value of our securities. Factors that have in the past and may in the future affect our occupancy levels, our rental revenues, and/or the value of our properties include the following, among others:
The Geographic Concentration of Our Communities in Certain Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Operations if a Particular Market is Adversely Impacted by Economic or Other Conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 73.1% of our total NOI was generated from communities located in Metropolitan D.C. (15.4%), Boston, MA (11.7%), Orange County, CA (10.9%), the San Francisco Bay Area, CA (8.4%), Dallas, TX (8.3%), New York, NY (6.5%), Seattle, WA (6.2%) and Tampa, FL (5.7%). As a result, if any one or more of these markets is adversely impacted by regional or local economic conditions or real estate market conditions, including new supply, such conditions may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse. In addition, if one or more of these markets is adversely affected by changes in regional or local regulations, including those related to rent control or stabilization, such regulations may have a greater adverse impact on our results of operations than if our portfolio was more geographically diverse.
We May Be Unable to Renew Leases or Relet Apartment Units as Leases Expire, or the Terms of Renewals or New Leases May Be Less Favorable Than Current Leases. When our residents decide to leave our apartments, whether because their leases are not renewed or they leave prior to their lease expiration date, we may not be able to relet their apartment units. Even if leases are renewed or we can relet the apartment units, the terms of renewal or reletting may be less favorable to us than the expiring lease terms. Furthermore, because the majority of our apartment leases have initial terms of 12 months or less, our rental revenues are impacted by declines in market rents more quickly than if our leases were for longer terms. If we are unable to promptly renew the leases or relet the apartment units, or if the rental rates upon renewal or reletting are lower than expected rates, then our results of operations and financial condition may be and have in the past been, adversely affected. If residents do not experience increases in their income or if they experience decreases in their income or job losses, we may be unable to increase or maintain rent and/or delinquencies may increase.
We Face Certain Risks Related to Our Retail and Commercial Space. Certain of our properties include retail or commercial space that we lease to third parties. The long-term nature of our retail and commercial leases (generally five to ten years with market-based or fixed-price renewal options) and the characteristics of many of our tenants (small and/or local businesses) may subject us to certain risks. The longer-term leases could result in below market lease rates over time, particularly in an inflationary environment. We may require guarantees and other credit support which may prove to be inadequate or uncollectable, and the failure rate of small and/or local businesses may be higher than average. We may not be able to lease new space for rents that are consistent with our projections or for market rates. Also, when leases for our retail or commercial space terminate either at the end of the lease or because a tenant leaves early, the space may take, and spaces have taken in the past, longer than expected to relet, may not be relet or the terms of reletting, including the cost of allowances and concessions to tenants, may be less favorable to us than the prior lease terms, or we may incur additional expenses related to modifications of the spaces in order to satisfy new tenants. Our properties compete with other properties with retail or commercial space. The presence of competitive alternatives may adversely affect our ability to lease space and the level of rents we can obtain. Our retail or commercial tenants may experience financial distress or bankruptcy, or may fail to comply with their contractual obligations, and may seek concessions in order to continue operations or cease their operations, all of which has happened in the past and may occur again in the future, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
We Face Risks Related to Inflation/Deflation. Substantial inflationary or deflationary pressures could have a negative effect on rental rates and property operating expenses. The U.S. economy has during certain periods over the last few years experienced high rates of inflation, which has increased our operating expenses due to higher third party vendor costs and increased our interest expense due to higher interest rates on our variable rate debt. Although the short-term nature of our apartment leases may, absent other factors, enable us to compensate for inflationary effects by increasing rents on our apartment homes, an extreme or sustained escalation in costs could have a negative impact on our residents and their ability to absorb rent increases. The general risk of inflation is that interest on our debt, general and administrative expenses, materials costs, labor costs, and other expenses increase at a rate faster than increases in our rental rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
We Are Subject to Certain Risks Associated with Selling Apartment Communities, Which Could Limit Our Operational and Financial Flexibility. We periodically dispose of apartment communities that no longer meet our strategic objectives, but adverse market conditions, among other factors, may make it difficult to sell apartment communities we own. We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property for the price or on the terms we set, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser or to close the sale of a property. Furthermore, we may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold or the purchase price may be reduced to cover any cost of correcting defects or making improvements. These conditions may limit our ability to dispose of properties and to change our portfolio in order to meet our strategic objectives, which could in turn adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or our ability to fund other activities in which we may want to engage such as the purchase of properties, development or redevelopment, or funding the Debt and Preferred Equity Program. We are also subject to the following risks in connection with sales of our apartment communities, among others:
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Competition Could Limit Our Ability to Lease Apartment Homes or Increase or Maintain Rents. Our apartment communities compete with numerous housing alternatives in attracting residents, including other apartment communities, condominiums and single-family rental homes, as well as owner occupied single- and multi-family homes. Competitive housing in a particular area, including new supply, could adversely affect our ability to lease apartment homes and increase or maintain rents, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We May Not Realize the Anticipated Benefits of Past or Future Acquisitions, and the Failure to Integrate Acquired Communities and New Personnel Successfully Could Create Inefficiencies. We have acquired in the past, and if presented with attractive opportunities we intend to acquire in the future, apartment communities that meet our investment criteria. Our acquisition activities and their success are subject to the following risks, among others:
Competition Could Adversely Affect Our Ability to Acquire Properties. In the past, other real estate investors, including insurance companies, pension and investment funds, developer partnerships, investment companies and other public and private apartment REITs, have competed with us to acquire existing properties and to develop new properties, and such competition in the future may limit attractive investment opportunities, which could adversely affect our ability to grow or acquire properties profitably or with attractive returns.
Development and Construction Risks Could Impact Our Profitability. In the past we have pursued the development and construction of apartment communities, and we intend to do so in the future as appropriate opportunities arise. Development activities have been, and in the future may be, conducted through wholly-owned affiliated companies or through joint ventures with unaffiliated parties. Our development and construction activities are subject to the following risks, among others:
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An Epidemic, Pandemic or Other Health Crisis, and Measures Intended to Prevent the Spread of Such an Event, Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on our Business, Results of Operations, Cash Flows and Financial Condition. We face risks related to an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, which in the past have impacted, and in the future could impact, the markets in which we operate and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. The impact of an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, and measures to prevent the spread of such an event, could materially and adversely affect our business in a number of ways. Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the occupancy levels at our properties and the ability of our residents and retail and commercial tenants to meet their rent obligations to us, which have in the past been, and could in the future be, adversely affected by, among other things, job losses, furloughs, store closures, lower incomes, uncertainty about the future as a result of an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis and related governmental actions such as eviction moratoriums, shelter-in-place orders, prohibitions or limits on charging certain fees, and limitations on collections and or rent increases. Such government actions have affected, and may again in the future affect, our ability to collect rent or enforce legal or contractual remedies for the failure to pay rent, which has in turn negatively impacted, and may in the future negatively impact, our ability to remove residents or retail and commercial tenants who are not paying rent and our ability to rent their units or other space to new residents or retail and commercial tenants, respectively.
State, local, and federal governments also have increased, and may in the future increase, property taxes or other taxes or fees, or may enact new taxes or fees, in order to increase revenue in connection with an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis or otherwise, which has in the past increased, and may in the future increase, our expenses. Our development and construction projects, including those in our Debt and Preferred Equity Program, also have been and could in the future be adversely affected by factors related to an epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis. An epidemic, pandemic or other health crisis, or related impacts thereof also could adversely affect the businesses and financial conditions of our counterparties, including our joint venture partners, participants in the Debt and Preferred Equity Program, and general contractors and their subcontractors, and their ability to satisfy their obligations to us and to complete transactions or projects with us as intended.
Bankruptcy or Defaults of Our Counterparties Could Adversely Affect Our Performance. We have relationships with and we execute transactions with or receive services from many counterparties, such as general contractors engaged in connection with our development activities, borrowers, or joint venture partners, among others. As a result, bankruptcies or defaults by these counterparties or their subcontractors have resulted in, and in the future could result in, services not being provided as expected, projects not being completed on time, on budget, or at all, or contractual obligations to us not being satisfied. Further, volatility in the financial markets and economic weakness could affect the counterparties’ ability to complete transactions with us as intended. Either circumstance could result in disruptions to our operations that may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Property Ownership Through Partnerships and Joint Ventures May Limit Our Ability to Act Exclusively in Our Interest. We have in the past and may in the future develop and/or acquire properties through partnerships and joint ventures, including those in which we own a preferred interest or debt, with other persons or entities when we believe circumstances warrant the use of such structures. As of December 31, 2024, we had active unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, including our preferred equity investments, with a total equity investment of $917.5 million. We have in the past, and could in the future, become engaged in a dispute with one or more of our partners which could adversely impact us. Moreover, our partners may have business, economic or other objectives that are inconsistent with our
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objectives, including objectives that relate to the appropriate timing and terms of any sale or refinancing of a property. In some instances, our partners may have competing interests in our markets that could create conflicts of interest. Also, our partners have in the past failed and may in the future fail to make capital contributions when due and our partners or the project may otherwise not act or perform as expected, or the property may not be operated in the manner in which we would operate it, any of which may require us to contribute additional capital, acquire our partner’s interest or other property, or take other actions that may negatively impact the project or our return. In addition, we may be responsible to our partners for indemnifiable losses. In general, we and our partners may each have the right to trigger a buy-sell or other similar arrangement, which arrangement or other factors could cause us to sell our interest, or acquire our partner’s interest or other property, at a time when we otherwise would not have initiated such a transaction and may result in the valuation of our interest in the partnership or joint venture (if we are the seller) or of the other partner’s interest in the partnership or joint venture (if we are the buyer) at levels which may not be representative of the valuation that would result from an arm’s length marketing process and could cause us to recognize unanticipated capital gains or losses or the loss of fee income.
We may also be subject to other risks in connection with partnerships or joint ventures, including (i) a deadlock if we and our partner are unable to agree upon certain major and other decisions (which could result in litigation or disposing of an asset at a time at which we otherwise would not sell the asset), (ii) limitations on our ability to liquidate our position in the partnership or joint venture without the consent of the other partner, and (iii) requirements to provide guarantees in favor of lenders with respect to the indebtedness of the joint venture.
We May Not be Permitted to Dispose of Certain Properties or Pay Down the Indebtedness Associated with Those Properties When We Might Otherwise Desire to Do so Without Incurring Additional Costs. In connection with certain property acquisitions, we have agreed with the sellers that we will not dispose of the acquired properties or reduce the mortgage indebtedness on such properties for significant periods of time unless we pay certain of the resulting tax costs of the sellers or dispose of the property in a transaction in which a gain is not recognized for federal income tax purposes by such sellers, and we may enter into similar agreements in connection with future property acquisitions. These agreements could result in us retaining properties that we would otherwise sell or not paying down or refinancing indebtedness that we would otherwise pay down or refinance. However, subject to certain conditions, we generally retain the right to substitute other property or debt to meet these obligations to the sellers.
We Could Incur Significant Insurance Costs and Some Potential Losses May Not Be Adequately Covered by Insurance Reserves. We have a comprehensive insurance program covering our properties and operating activities with limits of liability, deductibles and self-insured retentions that we believe are comparable to similarly situated companies, including within the multifamily industry. We believe the policy specifications and insured limits of these policies are adequate and appropriate. There are, however, certain types of extraordinary losses that may not be adequately covered under our insurance program. In addition, we will sustain losses due to insurance deductibles, self-insured retention, uninsured claims or casualties, or losses in excess of applicable coverage.
If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occurs, we could lose all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property, as well as the future revenue from the property. In such an event, we might nevertheless remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property. Material losses in excess of insurance proceeds may occur in the future. If one or more of our properties were to experience a catastrophic loss, it could seriously disrupt our operations, delay revenue and result in large expenses to repair or rebuild the property. Such events could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The cost of insuring our apartment communities and our operations is a component of expense. Insurance premiums and the terms and conditions of insurance policies are subject to significant fluctuations and changes, including recent increases in premiums, which are generally outside of our control. We insure our properties and our operations with insurance companies that we believe have a good rating and financial profile at the time our policies are put into effect. The financial condition of one or more insurance companies that insure us may be negatively impacted, which could result in their inability to pay on future insurance claims. Their inability to pay future claims may have a negative impact on our financial results. In addition, the failure, or exit or partial exit from an insurance market, of one or more insurance companies or other changes in insurance markets in general may affect our ability to obtain insurance coverage in the amounts that we seek, or at all, increase the costs to renew or replace our insurance policies, cause us to self-insure a larger portion of the risk, or increase the cost of insuring properties.
Failure to Succeed in New Markets May Limit Our Growth. We have acquired in the past, and we may acquire in the future if opportunities we believe are appropriate arise, apartment communities that are outside of our existing
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markets. Entering into new markets may expose us to a variety of risks, and we may not be able to operate successfully in new markets. These risks include, among others:
Failure to Succeed with New Initiatives May Limit Our Ability to Grow NOI. We have in the past developed and may in the future develop initiatives or processes that are intended to drive operating efficiencies and grow NOI, including smart home technologies and self-service options that are accessible to residents through smart devices or otherwise. Such initiatives in the past have involved and in the future may involve our associates having new or different responsibilities and processes. We may incur significant costs and divert resources in connection with such initiatives or processes, and these initiatives or processes may not perform as projected, which could adversely affect our results of operations and the market price of our common stock.
Potential Liability for Environmental Contamination Could Result in Substantial Costs. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, as a current or former owner or operator of real estate, we could be required to investigate and remediate the effects of contamination of currently or formerly owned real estate by hazardous or toxic substances, often regardless of our knowledge of or responsibility for the contamination and solely by virtue of our current or former ownership or operation of the real estate. In addition, we could be held liable to a governmental authority or to third parties for property damage and for investigation and clean-up costs incurred in connection with the contamination or we could be required to incur additional costs to change how the property is constructed or operated due to presence of such substances. These costs could be substantial, and in many cases environmental laws create liens in favor of governmental authorities to secure their payment. The presence of such substances or a failure to properly remediate any resulting contamination could materially and adversely affect our ability to borrow against, sell or rent an affected property.
In addition, our properties are subject to various federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws, including laws governing the management of wastes and underground and aboveground storage tanks. Noncompliance with these environmental, health and safety laws could subject us to liability. Changes in laws could increase the potential costs of compliance with environmental laws, health and safety laws or increase liability for noncompliance. This may result in significant unanticipated expenditures or may otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
As the owner or operator of real property, we may also incur liability based on various building conditions. For example, buildings and other structures on properties that we currently own or operate or those we acquire or operate in the future contain, may contain, or may have contained, asbestos-containing material, or ACM, or other hazardous substances. Environmental, health and safety laws require that ACM and other hazardous substances be properly managed and maintained and may impose fines or penalties on owners, operators or employers for non-compliance with those requirements.
These requirements include special precautions, such as removal, abatement or air monitoring, if ACM would be disturbed during maintenance, renovation or demolition of a building, potentially resulting in substantial costs. In addition, we may be subject to liability for personal injury or property damage sustained as a result of exposure to ACM or other hazardous substances or releases of ACM or other hazardous substances into the environment.
We cannot assure you that costs or liabilities incurred as a result of environmental or building condition issues will not adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our Properties May Contain or Develop Harmful Mold or Suffer from Other Indoor Air Quality Issues, Which Could Lead to Liability for Adverse Health Effects or Property Damage or Cost for Remediation. When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources, and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions.
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As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants or to increase ventilation, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants or others for property damage or personal injury.
Compliance or Failure to Comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or Other Safety Regulations and Requirements Could Result in Substantial Costs. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (the “Americans with Disabilities Act”) generally requires that public buildings, including our properties and other public facing functions related to our business, including our website, be made accessible to disabled persons. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of fines by the federal government or the award of damages to private litigants. Claims have been asserted, and in the future claims may be asserted, against us with respect to some of our properties or operations under the Americans with Disabilities Act. If, under the Americans with Disabilities Act, we are required to make substantial alterations and capital expenditures in one or more of our properties or otherwise related to our operations, including the removal of access barriers, it could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if claims arise, we may expend resources and incur costs in investigating and resolving such claims even if we or our property was in compliance with the law.
Our properties are subject to various federal, state and local regulatory requirements, such as state and local fire and life safety requirements and federal, state and local accessibility requirements in addition to those imposed by the Americans with Disabilities Act. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could incur fines or private damage awards. We do not know whether existing requirements will change or whether compliance with future requirements will require significant unanticipated expenditures that could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
The Adoption of, or Changes to, Rent Control, Rent Stabilization, Eviction, Tenants’ Rights and Similar Laws and Regulations in Our Markets Could Have an Adverse Effect on Our Results of Operations and Property Values. Various state and local governments as well as the federal government have enacted and may continue to enact rent control, rent stabilization, or limitations, and similar laws, regulations and policies, including laws or court orders, that could limit our ability to raise rents or charge certain fees which could have a retroactive effect. For example, in June 2019, the State of New York enacted new rent control regulations known as the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019, in October of 2019, the State of California enacted the Tenant Protection Act of 2019, and in September 2024, the City of Salinas California, passed a rent stabilization ordinance. In some cases the increases in rents allowed by such regulations may not offset increases in expenses, whether such increases in expenses are due to inflation or otherwise. We have seen a recent increase in governments enacting or considering, or being urged to consider, such laws and regulations. Federal, state and local governments or courts also have made, and may make in the future, changes to laws related to allowable fees and rents, eviction and other tenants’ rights laws and regulations (including changes that apply retroactively) that could adversely impact our results of operations and the value of our properties. Laws and regulations regarding rent control, rent stabilization, eviction, tenants’ rights, allowable fees, and other matters, as well as any lawsuits against us arising from such laws and regulations, may limit our ability to charge market rents, increase rents, evict delinquent tenants or charge fees, or recover increases in our operating expenses, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of our properties. In addition, the increases in regulations applicable to our business in general may increase our costs of compliance and could have an adverse effect on our financial performance.
Compliance with or Changes in Real Estate Tax and Other Laws and Regulations Could Adversely Affect Our Funds from Operations and Our Ability to Make Distributions to Stockholders. We are subject to federal, state and local laws, regulations, rules and ordinances at locations where we operate regarding a wide variety of matters that could affect, directly or indirectly, our operations. Generally, we do not directly pass through costs resulting from compliance with or changes in real estate tax laws to residential property tenants. We also do not generally pass through increases in income, service or other taxes to tenants under leases. These costs may adversely affect net operating income and the ability to make distributions to stockholders. Similarly, compliance with or changes in (i) laws increasing the potential liability for environmental conditions existing on properties or the restrictions on discharges or other conditions, (ii) laws and regulations regulating housing, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, or (iii) employment related laws, among others, may result in significant unanticipated expenditures, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, changes in federal and state legislation and regulation on climate change may result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing communities and also may require us to spend more on our new development communities
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without a corresponding increase in revenue. In addition, existing laws could be interpreted in a manner that restricts our ability to use systems that we currently use in our operations and we may face litigation or regulatory risk in connection with such laws. Future compliance with new laws of general applicability, laws applicable to companies in our industry, or laws applicable to public companies generally could increase our costs and could have an adverse effect on our financial performance.
Risk of Litigation. From time to time, we are, and would expect to be in the future, involved in legal proceedings, lawsuits, and other claims with respect to our properties or operations. For example, we are currently a defendant in a consolidated class action lawsuit and lawsuits filed by the District of Columbia and the State of Maryland involving RealPage, which is one of our vendors. An unfavorable resolution of any litigation may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Further, being involved in litigation, whether the result is favorable or unfavorable, could negatively impact our reputation. Additionally, litigation, whether the result is favorable or unfavorable, has in the past and may in the future result in substantial costs and expenses and could significantly divert the attention of management.
Risk of Damage from Catastrophic Weather and Natural Events. Our communities are located in areas that have experienced, and in the future may experience, catastrophic weather and other natural events from time to time, including mudslides, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, deep freezes, snow or ice storms, or other severe inclement weather. These adverse weather and natural events could cause damage or losses that may be greater than insured levels. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, we could lose our capital invested in the affected community, as well as anticipated future revenue from that community. We would also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the community. Any such loss could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Risk of Potential Climate Change. To the extent significant changes in the climate in areas where our communities are located occur, we may experience extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation and temperature or water levels, all of which could result in physical damage to, and/or a decrease in demand for, our communities located in these areas or communities that are otherwise affected by these changes. Should the impact of such climate changes be material in nature, or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Risk of Earthquake Damage. Some of our communities are located in areas subject to earthquakes, including in the general vicinity of earthquake faults. We cannot assure you that an earthquake would not cause damage or losses greater than insured levels. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, we could lose our capital invested in the affected community, as well as anticipated future revenue from that community. We may also continue to be obligated to repay any mortgage indebtedness or other obligations related to the community. Any such loss could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Insurance coverage for earthquakes can be costly due to limited industry capacity. As a result, we may experience shortages in desired coverage levels if market conditions are such that insurance is not available or the cost of insurance makes it, in management’s view, economically impractical.
Risk of Accidental Death or Injury Due to Fire, Natural Disasters or Other Hazards. The accidental death or injury of persons living in our communities due to fire, natural disasters, other hazards, or acts or omissions of third parties could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Our insurance coverage may not cover all losses associated with such events, and we may experience difficulty marketing communities where any such events have occurred, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Actual or Threatened Terrorist Attacks and Other Acts of Violence, Destruction or War May Have an Adverse Effect on Our Business and Operating Results and Could Decrease the Value of Our Assets. Actual or threatened terrorist attacks and other acts of violence, destruction or war could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Attacks or other similar actions that directly impact one or more of our apartment communities could significantly affect our ability to operate those communities and thereby impair our ability to achieve our expected results. Further, our insurance coverage may not cover all losses caused by a terrorist attack or similar events. In addition, the adverse effects that such violent acts and threats of future attacks could have on the U.S. economy could similarly have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Mezzanine Loan or Other Loan Assets Involve Greater Risks of Loss than Senior Loans Secured by Income-Producing Properties. We have originated in the past and may in the future originate mezzanine loans, which take the form of subordinated loans secured by second mortgages on the underlying property, which may be under development, or subordinated loans secured by a pledge of the ownership interests of either the entity owning the property, which may
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be under development, or a pledge of the ownership interests of the entity that owns the interest in the entity owning the property, which may be under development, or loans that are not secured. Mezzanine loans may involve a higher degree of risk than a senior mortgage secured by real property, because the security for the loan may lose all or substantially all of its value as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender and because it is in second position and there may not be adequate equity in the property. Unsecured loans involve higher risk by virtue of being unsecured. In the event of a bankruptcy of the entity providing the pledge of its ownership interests as security, we may not have full recourse to the assets of such entity, or the assets of the entity may not be sufficient to satisfy our mezzanine loan. If a borrower defaults on our loan or debt senior to our loan, or in the event of a borrower bankruptcy, our mezzanine or other loan will be satisfied only after the senior debt. As a result, we may not recover some of or all our investment. In addition, mezzanine loans typically have higher loan-to-value ratios than conventional mortgage loans, resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the risk of loss of principal. Further, foreclosing on our security interest may be delayed or otherwise impacted by the existence of the senior loan, the senior lender’s decision regarding whether to enforce its remedies, or the timing of the senior lender’s foreclosure or enforcement of other remedies with respect to such loan. If there is a default on the senior debt or an inability to refinance the senior debt, we may contribute additional capital or take other actions that we would not otherwise pursue absent such default or failure. In addition, in the event of a default or other changes in the circumstances of an investment, including a change in the value of the applicable property, we may be, and have been in the past, required to change the manner in which the investment is accounted for, including our ability to recognize earnings, or to recognize an allowance for loan loss or a loss on consolidation.
Risk Related to Preferred Equity Investments. We have made in the past and may in the future make preferred equity investments in corporations, limited partnerships, limited liability companies or other entities that have been formed for the purpose of directly or indirectly acquiring, developing and/or managing real property. Generally, we will not have the ability to control the daily operations of the entity, and we will not have the ability to select or remove a majority of the members of the board of directors, managers, general partner or partners or similar governing body of the entity or otherwise control its operations. Although we have sought and would seek to maintain sufficient influence over the entity to achieve our objectives, our partners may have interests that differ from ours and may be in a position to take actions without our consent that are inconsistent with our interests. Further, if our partners were to fail to invest additional capital in the entity when required, which has happened in the past, or otherwise do not perform as expected, we may have to invest additional capital to protect our investment. Our partners have in the past failed, and may in the future fail, to develop or operate the real property, operate the entity, refinance property indebtedness or sell the real property in the manner intended and as a result the entity may not be able to redeem our investment or pay the return expected to us in a timely manner or at all. In addition, we may not be able to dispose of our investment in the entity in a timely manner or at the price at which we would want to divest or at all. Further, the entity may need to refinance third-party debt on terms that are inconsistent with our interests or are terms on which we would not elect to incur debt, or the entity may default on third-party debt. To the extent the entity defaults on third-party debt or is unable to refinance such debt or a portion thereof, we may acquire such debt or otherwise take action, including contributing additional capital, to protect our position that we would not take absent the default or inability to refinance. Such activities have in the past involved and may in the future involve foreclosing on the security interest in the property secured by such debt, seeking a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or similar remedy or removing our partner, and such activities may involve costs or delays or create other risks, including the risk of claims from our partners. In the event that such an entity fails to meet expectations, defaults on its debt, or becomes insolvent or the investment or the underlying property otherwise does not perform as expected, we may lose all or part of our investment in the entity, be delayed in recovering our investment or the expected returns or directly or indirectly take over the property or the management thereof at a time at which we would not done so absent the failure to meet expectations or the default. In addition, in the event of a default or other changes in the circumstances of an investment, including a change in the value of the applicable property, we may be, and have been in the past, required to change the manner in which the investment is accounted for, including our ability to recognize earnings, or recognize an impairment or a loss on consolidation.
Risks Related to Ground Leases. We have entered into in the past and may in the future enter into, as either landlord or tenant, a long-term ground lease with respect to a property or a portion thereof. Such ground leases may contain a rent reset provision that requires both parties to agree to a new rent or is based upon factors, for example fair market rent, that are not objective and are not within our control. We may not be able to agree with the counterparty to a revised rental rate, or the revised rental rate may be set by external factors, which could result in a different rental rate than we forecasted. In the past we have had disagreements with respect to revised rental rates and certain of such disagreements have gone to arbitration (for resolution as provided in the applicable lease agreement) and have been resolved in a manner adverse to us. In addition, the other party may not perform as expected under the ground lease or there may be a dispute with the other party to the ground lease. Any of these circumstances could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.
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We May Experience a Decline in the Fair Value of Our Assets and Be Forced to Recognize Impairment Charges, Which Could Adversely Impact Our Financial Condition, Liquidity and Results of Operations and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. A decline in the fair value of our assets may require us, and has in the past required us, to recognize an impairment against such assets under generally accepted accounting principles as in effect in the United States (“GAAP”) if we were to determine that, with respect to any assets in unrealized loss positions, we do not have the ability and intent to hold such assets for a period of time sufficient to allow for recovery to the amortized cost of such assets. If such a determination were to be made, we would recognize unrealized losses through earnings and write down the amortized cost of such assets to a new cost basis, based on the fair value of such assets on the date they are considered to be impaired. Such impairment charges reflect non-cash losses at the time of recognition; subsequent disposition or sale of such assets could further affect our future losses or gains, as they are based on the difference between the sale price received and adjusted amortized cost of such assets at the time of sale. If we are required to recognize asset impairment charges in the future, these charges could adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and the market price of our common stock.
Any Material Weaknesses Identified in Our Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Could Have an Adverse Effect on the Market Price of Our Common Stock. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate and report on our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls over financial reporting, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls as a result of changes to our business or otherwise, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected and we could fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, if we have one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which in turn could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.
A Breach of Information Technology Systems On Which We Rely Could Materially and Adversely Impact Our Business, Financial Condition, Results of Operations and Reputation. We rely on information technology systems, including the internet and networks and systems and software developed, maintained and controlled by third party vendors and other third parties, to process, transmit and store information and to manage or support our business processes. Third party vendors may collect and hold personally identifiable information and other confidential information of our tenants, prospective tenants and employees. We also maintain such information and financial and business information regarding us and persons and entities with which we do business on our information technology systems. While we take steps, and generally require third party vendors to take steps, to protect the security of the information maintained in our and third party vendors’ information technology systems, including associate training and testing and the use of commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmitting and storing of the information, it is possible that our or our third party vendors’ security measures will not be able to prevent human error or the systems’ or software’s improper functioning, or the loss, misappropriation, disclosure or corruption of personally identifiable information or other confidential or sensitive information, including information about our tenants and employees. Cybersecurity breaches, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, malware, phishing scams, attacks by hackers, breaches due to employee error or misconduct, and similar breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized access to information maintained on our information technology systems or the information technology systems of our third party vendors or other third parties or otherwise cause disruption or negative impacts to occur to our business and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. While we maintain cyber risk insurance to provide some coverage for certain risks arising out of cybersecurity breaches, there is no assurance that such insurance would cover all or a significant portion of the costs or consequences associated with a cybersecurity breach or other occurrence or that such insurance will continue to be available at rates that we consider reasonable or at all. We have in the past experienced cybersecurity breaches on our information technology systems or relating to software or third party vendor systems that we utilize, and, while none to date have been material to us, we expect such breaches may occur in the future. As the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to information technology systems become more varied and sophisticated and the occurrence of such breaches becomes more frequent, we and our third party vendors and other third parties may be unable to adequately anticipate these techniques or breaches or implement appropriate preventative measures. Any failure to prevent cybersecurity breaches and maintain the proper function, security and availability of our or our third party vendors’ and other third parties’ information technology systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation and brand, damage our competitive position, make it difficult for us to attract and retain residents or other tenants, and subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our Business and Operations Would Suffer in the Event of Information Technology System Failures. Despite system redundancy and the existence of disaster recovery plans for our information technology systems, our information technology systems and the information technology systems maintained by our third party vendors are vulnerable to damage arising from any number of sources beyond our or our third party vendors’ control, including energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication failures. Any failure to maintain proper function and availability of our or third parties’ information technology systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A Failure to Keep Pace with Developments in Technology Could Impair our Operations or Competitive Position. Our business continues and will continue to demand the use of sophisticated systems, software and technology, including artificial intelligence. These systems, software and technologies must be refined, updated and replaced on a regular basis in order for us to meet our business requirements, our residents’ demands and expectations, and regulatory requirements. If we are unable to do so on a timely basis or at a reasonable cost, or fail to do so, our business could suffer. Also, we may not achieve the benefits that we anticipate from any new system, software or technology, and a failure to do so could result in higher than anticipated costs or could adversely affect our results of operations.
Social Media Presents Risks. The use of social media could cause us to suffer brand damage or unintended information disclosure. Negative posts or communications about us on a social networking website could damage our reputation. Further, employees or others may disclose non-public information regarding us or our business or otherwise make negative comments regarding us on social networking or other websites, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. As social media evolves, we will be presented with new risks and challenges.
Our Success Depends on Our Senior Management. Our success depends upon the retention of our senior management, whose continued service is not guaranteed. We may not be able to find qualified replacements for the individuals who make up our senior management if their services should no longer be available to us. The loss of services of one or more members of our senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in U.S. Accounting Standards May Materially and Adversely Affect Our Reported Results of Operations. Accounting for public companies in the United States is in accordance with GAAP, which is established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), an independent body whose standards are recognized by the SEC as authoritative for publicly held companies. Uncertainties posed by various initiatives of accounting standard-setting by the FASB and the SEC, which create and interpret applicable accounting standards for U.S. companies, may change the financial accounting and reporting standards or their interpretation and application of these standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. These changes could have a material impact on our reported financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retroactively, resulting in potentially material restatements of prior period financial statements.
Third-Party Expectations Relating to Environmental, Social and Governance Factors May Impose Additional Costs and Expose Us to New Risks. There is a focus from certain investors, tenants, employees, and other stakeholders concerning corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social and governance factors. In addition, there has been increased focus on such matters by various regulatory authorities, including the SEC and the state of California and other states or jurisdictions, and the activities and expense required to comply with new laws, regulations or standards may be significant. Some investors may use these factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if they believe our policies relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate. Third-party providers of corporate responsibility ratings and reports on companies have increased in number, resulting in varied and in some cases inconsistent standards. In addition, the criteria by which companies’ corporate responsibility practices are assessed and the regulations applicable thereto are evolving, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives or activities to satisfy such new criteria or regulations. Further, if we elect not to or are unable to satisfy such new criteria or do not meet the criteria of a specific third-party provider or investor, some investors may conclude that our policies with respect to corporate responsibility are inadequate. We may face reputational damage in the event that our corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies. Furthermore, if our competitors’ corporate responsibility performance is perceived to be greater than ours, potential or current investors may elect to invest in our competitors instead. In addition, we have communicated certain initiatives and goals regarding environmental, social and governance matters, and we may in the future communicate revised or additional initiatives or goals. We could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of such initiatives or goals, or we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals. In addition, certain locations have enacted and others may in the future enact sustainability regulations pertaining to buildings, including
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existing buildings. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, tenants and other stakeholders, our initiatives are not executed as planned, we are unable to comply with regulations or we do not satisfy our goals, our reputation and financial results could be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Indebtedness and Financings
Changing Interest Rates Could Increase Interest Costs and Adversely Affect Our Cash Flows and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. We currently have, and expect to incur in the future, interest-bearing debt, including unsecured commercial paper, at rates that vary with market interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $501.3 million of variable rate indebtedness outstanding, which constitutes approximately 8.6% of total outstanding indebtedness as of such date, and we have from time to time experienced increases in the interest rates on such indebtedness, which has increased our interest expense and adversely impacted our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, as a result of higher interest rates, the costs of hedging transactions have increased significantly and may continue to increase. Continued increases in interest rates would further increase our interest expenses and increase the costs of refinancing existing indebtedness and of issuing new debt, including unsecured commercial paper. The effect of any prolonged interest rate increases could negatively impact our ability to service our indebtedness, make distributions to security holders, make acquisitions and develop properties.
Insufficient Cash Flow Could Affect Our Debt Financing and Create Refinancing Risk. We are subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our operating income and cash flow could be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest, could restrict or limit our ability to incur additional debt, or could restrict our borrowing capacity under our line of credit due to debt covenant restraints. Sufficient cash flow may not be available to make all required debt payments and satisfy our distribution requirements to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. In addition, the amounts under our line of credit may not be available to us and we may not be able to access the commercial paper market if our operating performance falls outside the constraints of our debt covenants. We are also likely to need to refinance substantially all of our outstanding debt as it matures. We may not be able to refinance existing debt, or the terms of any refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of the existing debt, which could create pressure to sell assets or to issue additional equity when we would otherwise not choose to do so. In addition, our failure to comply with our debt covenants could result in a requirement to repay our indebtedness prior to its maturity, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and cash flow, increase our financing costs and impact our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
Failure to Generate Sufficient Income Could Impair Debt Service Payments and Distributions to Stockholders. If our apartment communities do not generate sufficient revenue to meet rental expenses, our ability to make required payments of interest and principal on our debt and to pay dividends or distributions to our stockholders will be adversely affected. The following factors, among others, may affect the income generated by our apartment communities:
Expenses associated with our investment in an apartment community, such as debt service, real estate taxes, insurance, labor costs and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in revenue from that community. If a community is mortgaged to secure payment of debt and we are unable to make the mortgage payments, we could sustain a loss as a result of foreclosure on the community or the exercise of other remedies by the mortgage holder.
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Our Debt Level May Be Increased. Our ability to incur debt is limited by covenants in our bank and other credit agreements. We manage our debt to be in compliance with these debt covenants, but subject to compliance with these covenants, we may increase the amount of our debt at any time without a concurrent improvement in our ability to service the additional debt.
Financing May Not Be Available and Could Be Dilutive. Our ability to execute our business strategy depends on our access to an appropriate blend of debt financing, including unsecured lines of credit, construction loans and other forms of secured debt, commercial paper and other forms of unsecured debt, and equity financing, including common and preferred equity. We and other companies in the real estate industry have experienced limited availability of financing from time to time, including due to disruptions and uncertainty in the equity and credit markets and regulatory changes directly or indirectly affecting financing markets, for example the changes in terms on construction loans brought about by the Basel III capital requirements and the associated “High Volatility Commercial Real Estate” designation, which has adversely impacted the availability of loans, including construction loans, and the proceeds of and the interest rates thereon. Restricted lending practices could impact our ability to obtain financing or refinancing for our properties. If we issue additional equity securities, including under our ATM program, instead of incurring debt, the interests of our existing stockholders could be diluted.
Failure To Maintain Our Current Credit Ratings Could Adversely Affect Our Cost of Funds, Related Margins, Liquidity, and Access to Capital Markets. Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s routinely evaluate our debt and have given us ratings on our senior unsecured debt, commercial paper program and preferred stock. These ratings are based on a number of factors, which include their assessment of our financial strength, liquidity, capital structure, asset quality, and sustainability of cash flows and earnings. Due to changes in these factors and market conditions, we may not be able to maintain our current credit ratings, which could adversely affect our cost of funds and related margins, liquidity, and access to capital markets, including our ability to access the commercial paper market.
Disruptions in Financial Markets May Adversely Impact the Availability and Cost of Credit and Have Other Adverse Effects on Us and the Market Price of Our Common Stock. Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance, our debt obligations will depend on our operating and financial performance, which in turn is subject to prevailing economic conditions and to financial, business and other factors beyond our control. The global equity and credit markets have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, periods of extraordinary turmoil and volatility. These circumstances may materially and adversely impact liquidity in the financial markets at times, making terms for certain financings less attractive or in some cases unavailable. Disruptions and uncertainty in the equity and credit markets, including as a result of bank failures and uncertainty in the banking sector generally, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. We also rely on the financial institutions that are parties to our revolving credit facility and other credit facilities. If these institutions become capital constrained, tighten their lending standards or become insolvent or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests from other borrowers within a short period of time, they may be unable or unwilling to honor their funding commitments to us, which would adversely affect our ability to draw on our revolving credit facility. If we are not successful in refinancing our existing indebtedness when it becomes due, we may be forced to dispose of properties on disadvantageous terms, which might adversely affect our ability to service other debt and to meet our other obligations. A prolonged downturn in the financial markets may cause us to seek alternative sources of potentially less attractive financing and may require us to adjust our business plan accordingly. These events also may make it more difficult or costly for us to raise capital through the issuance of our common or preferred stock.
A Change in U.S. Government Policy or Support Regarding Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac Could Have a Material Adverse Impact on Our Business. While in recent years we have decreased our borrowings from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are a major source of financing to participants in the multifamily housing markets including potential purchasers of our properties. Potential options for the future of agency mortgage financing in the U.S. have been, and may in the future be, suggested that could involve a reduction in the amount of financing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are able to provide, limitations on the loans that the agencies may make, which may not include loans secured by properties like our properties, or the phase out of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Should Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac discontinue providing liquidity to our sector, have their mandates changed or reduced or be disbanded or reorganized by the government, or if there is reduced government support for multifamily housing generally, it may adversely affect interest rates, capital availability, development of multifamily communities and the value of multifamily residential real estate and, as a result, may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
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The Soundness of Financial Institutions Could Adversely Affect Us. We have relationships with many financial institutions, including lenders under our credit facilities, and, from time to time, we execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry. Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, could result in losses or defaults by these institutions or counterparties or could lead to market-wide liquidity problems. Disruptions and uncertainty with respect to financial institutions, including as a result of bank failures and liquidity concerns, may negatively impact our ability to refinance existing indebtedness and access additional financing for acquisitions, development of our properties and other purposes at reasonable terms or at all, which may negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, in the event that the volatility of the financial markets adversely affects our financial institutions or other counterparties, we or other parties to the transactions with us may be unable to complete transactions as intended, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Interest Rate Hedging Contracts May Be Ineffective and May Result in Material Charges. From time to time when we anticipate issuing debt securities, we may seek to limit our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates during the period prior to the pricing of the securities by entering into interest rate hedging contracts. We may do this to increase the predictability of our financing costs. Also, from time to time we may rely on interest rate hedging contracts to limit our exposure under variable rate debt to unfavorable changes in market interest rates. If the terms of new debt securities are not within the parameters of, or market interest rates fall below that which we incur under a particular interest rate hedging contract, the contract is ineffective. Furthermore, the settlement of interest rate hedging contracts has involved and may in the future involve material charges. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including a risk that a counterparty to a hedging arrangement may fail to honor its obligations. Developing an effective interest rate risk strategy is complex and no strategy can completely insulate us from risks associated with interest rate fluctuations. There can be no assurance that our hedging activities will have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. Termination of these hedging agreements typically involves costs, such as transaction fees or breakage costs.
Risks Related to Tax Laws
We Would Incur Adverse Tax Consequences if We Failed to Qualify as a REIT. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. Our qualification as a REIT requires us to satisfy numerous requirements, some on an annual and quarterly basis, established under highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations, and involves the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend that our current organization and method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT, but we may not so qualify or we may not be able to remain so qualified in the future. In addition, U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and other corporations and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT or adversely affect our stockholders.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and would not be allowed to deduct dividends paid to our stockholders in computing our taxable income. Also, unless the Internal Revenue Service granted us relief under certain statutory provisions, we could not re-elect REIT status until the fifth calendar year after the year in which we first failed to qualify as a REIT. The additional tax liability from the failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce or eliminate the amount of cash available for investment or distribution to our stockholders. This would likely have a significant adverse effect on the value of our securities and our ability to raise additional capital. In addition, we would no longer be required to make distributions to our stockholders. Even if we continue to qualify as a REIT, we will continue to be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property.
Certain of our subsidiaries have also elected to be taxed as REITs under the Code, and are therefore subject to the same risks in the event that any such subsidiary fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year.
Dividends Paid by REITs Generally Do Not Qualify for Reduced Tax Rates. In general, qualified dividends paid to individual U.S. stockholders are eligible for a reduced 20% U.S. federal income tax rate. However, unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our regular dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends) paid to individual U.S. stockholders generally are not eligible for the reduced rates on qualified dividends and are instead taxed at ordinary income rates. However, individual U.S. stockholders generally may deduct 20% of our regular
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dividends under Section 199A of the Code, reducing the effective tax rate applicable to such dividends (although such provision will expire after December 31, 2025 absent future legislation).
We Conduct a Portion of Our Business Through Taxable REIT Subsidiaries, Which Are Subject to Certain Tax Risks. We have established or invested in and conduct a portion of our business through taxable REIT subsidiaries. Despite our qualification as a REIT, taxable REIT subsidiaries must pay income tax on their taxable income. In addition, we must comply with various tests to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, and our income from and investments in taxable REIT subsidiaries generally do not constitute permissible income and investments for certain of these tests. While we will attempt to ensure that our dealings with taxable REIT subsidiaries will not adversely affect our REIT qualification, we cannot provide assurance that we will successfully achieve that result. Furthermore, we may be subject to a 100% penalty tax or taxable REIT subsidiaries may be denied deductions, to the extent our dealings with taxable REIT subsidiaries are not deemed to be arm’s length in nature or are otherwise not respected.
REIT Distribution Requirements Limit Our Available Cash. As a REIT, we are subject to annual distribution requirements, which limit the amount of cash we retain for other business purposes, including amounts to fund our growth. We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our net REIT taxable income, excluding any net capital gain, in order for our distributed earnings not to be subject to corporate income tax. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code. However, differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash and/or nondeductible expenditures, could require us to sell assets or borrow funds on a short-term or long-term basis to meet the 90% distribution requirement of the Code. To the extent we distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our net REIT taxable income we will be subject to tax at regular corporate tax rates on the retained portion.
Certain Property Transfers May Generate Prohibited Transaction Income, Resulting in a Penalty Tax on Gain Attributable to the Transaction. From time to time, we may transfer or otherwise dispose of some of our properties. Under the Code, any gain resulting from transfers of properties that we hold as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business would be treated as income from a prohibited transaction and subject to a 100% penalty tax. Since we acquire properties for investment purposes, we do not believe that our occasional transfers or disposals of property are prohibited transactions. However, whether property is held for investment purposes is a question of fact that depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction. The Internal Revenue Service may contend that certain transfers or disposals of properties by us are prohibited transactions. If the Internal Revenue Service were to argue successfully that a transfer or disposition of property constituted a prohibited transaction, then we would be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on any gain allocable to us from the prohibited transaction. In addition, income from a prohibited transaction might adversely affect our ability to satisfy the income tests for qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
Changes to the U.S. Federal Income Tax Laws, including the Enactment of Certain Tax Reform Measures, Could Have an Adverse Impact on Our Business and Financial Results. In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to investments in real estate and REITs, and it is possible that additional legislation may be enacted in the future. There can be no assurance that future changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulatory changes will not be proposed or enacted that could impact our business and financial results. The REIT rules are regularly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department, which may result in revisions to regulations and interpretations in addition to statutory changes. If enacted, certain of such changes could have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.
We cannot predict whether, when or to what extent any new U.S. federal income tax laws, regulations, interpretations or rulings will impact the real estate investment industry or REITs. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of potential future changes to the U.S. federal income tax laws on an investment in our shares.
We May Be Adversely Affected by Changes in State and Local Tax Laws and May Become Subject to Tax Audits from Time to Time. Because we are organized and qualify as a REIT, we are generally not subject to federal income tax, but we are subject to certain state and local tax. From time to time, changes in state and local tax laws or regulations may result in an increase in our tax liability. A shortfall in tax revenues for states and local jurisdictions in which we own apartment communities may lead to an increase in the frequency and size of such changes. If such changes occur, we may be required to pay additional state and local taxes. These increased tax costs could adversely affect our financial condition and the amount of cash available for the payment of distributions to our stockholders. In the normal course of business, we or our affiliates (including entities through which we own real estate) may also become subject to federal,
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state or local tax audits. If we (or such entities) become subject to federal, state or local tax audits, the ultimate result of such audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership Intend to Qualify as Partnerships, but Cannot Guarantee That They Will Qualify. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership intend to qualify as partnerships for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to take that position for all income tax reporting purposes. If classified as partnerships, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership generally will not be taxable entities and will not incur federal income tax liability. However, the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership would be treated as corporations for federal income tax purposes if they were “publicly traded partnerships,” unless at least 90% of their income was qualifying income as defined in the Code. A “publicly traded partnership” is a partnership whose partnership interests are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). Although neither the Operating Partnership’s nor the DownREIT Partnership’s partnership units are traded on an established securities market, because of the redemption rights of their limited partners, the Operating Partnership’s and DownREIT Partnership’s units held by limited partners could be viewed as readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not qualify for one of the “safe harbors” under the applicable tax regulations. Qualifying income for the 90% test generally includes passive income, such as real property rents, dividends and interest. The income requirements applicable to REITs and the definition of qualifying income for purposes of this 90% test are similar in most respects. The Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may not meet this qualifying income test. If either the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were to be taxed as a corporation, unless it qualified for relief under certain statutory savings provisions, such partnership would incur substantial tax liabilities, and we would then fail to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes and our ability to raise additional capital would be impaired. In addition, even if the 90% test were met if the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership were a publicly traded partnership, there could be adverse tax impacts for certain limited partners.
Qualifying as a REIT Involves Highly Technical and Complex Provisions of the Code. Our qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions or administrative guidance, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. Our ability to satisfy the REIT income and asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals, and upon our ability to successfully manage the composition of our income and assets on an ongoing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT depends in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence, including in cases where we own an equity interest in an entity that is classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Ownership of Our Stock
Changes in Market Conditions and Volatility of Stock Prices Could Adversely Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock. The stock markets, including the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), on which we list our common stock, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. As a result, the market price of our common stock has been, and in the future could be similarly volatile, and investors in our common stock may experience a decrease in the value of their shares, including decreases unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. In addition to the risks listed in this “Risk Factors” section, a number of factors could negatively affect the price per share of our common stock, including:
30
Many of the factors listed above are beyond our control. These factors may cause the market price of shares of our common stock to decline, regardless of our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.
We May Change the Dividend Policy for Our Common Stock in the Future. The decision to declare and pay dividends on our common stock, as well as the timing, amount and composition of any such future dividends, will be at the sole discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, funds from operations, liquidity, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual prohibitions or other limitations under our indebtedness, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, state law and such other factors as our board of directors considers relevant. Any change in our dividend policy could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.
Maryland Law May Limit the Ability of a Third Party to Acquire Control of Us, Which May Not be in Our Stockholders’ Best Interests. Maryland business statutes may limit the ability of a third party to acquire control of us. As a Maryland corporation, we are subject to various Maryland laws which may have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire our Company and of increasing the difficulty of consummating any such offers, even if our acquisition would be in our stockholders’ best interests. The Maryland General Corporation Law restricts mergers and other business combination transactions between us and any person who acquires beneficial ownership of shares of our stock representing 10% or more of the voting power without our board of directors’ prior approval. Any such business combination transaction could not be completed until five years after the person acquired such voting power, and generally only with the approval of stockholders representing 80% of all votes entitled to be cast and 66 2/3% of the votes entitled to be cast, excluding the interested stockholder, or upon payment of a fair price. Maryland law also provides generally that a person who acquires shares of our equity stock that represents 10% (and certain higher levels) of the voting power in electing directors will have no voting rights unless approved by a vote of two-thirds of the shares eligible to vote.
Limitations on Share Ownership and Limitations on the Ability of Our Stockholders to Effect a Change in Control of Our Company Restrict the Transferability of Our Stock and May Prevent Takeovers That are Beneficial to Our Stockholders. One of the requirements for maintenance of our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes is that no more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital stock may be owned by five or fewer individuals,
31
including entities specified in the Code, during the last half of any taxable year. Our charter contains ownership and transfer restrictions relating to our stock primarily to assist us in complying with this and other REIT ownership requirements; however, the restrictions may have the effect of preventing a change of control which does not threaten our REIT status. These restrictions include a provision that generally limits ownership by any person of more than 9.9% of the value of our outstanding equity stock, unless our board of directors exempts the person from such ownership limitation, provided that any such exemption shall not allow the person to exceed 13% of the value of our outstanding equity stock. Absent such an exemption from our board of directors, the transfer of our stock to any person in excess of the applicable ownership limit, or any transfer of shares of such stock in violation of the ownership requirements of the Code for REITs, will be considered null and void, and the intended transferee of such stock will acquire no rights in such shares. These provisions of our charter may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing someone from taking control of us, even though a change of control might involve a premium price for our stockholders or might otherwise be in our stockholders’ best interests.
Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
Given the prevalence of cybersecurity threats, cybersecurity represents a critical component of the Company’s overall approach to risk management. The Company’s cybersecurity policies, standards and practices are integrated into the Company’s enterprise risk management (“ERM”) approach, and cybersecurity risks are among the core enterprise risks that are subject to oversight by the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). The Company’s cybersecurity policies, standards and practices are derived from recognized frameworks established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) and other applicable industry standards, and the Company is working to obtain NIST certification. Many members of the Company’s cybersecurity team are certified by and have received training from the International Information Security Consortium (“IISC”). The Company generally approaches cybersecurity threats through a cross-functional, multilayered approach, with specific the goals of: (i) identifying, attempting to prevent and mitigating cybersecurity threats to the Company; (ii) preserving the confidentiality, security and availability of the information that we collect and store to use in our business; (iii) protecting the Company’s intellectual property; (iv) protecting personally identifiable data and maintaining the confidence of our customers, clients and business partners; and (v) providing appropriate public disclosure of cybersecurity risks and incidents when required.
Risk Management and Strategy
Consistent with overall ERM policies and practices, the Company’s cybersecurity program focuses on the following areas:
A key part of the Company’s strategy for managing risks from cybersecurity threats is the ongoing assessment and testing of the Company’s processes and practices through auditing, assessments, tabletop exercises, vulnerability testing and other exercises focused on evaluating the effectiveness of our cybersecurity measures. The Company engages third parties, including legal counsel, to perform assessments on our cybersecurity measures, including information security maturity assessments, penetration testing inclusive of our resident facing apps and devices, audits and independent reviews of our information security control environment and operating effectiveness. The material results of such assessments, audits and reviews are reported to the Audit Committee and the Board, and the Company adapts its cybersecurity policies, standards, processes, and practices as necessary based on the information provided by the assessments, audits, and reviews. In addition, in 2024 and 2023, outside legal counsel conducted an exercise regarding preparation for cyber events attended by our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Investment Officer and Chief Financial Officer and other members of senior management.
Governance
The Board, in coordination with the Audit Committee, oversees the management of risks from cybersecurity threats, including the policies, standards, processes and practices that the Company’s management implements to address risks from cybersecurity threats. The Board and the Audit Committee each receive presentations and reports on cybersecurity risks, which address a wide range of topics including, for example, recent developments, evolving standards, vulnerability assessments, third-party and independent reviews, the threat environment, new tools and vendors being used by the Company related to cybersecurity, technological trends and information security considerations arising with respect to the Company’s peers and third parties. The Board and the Audit Committee also receive information regarding any cybersecurity incident when appropriate, as well as ongoing updates regarding such incident until it has been addressed. At least once each year the Board and the Audit Committee at least quarterly discuss the Company’s approach to cybersecurity risk management with the Company’s Chief Technology Officer.
The Company’s Chief Technology Officer is the member of the Company’s management that is principally responsible for overseeing the Company’s cybersecurity risk management program, in partnership with other business
33
leaders across the Company. The Chief Technology Officer and our Vice President, Information Security work in coordination with the other members of the Information Security Management System Committee (“ISMS”), which includes department heads and IT personnel. The Chief Technology Officer also provides monthly reports regarding information technology including cybersecurity to our senior management including our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Investment Officer and Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Senior Vice President – Chief Accounting Officer, Senior Vice President – Investments, and Senior Vice President – General Counsel. The Company’s Chief Technology Officer has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 24 years. The Chief Technology Officer holds an undergraduate degree in computer science and a master’s degree in business administration. The Company’s Vice President, Information Security holds an undergraduate degree in computer science and management science, has attained a professional certification of Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) from the IISC and has served in various roles in information technology and information security for over 15 years. In addition, our Vice President, Information Security is a member of InfraGard.
The Company’s Chief Technology Officer and Vice President, Information Security, in coordination with the ISMS, work collaboratively across the Company to implement a program designed to protect the Company’s information systems from cybersecurity threats and to promptly respond to any cybersecurity incidents. To facilitate the success of this program, our IT security team and, when necessary, multidisciplinary teams throughout the Company are deployed to address cybersecurity threats and to respond to cybersecurity incidents in accordance with the Company’s incident response and recovery plans. Through the ongoing communications from these teams, the Chief Technology Officer and the Vice President, Information Security monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents, and report such incidents to the ISMS and other members of management and the Audit Committee or the Board when appropriate.
To date, the Company has not been materially affected by a cybersecurity incident or cybersecurity threat and no incident has occurred that is reasonably likely to affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
34
Item 2. PROPERTIES
At December 31, 2024, our consolidated apartment portfolio included 169 communities located in 21 markets, with a total of 55,696 completed apartment homes.
The table below set forth a summary of real estate portfolio by geographic market of the Company at December 31, 2024.
SUMMARY OF REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO BY GEOGRAPHIC MARKET AT DECEMBER 31, 2024
Percentage
Average
Number of
of Total
Carrying
Home Size
Apartment
Value
Encumbrances
Cost per
Physical
(in square
Homes
(in thousands)
Home
Occupancy
feet)
WEST REGION
Orange County, CA
4,305
8.6
%
1,389,451
—
322,753
96.7
856
San Francisco, CA
3,310
7.6
1,224,694
27,000
369,998
96.2
830
Seattle, WA
2,702
7.0
1,128,582
417,684
97.1
Monterey Peninsula, CA
1,567
1.3
203,571
129,911
96.1
727
Los Angeles, CA
1,225
3.0
490,239
400,195
967
Other Southern California
821
1.4
228,259
278,026
96.6
1,012
Portland, OR
476
0.4
57,352
120,487
97.0
903
MID-ATLANTIC REGION
Metropolitan D.C.
9,119
16.5
2,671,495
288,530
292,959
918
Baltimore, MD
2,219
3.5
574,107
58,600
258,723
963
Richmond, VA
1,359
1.1
173,749
127,851
96.9
1,017
NORTHEAST REGION
Boston, MA
4,667
12.2
1,975,353
228,553
423,260
994
New York, NY
1,945
1,386,449
712,827
97.5
744
Philadelphia, PA
1,172
2.7
442,714
377,742
949
SOUTHEAST REGION
Tampa, FL
4,207
5.1
824,301
195,936
91.4
977
Orlando, FL
3,493
572,803
163,986
974
Nashville, TN
2,261
1.7
267,894
118,485
933
Other Florida
636
0.6
96,959
152,451
97.2
1,130
SOUTHWEST REGION
Dallas, TX
7,449
8.4
1,358,799
473,196
182,414
96.0
858
Austin, TX
1,880
2.0
326,491
66,919
173,665
891
Denver, CO
510
1.6
251,694
493,518
96.3
861
Total Operating Communities
167
55,323
96.8
15,644,956
1,142,798
282,793
909
Land
253,949
Held for Disposition
373
218,569
Other
95,889
(3,467)
Total Real Estate Owned
169
100.0
1,139,331
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company is a party to various claims and routine litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. We do not believe that the results of any such claims and litigation, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations. As described in more detail in Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements included in this report, we are currently a defendant, among other companies, in lawsuits related to our use of products licensed by RealPage, Inc.
Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not Applicable.
Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Capital Stock
Common Stock
UDR, Inc.’s common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “UDR” since May 7, 1990.
On February 14, 2025, there were 2,552 holders of record of the 331,133,359 outstanding shares of our common stock.
We have determined that, for federal income tax purposes, approximately 94% of the distributions for 2024 represented ordinary income, 3% represented long-term capital gain and 3% represented unrecaptured section 1250 gain.
UDR pays regular quarterly distributions to holders of its common stock. Future distributions will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our actual funds from operations, financial condition and capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, and other factors.
Series E Preferred Stock
The Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series E”) has no stated par value and a liquidation preference of $16.61 per share. Subject to certain adjustments and conditions, each share of the Series E is convertible at any time at the holder’s option into 1.083 shares of our common stock. The holders of the Series E are entitled to vote on an as-converted basis as a single class in combination with the holders of common stock at any meeting of our stockholders for the election of directors or for any other purpose on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote. The Series E has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or any mandatory redemption. In connection with a special dividend (declared on November 5, 2008), the Company reserved for issuance upon conversion of the Series E additional shares of common stock to reflect the number of shares a holder of the Series E would have received if the holder had converted the Series E immediately prior to the record date for this special dividend.
Distributions declared on the Series E for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $1.8408 per share, or $0.4602 per quarter, and $1.8192 per share, or $0.4548 per quarter, respectively. The Series E is not listed on any exchange. At December 31, 2024, a total of 2.6 million shares of the Series E were outstanding.
Series F Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue up to 20.0 million shares of our Series F Preferred Stock (“Series F”). The Series F may be purchased by holders of limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership at a purchase price of $0.0001 per share. Certain OP/DownREIT unitholders were entitled to subscribe for and purchase one share of the Series F for each OP/DownREIT Unit held.
As of December 31, 2024, a total of 10.4 million shares of the Series F were outstanding. Holders of the Series F are entitled to one vote for each share of the Series F they hold, voting together with the holders of our common stock, on each matter submitted to a vote of security holders at a meeting of our stockholders. The Series F does not entitle its holders to any other rights, privileges or preferences.
Distribution Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan
We have a Distribution Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan under which holders of our common stock may elect to automatically reinvest their distributions and make additional cash payments to acquire additional shares of our common stock. Stockholders who do not participate in the plan continue to receive distributions as and when declared. As of February 14, 2025, there were approximately 1,468 participants in the plan.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
From time to time we issue shares of our common stock in exchange for OP Units tendered to the Operating Partnership for redemption in accordance with the provisions of the Operating Partnership’s limited partnership agreement. Under the terms of the Operating Partnership’s limited partnership agreement, the holders of OP Units have the right to require the Operating Partnership to redeem all or a portion of the OP Units held by the holder in exchange for a cash payment based on the market value of our common stock at the time of redemption. However, the Operating Partnership’s obligation to pay the cash amount is subject to the prior right of the Company to acquire such OP Units in exchange for either the cash amount or the number of shares of our common stock equal to the number of OP Units being redeemed.
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, we issued 3,225 shares of our common stock upon redemption of OP Units in reliance upon an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933.
Purchases of Equity Securities
In January 2008, UDR’s Board of Directors authorized a 15 million share repurchase program. Under the share repurchase program, UDR may repurchase shares of our common stock in open market purchases, block purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The following table summarizes all of UDR’s repurchases of shares of common stock under this program during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 (shares in thousands):
Total Number
Maximum
of Shares
Purchased as
Shares that
Part of
May Yet Be
Publicly
Purchased
Shares
Price Paid
Announced Plan
Under the Plan
Period
per Share
or Program
or Program (a)
Beginning Balance
2,973
37.90
12,027
October 1, 2024 through October 31, 2024
November 1, 2024 through November 30, 2024
December 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024
Balance as of December 31, 2024
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, certain of our employees surrendered shares of common stock owned by them to satisfy their statutory federal and state tax obligations associated with the vesting of restricted shares of common stock issued under our 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”). The following table summarizes all of these repurchases during the three months ended December 31, 2024 (shares in thousands):
Announced Plans
Under the Plans
per Share (a)
or Programs
67
44.51
N/A
1,453
44.79
1,520
44.78
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Comparison of Five-year Cumulative Total Returns
The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total returns for UDR common stock with the comparable cumulative return of the Nareit Equity REIT Index, Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index, and the Nareit Equity Apartment Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2019, in each of our common stock and the indices presented. Historical stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. The comparison assumes that all dividends are reinvested.
Period Ending
Index
12/31/2019
12/31/2020
12/31/2021
12/31/2022
12/31/2023
12/31/2024
100.00
85.46
137.69
91.65
94.51
111.79
FTSE Nareit Equity Apartment Index
84.66
138.51
94.25
99.78
120.22
S&P 500 Index
118.40
152.39
124.79
157.59
197.02
FTSE Nareit Equity REITs Index
92.00
131.78
99.67
113.35
123.25
The performance graph and the related chart and text, are being furnished solely to accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of ours, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
Item 6. [RESERVED]
Item 7.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere herein and is based primarily on the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023.
This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2024 and 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 of UDR, Inc. Discussions of 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
Business Overview
We are a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, disposes of, and manages multifamily apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. We were formed in 1972 as a Virginia corporation. In June 2003, we changed our state of incorporation from Virginia to Maryland. Our subsidiaries include the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership. Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Report to “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” or “UDR” refer collectively to UDR, Inc., its consolidated subsidiaries and its consolidated joint ventures.
At December 31, 2024, our consolidated real estate portfolio included 169 communities in 13 states plus the District of Columbia totaling 55,696 apartment homes. In addition, we have an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments. The Same-Store Community apartment home population for the year ended December 31, 2024, was 51,428.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. A critical accounting policy is one that is both important to our financial condition and results of operations as well as involves some degree of uncertainty. Estimates are prepared based on management’s assessment after considering all evidence available. Changes in estimates could affect our financial position or results of operations. Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we consider critical to understanding our financial condition or results of operations where there is uncertainty or where significant judgment is required. A discussion of our significant accounting policies, including further discussion of the accounting policies described below, can be found in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to the Notes to the UDR, Inc. Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report.
Cost Capitalization
In conformity with GAAP, we capitalize those expenditures that materially enhance the value of an existing asset or substantially extend the useful life of an existing asset. Expenditures necessary to maintain an existing property in ordinary operating condition are expensed as incurred.
In addition to construction costs, we capitalize costs directly related to the predevelopment, development, and redevelopment of a capital project, which include, but are not limited to, interest, real estate taxes, insurance, and allocated development and redevelopment overhead related to support costs for personnel working on the capital projects. We use our professional judgment in determining whether such costs meet the criteria for capitalization or must be expensed as incurred. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress and such costs are incremental and identifiable to a specific activity to get the asset ready for its intended use. As each home in a capital project is completed and becomes available for lease-up, the Company ceases capitalization on the related portion. The costs capitalized are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Total real estate owned, net of accumulated depreciation. Amounts capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $24.4 million, $23.2 million, and $31.3 million, respectively.
Investment in Unconsolidated Entities
We may enter into various joint venture agreements and/or partnerships with unrelated third parties to hold or develop real estate assets. We must determine for each of these ventures whether to consolidate the entity or account for our investment under the equity method of accounting. We determine whether to consolidate a joint venture or partnership based on our rights and obligations under the venture agreement, applying the applicable accounting guidance. The application of the rules in evaluating the accounting treatment for each joint venture or partnership is complex and requires substantial management judgment. We evaluate our accounting for investments on a regular basis including when a significant change in the design of an entity occurs. Throughout our financial statements, and in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, we use the term “joint venture” or “partnership” when referring to investments in entities in which we do not have a 100% ownership interest.
We continually evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there may be an other-than-temporary decline in value. We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. The amount of loss recognized is the excess of the investment’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. If we believe that the decline in fair value is temporary, no impairment is recorded. The aforementioned factors are taken as a whole by management in determining the valuation of our investment property. Should the actual results differ from management’s judgment, the valuation could be negatively affected and may result in a negative impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Quarterly or when changes in circumstances warrant, we will assess our real estate properties for indicators
of impairment. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on certain factors. Such factors include, among other things, operational performance, market conditions, the Company’s intent and ability to hold the related asset, as well as any significant cost overruns on development properties.
If a real estate property has indicators of impairment, we assess whether the long-lived asset’s carrying value exceeds the community’s undiscounted future cash flows, which is representative of projected net operating income (“NOI”) plus the residual value of the community. Our future cash flow estimates are based upon historical results adjusted to reflect our best estimate of future market and operating conditions and our estimated holding periods. If such indicators of impairment are present and the carrying value exceeds the undiscounted cash flows of the community, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over its estimated fair value. Our estimates of fair value represent our best estimate based primarily upon unobservable inputs related to rental rates, operating costs, growth rates, discount rates, capitalization rates, industry trends and reference to market rates and transactions.
For long-lived assets to be disposed of, impairment losses are recognized when the fair value of the asset less estimated cost to sell is less than the carrying value of the asset. Properties classified as real estate held for disposition generally represent properties that are actively marketed or contracted for sale with the closing expected to occur within the next twelve months. Real estate held for disposition is carried at the lower of cost, net of accumulated depreciation, or fair value, less the cost to sell, determined on an asset-by-asset basis. Expenditures for ordinary repair and maintenance costs on held for disposition properties are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements, renovations, and replacements related to held for disposition properties are capitalized at cost. Depreciation is not recorded on real estate held for disposition.
Real Estate Investment Properties
We purchase real estate investment properties from time to time and record the fair value to various components, such as land, buildings, and intangibles related to in-place leases, based on the fair value of each component. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, we utilize various sources, including independent appraisals, our own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in our portfolio and other market data. The fair value of buildings is determined as if the buildings were vacant upon acquisition and subsequently leased at market rental rates. As such, the determination of fair value considers the present value of all cash flows expected to be generated from the property including an initial lease-up period. We determine the fair value of in-place leases by assessing the net effective rent and remaining term of the lease relative to market terms for similar leases at acquisition. In addition, we consider the cost of acquiring similar leases, the foregone rents
40
associated with the lease-up period, and the carrying costs associated with the lease-up period. The fair value of in-place leases is recorded and amortized as amortization expense over the remaining average contractual lease period.
REIT Status
We are a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated for federal income tax purposes as a REIT. A REIT is a legal entity that holds interests in real estate and is required by the Code to meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that a REIT must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (other than our net capital gain) to our stockholders. If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal and state income taxes at the regular corporate rates and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four years. Based on the net earnings reported for the year ended December 31, 2024 in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, we would have incurred federal and state GAAP income taxes if we had failed to qualify as a REIT.
41
Summary of Real Estate Portfolio by Geographic Market
The following table summarizes our market information by major geographic markets as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024:
December 31, 2024
Year Ended December 31, 2024
Weighted
Monthly
Net
Income per
Operating
Value (in
Occupied
Income
Same-Store Communities
thousands)
Home (a)
West Region
1,389,752
3,094
121,009
2,781
5.8
941,178
3,555
80,841
6.9
1,120,396
2,870
65,293
203,748
2,408
33,530
490,674
3,227
32,667
228,141
2,940
20,450
57,633
1,992
7,944
Mid-Atlantic Region
8,819
15.5
2,510,001
2,389
168,092
574,442
1,952
33,401
1,878
22,389
Northeast Region
12.1
1,969,347
3,228
124,169
8.5
1,376,237
97.6
4,983
61,798
972
2.3
375,227
2,549
19,552
Southeast Region
3,877
4.3
693,272
2,143
63,340
574,688
1,918
53,451
270,404
1,753
33,127
96,996
2,382
12,298
Southwest Region
5,813
6.2
1,002,564
96.5
1,775
75,522
1,272
1.2
197,458
1,911
16,785
218
0.9
148,877
3,646
6,730
Total/Average Same-Store Communities
152
51,428
88.8
14,394,784
2,554
1,052,388
Non-Mature, Commercial Properties & Other
3,895
9.9
1,600,010
74,201
Total Real Estate Held for Investment
98.7
15,994,794
1,126,589
Real Estate Held for Disposition (b)
12,234
1,138,823
Total Accumulated Depreciation
(6,901,026)
Total Real Estate Owned, Net of Accumulated Depreciation
9,312,337
Our Same-Store Communities segment represents those communities acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023 and held as of December 31, 2024. These communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy and operating expenses as of the beginning of the prior year, there is no plan to conduct substantial redevelopment activities, and the communities are not classified as held for disposition at year end. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy once it achieves 90% occupancy for at least three consecutive months.
Our Non-Mature Communities/Other segment represents those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, including, but not limited to, recently acquired, developed and redeveloped communities, and the non-apartment components of mixed use properties.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is the ability to meet present and future financial obligations either through operating cash flows, sales of properties, borrowings under our credit agreements, and/or the issuance of debt and/or equity securities. Our primary source of liquidity is our cash flow from operations, as determined by rental rates, occupancy levels, and operating expenses related to our portfolio of apartment homes, and borrowings under our credit agreements. We routinely use our working capital credit facility, our unsecured revolving credit facility and issuances of commercial paper to temporarily fund certain investing and financing activities prior to arranging for longer-term financing or the issuance of equity or debt securities. During the past several years, proceeds from the sale of real estate have been used for both investing and financing activities as we continue to execute on maintaining a diversified portfolio.
We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements generally through net cash provided by property operations and borrowings under our credit agreements and our unsecured commercial paper program. We expect to meet certain long-term liquidity requirements such as scheduled debt maturities, the repayment of financing on development activities, and potential property acquisitions, through net cash provided by property operations, secured and unsecured borrowings, the issuance of debt or equity securities, and/or the disposition of properties. We believe that our net cash provided by property operations and borrowings under our credit agreements and our unsecured commercial paper program will continue to be adequate to meet both operating requirements and the payment of dividends by the Company in accordance with REIT requirements. Likewise, the budgeted expenditures for improvements and renovations of certain properties are expected to be funded from property operations, borrowings under credit agreements, the issuance of debt or equity securities, and/or dispositions of properties.
We have a shelf registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or “SEC,” which provides for the issuance of common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, debt securities, guarantees of debt securities, warrants, subscription rights, purchase contracts and units to facilitate future financing activities in the public capital markets. Access to capital markets is dependent on market conditions at the time of issuance.
In July 2021, the Company entered into an ATM sales agreement under which the Company may offer and sell up to 20.0 million shares of its common stock, from time to time, to or through its sales agents and may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through its forward purchasers. Upon entering into the ATM sales agreement, the Company simultaneously terminated the sales agreement for its prior at-the-market equity offering program, which was entered into in July 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company did not sell any shares of common stock through its ATM program. As of December 31, 2024, we had 14.0 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under the ATM program.
In connection with any forward sales agreement under the Company’s ATM program, the relevant forward purchasers will borrow from third parties and, through the relevant sales agent, acting in its role as forward seller, sell a number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the number of shares underlying the agreement. The Company does not initially receive any proceeds from any sale of borrowed shares by the forward seller.
In August 2024, the Company issued $300.0 million of 5.125% senior medium-term notes due September 1, 2034. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2025. The notes were priced at 98.977% of the principal amount of the notes. The Company used the net proceeds to pay down outstanding indebtedness under its commercial paper program. The Company entered into and settled treasury lock arrangements to hedge against all interest rate risk of the debt. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of the treasury locks, was 4.95%.
The Company has a $1.3 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and a $350.0 million unsecured term loan (the “Term Loan”). The credit agreement for these facilities (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”) allows the total commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility and the total borrowings under the Term Loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.5 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from one or more lenders. In August 2024, the Company amended the Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options. The Revolving Credit Facility was previously set to mature on January 31, 2026, with two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2027. In August 2024, the Company amended the Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option, subject to certain conditions.
43
Future Capital Needs
Future development and redevelopment expenditures may be funded through unsecured or secured credit facilities, unsecured commercial paper, proceeds from the issuance of equity or debt securities, sales of properties, joint ventures, and, to a lesser extent, from cash flows provided by property operations. Acquisition activity in strategic markets may be funded through joint ventures, by the reinvestment of proceeds from the sale of properties, through the issuance of equity or debt securities, the issuance of operating partnership units and the assumption or placement of secured and/or unsecured debt.
During 2025, we have approximately $178.3 million of secured debt maturing, inclusive of principal amortization, and $289.9 million of unsecured debt maturing. We anticipate repaying the debt due in 2025 with cash flow from our operations, proceeds from debt or equity offerings, proceeds from dispositions of properties, or from borrowings under our credit agreements and our unsecured commercial paper program.
The following table summarizes our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):
Payments Due by Period
Material Cash Requirements
2025
2026-2027
2028-2029
Thereafter
Long-term debt obligations
468,223
1,022,972
1,082,337
3,268,526
5,842,058
Interest on debt obligations (a)
179,089
315,748
230,097
216,919
941,853
Letters of credit
3,289
76
3,365
Operating lease obligations:
Ground leases (b)
12,442
24,884
393,010
455,220
663,043
1,363,680
1,337,318
3,878,455
7,242,496
During 2024, we incurred gross interest costs of $205.0 million, of which $9.3 million was capitalized.
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material.
Guarantor Subsidiary Summarized Financial Information
UDR has certain outstanding debt securities that are guaranteed by the Operating Partnership. With respect to this debt, as further outlined below, the Operating Partnership fully and unconditionally guarantees payment of any principal, premium and interest in full to the holders thereof. The Operating Partnership is a subsidiary of UDR, through which UDR conducts a significant portion of its business and holds a substantial amount of its assets. UDR also conducts business through other subsidiaries, including its taxable REIT subsidiaries. In addition to its ownership interest in the Operating Partnership, UDR holds interests in subsidiaries and joint ventures, owns and operates properties, issues securities from time to time and guarantees debt of certain of its subsidiaries. UDR, as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, owns 100 percent of the Operating Partnership’s general partnership interests and approximately 95 percent of its limited partnership interests and, by virtue thereof, has the ability to control all of the day-to-day operations of the Operating Partnership. UDR has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidates, the Operating Partnership.
The Operating Partnership is the subsidiary guarantor of certain of our registered debt securities, including the $300 million of medium-term notes due September 2026, $300 million of medium-term notes due July 2027, $300 million of medium-term notes due January 2028, $300 million of medium-term notes due January 2029, $600 million of medium-term notes due January 2030, $600 million of medium-term notes due August 2031, $400 million of medium-term notes due August 2032, $350 million of medium-term notes due March 2033, $300 million of medium-term notes
44
due in June 2033, $300 million of medium-term notes due September 2034 and $300 million of medium-term notes due November 2034.
The Operating Partnership fully and unconditionally guarantees payment of any principal, premium and interest in full to the holders of the notes described above. The guarantee forms part of the indenture under which the notes were issued. If, for any reason, we do not make any required payment in respect of the notes when due, the Operating Partnership will cause the payment to be made to, or to the order of, the applicable paying agent on behalf of the trustee. Holders of the notes may enforce their rights under the guarantee directly against the Operating Partnership without first making a demand or taking action against UDR or any other person or entity. The Operating Partnership may, without the consent of the holders of the notes, assume all of our rights and obligations under the notes and, upon such assumption, we will be released from our liabilities under the indenture and the notes.
The notes are UDR’s unsecured general obligations and rank equally with all of UDR’s other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness outstanding from time to time. As a result, our payment of amounts due on the notes is subordinated to all of our existing and future secured obligations to the extent of the value of the collateral pledged toward any such secured obligation. Our payment of amounts due on the notes also is effectively subordinated to all liabilities, whether secured or unsecured, of any of our non-guarantor subsidiaries because, in the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or similar proceeding with respect to such subsidiaries, we, as an equity holder of such subsidiaries, would not receive distributions from such subsidiaries until claims of any creditors of such subsidiaries are satisfied.
The following tables present the summarized financial information for the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. The information presented below excludes eliminations necessary to arrive at the information on a consolidated basis (dollars in thousands):
December 31,
Total real estate, net
2,562,075
2,629,267
Cash and cash equivalents
Operating lease right-of-use assets
187,886
191,673
Other assets
47,907
75,464
Total assets
2,797,868
2,896,409
Secured debt, net
377,724
377,262
Notes payable to UDR (a)
1,429,849
1,298,903
Operating lease liabilities
183,215
186,939
Other liabilities
139,910
133,595
Total liabilities
2,130,698
1,996,699
Total capital
667,170
899,710
Year Ended
Total revenue
600,425
561,441
511,560
Property operating expenses
(271,781)
(243,842)
(217,048)
Real estate depreciation and amortization
(187,821)
(166,744)
(155,451)
Operating income/(loss)
140,823
150,855
139,061
Interest expense (a)
(69,933)
(55,729)
(37,792)
Other income/(loss)
6,595
6,231
(3,589)
Net income/(loss)
77,485
101,357
97,680
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Statements of Cash Flows
The following discussion explains the changes in Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities, Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities, and Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities that are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Operating Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2024, our Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities was $876.8 million compared to $832.7 million for 2023. The increase in cash flow from operating activities was primarily due to an increase in net operating income (“NOI”), primarily driven by higher revenue per occupied home, an increase in weighted average physical occupancy, NOI from additional operating communities, and an increase in operating distributions from our unconsolidated joint ventures, partially offset by higher borrowing costs.
Investing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2024, Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities was $(276.4) million compared to $(289.1) million for 2023. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in acquisitions, a decrease in spend for development of real estate assets, a decrease in spend for capital expenditures, an increase in distributions received from unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, a decrease in cash investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, and a decrease from the net issuance of notes receivable during the current year compared to the prior year, partially offset by a decrease in proceeds from sales of real estate.
Acquisitions
In January 2024, the Company acquired its joint venture partner’s common equity interest in a 173 apartment home operating community located in Oakland, California for $1.4 million. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).
In February 2023, the Company took title to a 136 apartment home operating community located in San Francisco, California, through a foreclosure proceeding. The community was previously owned by a consolidated joint venture of the Company. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for more information).
In August 2023, the Company acquired a portfolio of six operating communities totaling 1,753 apartment homes, which included four operating communities in Dallas, Texas and two operating communities in Austin, Texas, for a purchase price of $354.6 million. The Company acquired the portfolio with a combination of cash, the assumption of six mortgage loans with an outstanding principal balance of approximately $209.4 million (fair value of $191.7 million), and the issuance of 3.6 million OP Units to the seller valued at $141.4 million. The OP Units were valued based on the closing price per share of UDR’s common stock on the date of acquisition in accordance with GAAP. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $344.8 million, recorded $9.8 million of in-place lease intangibles, and recorded a $17.6 million debt discount in connection with the below-market debt assumed.
Dispositions
In February 2024, the Company sold an operating community located in Arlington, Virginia with a total of 214 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $100.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $16.9 million. This operating community was classified as held for disposition as of December 31, 2023.
In January 2023, the Company sold the retail component of a development community located in Washington, D.C. for gross proceeds of approximately $14.4 million, resulting in a gain of less than $0.1 million. The gross proceeds were received ratably throughout the development of the community and are reflected as a reduction of capital expenditures.
46
In June 2023, the Company contributed four wholly-owned operating communities, totaling 1,328 apartment homes located in various markets, to a newly formed joint venture in exchange for a 51.0% interest in the venture. The contribution resulted in the Company no longer retaining a controlling interest in the communities, and the Company deconsolidated the operating communities. The Company received approximately $247.9 million in cash proceeds from our joint venture partner at formation. The transaction was accounted for as a partial sale and resulted in a gain of approximately $325.9 million, which was recorded in Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned on the Consolidated Statement of Operations, which consisted of the gain on the partial sale and the initial measurement of our retained interest at fair value. (See Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships for further discussion).
In December 2023, the Company sold an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon with a total of 276 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $78.6 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $25.3 million.
We plan to continue to pursue our strategy of exiting markets where long-term growth prospects are limited and redeploying capital to primary locations in markets we believe will provide the best investment returns.
Capital Expenditures
We capitalize those expenditures that materially enhance the value of an existing asset or substantially extend the useful life of an existing asset. Expenditures necessary to maintain an existing property in ordinary operating condition are expensed as incurred.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, total capital expenditures of $246.5 million or $4,458 per stabilized home, which in aggregate include recurring capital expenditures and major renovations, were spent across our portfolio, excluding development, as compared to $303.7 million or $5,567 per stabilized home for the prior year.
The decrease in total capital expenditures was primarily due to:
This was partially offset by:
The following table outlines capital expenditures and repair and maintenance costs for all of our communities, excluding real estate under development, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands except Per Home amounts):
Per Home
Year Ended December 31,
% Change
Turnover capital expenditures
19,230
17,595
9.3
348
323
7.7
Asset preservation expenditures
79,456
68,017
16.8
1,437
1,249
15.1
Total recurring capital expenditures
98,686
85,612
15.3
1,785
1,572
13.5
NOI enhancing improvements (a)
92,668
90,627
1,676
1,664
0.7
Major renovations (b)
51,441
123,324
(58.3)
930
2,264
(58.9)
Operations platform
3,715
4,144
(10.4)
(11.8)
Total capital expenditures (c)
246,510
303,707
(18.8)
4,458
5,576
(20.1)
Repair and maintenance expense
101,223
94,958
6.6
1,830
1,743
5.0
Average home count (d)
55,301
54,476
1.5
47
We intend to continue to selectively add NOI enhancing improvements, which we believe will provide a return on investment in excess of our cost of capital. Our objective in redeveloping a community is twofold: we aim to meaningfully grow rental rates while also achieving cap rate compression through asset quality improvement.
Consolidated Real Estate Under Development and Redevelopment
At December 31, 2024, the Company was not developing any communities although the Company is incurring and capitalizing costs directly related to predevelopment activities in preparation of future development commencements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company completed the development of two communities located in Tampa, Florida and Addison, Texas, with a total of 415 apartment homes.
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures and Partnerships
The Company recognizes income or losses from our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships consisting of our proportionate share of the net income or losses of the joint ventures and partnerships. In addition, we may earn fees for providing management services to the communities held by the unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships.
The Company’s Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, net, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. For the year ended December 31, 2024:
We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there may be an other-than-temporary decline in value. We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. The Company did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairments in the value of its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, other than the one preferred equity investment discussed above.
Financing Activities
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities was $(599.9) million and $(538.9) million, respectively.
The following significant financing activities occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024:
48
The following significant financing activities occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023:
Credit Facilities and Commercial Paper Program
The Company has a $1.3 billion Revolving Credit Facility and a $350.0 million Term Loan. The Credit Agreement for these facilities allows the total commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility and the total borrowings under the Term Loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.5 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from one or more lenders. In August 2024, the Company amended the Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options. The Revolving Credit Facility was previously set to mature on January 31, 2026, with two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2027. In August 2024, the Company amended the Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option, subject to certain conditions.
Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Revolving Credit Facility has an interest rate equal to Adjusted SOFR plus a margin of 77.5 basis points and a facility fee of 15 basis points, and the Term Loan has an interest rate equal to Adjusted SOFR plus a margin of 83.0 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin under the Revolving Credit Facility ranges from 70 to 140 basis points, the facility fee ranges from 10 to 30 basis points, and the margin under the Term Loan ranges from 75 to 160 basis points. Further, the Credit Agreement includes sustainability adjustments pursuant to which the applicable margin for the Term Loan may be reduced by up to two basis points contingent upon the Company receiving green building certifications, which is reflected in the margin noted above. In addition, the Credit Agreement allows for the Company in consultation with the sustainability structuring agent to propose key performance indicators with respect to certain environmental, social, and governance goals of the Company, and thresholds or targets with respect thereto, and a related amendment to the Credit Agreement, that if entered into may allow a change in the applicable margin for the Revolving Credit Facility of up to four basis points and a change in the applicable facility fee of up to one basis point.
As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, leaving $1.3 billion of unused capacity (excluding $3.4 million of letters of credit at December 31, 2024), and $350.0 million of outstanding borrowings under the Term Loan.
The Company has a working capital credit facility, which provides for a $75.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Working Capital Credit Facility”) with a scheduled maturity date of January 12, 2026. In December 2024, the Company extended the maturity date from January 12, 2025 to January 12, 2026. Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Working Capital Credit Facility has an interest rate equal to Adjusted SOFR plus a margin of 77.5 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin ranges from 70 to 140 basis points.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $9.4 million of outstanding borrowings under the Working Capital Credit Facility, leaving $65.6 million of unused capacity.
The bank revolving credit facilities and the term loan are subject to customary financial covenants and limitations, all of which we were in compliance with at December 31, 2024.
The Company has an unsecured commercial paper program. Under the terms of the program, the Company may issue unsecured commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate amount outstanding of $700.0 million. The notes are sold under customary terms in the United States commercial paper market and rank pari passu with all of the Company’s other unsecured indebtedness. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2024, we had issued $289.9 million of commercial paper, for one month terms, at a weighted average annualized rate of 4.7%, leaving $410.1 million of unused capacity.
49
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk associated with variable rate notes payable and maturing debt that has to be refinanced. We do not hold financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes, but rather issue these financial instruments to finance our portfolio of real estate assets and operations. Interest rate sensitivity is the relationship between changes in market interest rates and the fair value of market rate sensitive assets and liabilities. Our earnings are affected as changes in short-term interest rates impact our cost of variable rate debt and maturing fixed rate debt. We had $501.3 million in variable rate debt that is not subject to interest rate swap contracts as of December 31, 2024. If market interest rates for variable rate debt increased by 100 basis points, our interest expense would increase by $6.1 million based on the average balance outstanding during the year.
These amounts are determined by considering the impact of hypothetical interest rates on our borrowing cost. This analysis does not consider the effects of the adjusted level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment or actions we may take to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, due to the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no change in our financial structure.
The Company also utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk and generally designates these financial instruments as cash flow hedges. See Note 14, Derivatives and Hedging Activities, in the Notes to the UDR Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report for additional discussion of derivative instruments.
A presentation of cash flow metrics based on GAAP is as follows (dollars in thousands):
Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities
876,848
832,664
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities
(276,351)
(289,138)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities
(599,936)
(538,854)
Results of Operations
The following discussion explains the changes in results of operations that are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Net Income/(Loss) Attributable to Common Stockholders
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders was $84.8 million ($0.26 per diluted share) for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $439.5 million ($1.34 per diluted share) for the prior year. The decrease resulted primarily from the following items, all of which are discussed in further detail elsewhere within this Report:
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Apartment Community Operations
Our net income results are primarily from NOI generated from the operation of our apartment communities. The Company defines NOI, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, as rental income less direct property rental expenses. Rental income represents gross market rent less adjustments for concessions, vacancy loss and bad debt. Rental expenses include real estate taxes, insurance, personnel, utilities, repairs and maintenance, administrative and marketing. Excluded from NOI is property management expense, which is calculated as 3.25% of property revenue, and land rent. Property management expense covers costs directly related to consolidated property operations, inclusive of corporate management, regional supervision, accounting and other costs.
Management considers NOI a useful metric for investors as it is a more meaningful representation of a community’s continuing operating performance than net income as it is prior to corporate-level expense allocations, general and administrative costs, capital structure and depreciation and amortization.
Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes several income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc. below.
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The following table summarizes the operating performance of our total property NOI for each of the periods presented (dollars in thousands):
December 31, (a)
Same-Store Communities:
Same-Store rental income
1,524,774
1,490,070
Same-Store operating expense (b)
(472,386)
(452,943)
Same-Store NOI
1,037,127
Non-Mature Communities/Other NOI:
Stabilized, non-mature communities NOI (c)
50,869
26,654
90.8
Development communities NOI
1,888
(372)
NM
*
Non-residential/other NOI (d)
20,793
15,669
32.7
Sold and held for disposition communities NOI
12,885
35,692
(63.9)
Total Non-Mature Communities/Other NOI
86,435
77,643
11.3
Total property NOI
1,114,770
2.2
Not meaningful
The following table is our reconciliation of Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc. to total property NOI for each of the periods presented (dollars in thousands):
Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.
89,585
444,353
Joint venture management and other fees
(8,317)
(6,843)
Property management
54,065
52,671
Other operating expenses
30,416
20,222
676,068
676,419
General and administrative
84,305
69,929
Casualty-related charges/(recoveries), net
15,179
3,138
Other depreciation and amortization
19,405
15,419
(Gain)/loss on sale of real estate owned
(16,867)
(351,193)
(Income)/loss from unconsolidated entities
(20,235)
(4,693)
Interest expense
195,712
180,866
Interest income and other (income)/expense, net
12,336
(17,759)
Tax provision/(benefit), net
879
2,106
Net income/(loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership
6,246
30,104
Net income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
Our Same-Store Community properties (those acquired, developed, and stabilized prior to January 1, 2023 and held on December 31, 2024) consisted of 51,428 apartment homes and provided 92.4% of our total NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024.
NOI for our Same-Store Community properties increased 1.5%, or $15.3 million, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The increase in property NOI was attributable to a 2.3%, or $34.7 million, increase in property rental income, which was partially offset by a 4.3%, or $19.4 million, increase in operating expenses. The increase in property rental income was primarily driven by a 1.5%, or $21.6 million, increase in
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rental rates, and an 8.3%, or $13.4 million, increase in reimbursement and ancillary and fee income. Weighted average physical occupancy increased by 0.1% to 96.8% and total monthly income per occupied home increased 2.2% to $2,554.
The increase in operating expenses was primarily driven by an 11.0%, or $6.7 million, increase in personnel costs primarily due to annual market increases and a refundable payroll tax credit related to the Employee Retention Credit program in 2023, a 5.1%, or $4.6 million, increase in repair and maintenance expense due to an increase in the cost per home of those that were turned during the year, the impact of inflation on third party vendor costs and weather-related events, a 12.6%, or $3.8 million, increase in administration and marketing primarily due to the cost for providing property-wide Wi-Fi, and a 1.8%, or $3.3 million, increase in real estate taxes due to higher assessed valuations.
The operating margin (property net operating income divided by property rental income) was 69.0% and 69.6% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Non-Mature Communities/Other
UDR’s Non-Mature Communities/Other represent those communities that do not meet the criteria to be included in Same-Store Communities, which include communities recently developed or acquired, redevelopment properties, sold or held for disposition properties, and non-apartment components of mixed use properties.
The remaining 7.6%, or $86.4 million, of our total NOI during the year ended December 31, 2024 was generated from our Non-Mature Communities/Other. NOI from Non-Mature Communities/Other increased by 11.3%, or $8.8 million, for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to a $24.2 million increase in NOI from stabilized, non-mature communities, primarily due to development communities completed becoming stabilized and communities acquired in 2023 being owned for the full year, and a $5.1 million increase in non-residential/other NOI primarily due to higher retail tenant rents, partially offset by a $22.8 million decrease in sold and held for disposition communities NOI due to the sale of an operating community and two operating communities being held for disposition during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the sale of one operating community, one operating community held for disposition during the year ended December 31, 2023, and the partial sale of four operating communities in 2023.
Gain/(Loss) on Sale of Real Estate Owned
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a gain of $16.9 million from the sale of one operating community located in Arlington, Virginia.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a gain of $351.2 million from the partial sale of four operating communities located in various markets and the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon.
Interest income and other income/(expense)
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized interest income and other income/(expense), net of $(12.3) million and $17.8 million, respectively. The decrease of $30.1 million was primarily due to a $37.3 million non-cash loan reserve related to one of the Company’s joint venture loan investments during the year end December 31, 2024, which was due to the Company’s assessment of the borrower’s ability to make future scheduled payments on the senior loan and a decrease in the value of the operating community, partially offset by a $9.7 million increase in interest income from our notes receivables primarily due to higher outstanding balances during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared the same period in 2023.
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For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized interest expense of $195.7 million and $180.9 million, respectively. The increase in 2024 as compared to 2023 was primarily due to higher overall debt balances during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared the same period in 2023.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized general and administrative expense of $84.3 million and $69.9 million, respectively. The increase of $14.4 million was primarily attributable to severance benefits associated with the retirement of an executive officer and the reorganization of certain departments, higher incentive and bonus accruals primarily driven by better Company performance, and annual market increases for personnel compensation during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized casualty-related charges/(recoveries), net of $15.2 million and $3.1 million, respectively. The increase of $12.0 million was primarily attributable to an increase in claim charges due to severe weather events and a decrease in insurance recoveries during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized other operating expenses of $30.4 million and $20.2 million, respectively. The increase of $10.2 million was primarily attributable to an increase in legal-related expenses and political contributions during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023.
Noncontrolling Interest
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership of $6.2 million and $30.1 million, respectively. The decrease in 2024 as compared to 2023 was primarily attributed to the noncontrolling interests’ share of a gain from the sale of an operating community in Arlington, Virginia during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the noncontrolling interests’ share of the gains from the partial sale of four operating communities located in various markets and a gain form the sale of an operating community located in Hillsboro, Oregon during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Income/(Loss) from Unconsolidated Entities
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities of $20.2 million, which was primarily due to net income from our operating joint ventures and preferred equity investments, partially offset by an $8.1 million non-cash impairment loss on one of the Company’s preferred equity investments.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities of $4.7 million, which was primarily due to net income from our operating joint ventures and preferred equity investments, partially offset by a $24.3 million loss on consolidation of one of our preferred equity investments.
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Funds from Operations, Funds from Operations as Adjusted, and Adjusted Funds from Operations
Funds from Operations
Funds from operations (“FFO”) attributable to common stockholders and unitholders is defined as Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate related to the main business of the Company or of investments in non-consolidated investees that are directly attributable to decreases in the fair value of depreciable real estate held by the investee, gains and losses from sales of depreciable real estate related to the main business of the Company and income taxes directly associated with those gains and losses, plus real estate depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for noncontrolling interests, and the Company’s share of unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. This definition conforms with the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trust’s (“Nareit”) definition issued in April 2002 and restated in November 2018. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered the presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting to be insufficient by themselves. Thus, Nareit created FFO as a supplemental measure of a REIT’s operating performance. In the computation of diluted FFO, if OP Units, DownREIT Units, unvested restricted stock, unvested LTIP Units, stock options, and the shares of Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock are dilutive, they are included in the diluted share count.
Management considers FFO a useful metric for investors as the Company uses FFO in evaluating property acquisitions and its operating performance, and believes that FFO should be considered along with, but not as an alternative to, net income and cash flow as a measure of the Company’s activities in accordance with GAAP. FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and is not necessarily indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs.
Funds from Operations as Adjusted
FFO as Adjusted (“FFOA”) attributable to common stockholders and unitholders is defined as FFO excluding the impact of non-comparable items including, but not limited to, acquisition-related costs, prepayment costs/benefits associated with early debt retirement, impairment write-downs or gains and losses on sales of real estate or other assets incidental to the main business of the Company and income taxes directly associated with those gains and losses, casualty-related expenses and recoveries, severance costs and legal and other costs.
Management believes that FFOA is useful supplemental information regarding our operating performance as it provides a consistent comparison of our operating performance across time periods and enables investors to more easily compare our operating results with other REITs. FFOA is not intended to represent cash flow or liquidity for the period, and is only intended to provide an additional measure of our operating performance. We believe that Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to FFOA. However, other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating FFOA or similar FFO measures and, accordingly, our FFOA may not always be comparable to FFOA or similar FFO measures calculated by other REITs. FFOA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) as an indication of financial performance, or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of our liquidity.
Adjusted Funds from Operations
Adjusted FFO (“AFFO”) attributable to common stockholders and unitholders is defined as FFOA less recurring capital expenditures on consolidated communities that are necessary to help preserve the value of and maintain functionality at our communities. Therefore, management considers AFFO a useful supplemental performance metric for investors as it is more indicative of the Company’s operational performance than FFO or FFOA.
AFFO is not intended to represent cash flow or liquidity for the period, and is only intended to provide an additional measure of our operating performance. We believe that Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to AFFO. Management believes that AFFO is a widely recognized measure of the operations of REITs, and presenting AFFO enables investors to assess our performance in comparison to other REITs. However, other REITs may use different methodologies for calculating AFFO and, accordingly, our AFFO may not always be comparable to AFFO calculated by other REITs. AFFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income/(loss) (determined in accordance with GAAP) as an indication of
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financial performance, or as an alternative to cash flow from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of our liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make distributions.
The following table outlines our reconciliation of Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders to FFO, FFOA, and AFFO for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (dollars in thousands):
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders
84,750
439,505
82,512
665,228
Noncontrolling interests
6,292
30,135
5,655
Real estate depreciation and amortization on unconsolidated joint ventures
53,727
42,622
30,062
Impairment loss from unconsolidated joint ventures
8,083
Net (gain)/loss on consolidation
24,257
Net gain on the sale of depreciable real estate owned, net of tax
(349,993)
(25,494)
FFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders, basic
812,053
862,945
757,963
Distributions to preferred stockholders — Series E (Convertible)
4,835
4,848
4,412
FFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders, diluted
816,888
867,793
762,375
Income/(loss) per weighted average common share, diluted
0.26
1.34
FFO per weighted average common share and unit, basic
2.30
2.46
2.21
FFO per weighted average common share and unit, diluted
2.29
2.45
2.20
Weighted average number of common shares and OP/DownREIT Units outstanding — basic
353,283
351,175
343,149
Weighted average number of common shares, OP/DownREIT Units, and common stock equivalents outstanding — diluted
356,957
354,422
347,094
Impact of adjustments to FFO:
Variable upside participation on preferred equity investment, net
(204)
(10,622)
Legal and other costs
13,315
2,869
1,493
Realized and unrealized (gain)/loss on real estate technology investments, net of tax
(8,019)
(3,051)
45,671
Severance costs
10,556
4,164
441
Provision for loan loss (a)
37,271
9,733
Total impact of adjustments to FFO
68,302
6,916
46,716
FFOA attributable to common stockholders and unitholders, diluted
885,190
874,709
809,091
FFOA per weighted average common share and unit, diluted
2.48
2.47
2.33
Recurring capital expenditures, inclusive of unconsolidated joint ventures
(105,116)
(90,917)
(77,710)
AFFO attributable to common stockholders and unitholders, diluted
780,074
783,792
731,381
AFFO per weighted average common share and unit, diluted
2.19
2.11
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The following table is our reconciliation of FFO share information to weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted, reflected on the UDR Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (shares in thousands):
Weighted average number of OP/DownREIT Units outstanding
(23,993)
(22,410)
(21,478)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding — basic per the Consolidated Statements of Operations
329,290
328,765
321,671
Weighted average number of Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred shares outstanding
(2,848)
(2,908)
(2,916)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding — diluted per the Consolidated Statements of Operations
330,116
329,104
322,700
Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Information required by this item is included in and incorporated by reference from Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Report.
Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The consolidated financial statements and related financial information required to be filed are attached to this Report. Reference is made to page F-1 of this Report for the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule of UDR, Inc.
Report of independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB 00042); Ernst & Young LLP, Denver Colorado.
Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The disclosure controls and procedures of the Company are designed with the objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and disclosed within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
It should be noted that the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote. As a result, our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that such disclosure controls and procedures will meet their objectives.
As of December 31, 2024, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company of the effectiveness of the design and operation of
the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company. Based on this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company are effective at the reasonable assurance level described above.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Company. Under the supervision and with the participation of the management, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (2013 Framework) (COSO). Based on such evaluation, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our consolidated financial statements included in this Report, has audited UDR, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. The report of Ernst & Young LLP, which expresses an unqualified opinion on UDR, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, is included under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” of UDR, Inc. contained in this Report.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the fourth fiscal quarter to which this Report relates that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of the Company.
Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
During the three months ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURSIDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information concerning our directors, executive officers and corporate governance required by Item 10 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
We have a code of ethics for senior financial officers that applies to our principal executive officer, all members of our finance staff, including the principal financial officer, the principal accounting officer, the treasurer and the controller, our director of investor relations, our corporate secretary, and all other Company officers. We also have a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our employees. Information regarding our codes is available on our website, www.udr.com, and is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the heading “Corporate Governance Matters” in our definitive proxy statement for UDR’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or a waiver from, a provision of our codes by posting such amendment or waiver on our website.
The Company has an insider trading policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of the Company's securities that applies to all Company's directors, officers, other covered persons and the Company itself. The Company believes that its insider trading policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to the Company. A copy of the Company's insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K.
Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information concerning our executive compensation required by Item 11 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information concerning the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters (including equity compensation plan information) required by Item 12 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information concerning certain relationships, related transactions and director independence required by Item 13 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information concerning our principal accounting fees and services required by Item 14 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following documents are filed as part of this Report:
1. Financial Statements. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules of UDR, Inc. on page F-1 of this Report.
2. Financial Statement Schedules. See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedules of UDR, Inc. on page S-1 of this Report. All other schedules are omitted because they are not required, are inapplicable, or the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits. The exhibits filed with this Report are set forth in the Exhibit Index appearing immediately below.
EXHIBIT INDEX
The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Report. References under the caption “Location” to exhibits or other filings indicate that the exhibit or other filing has been filed, that the indexed exhibit and the exhibit referred to are the same and that the exhibit referred to is incorporated by reference. Management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements filed as exhibits to this Report are identified by an asterisk. The Commission file number for UDR, Inc.’s Exchange Act filings referenced below is 1-10524.
Exhibit
Description
Location
2.01
Partnership Interest Purchase and Exchange Agreement dated as of September 10, 1998, by and between UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., American Apartment Communities Operating Partnership, L.P., AAC Management LLC, Schnitzer Investment Corp., Fox Point Ltd. and James D. Klingbeil including as an exhibit thereto the proposed form of the Third Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of United Dominion Realty, L.P.
Exhibit 2(d) to UDR, Inc.’s Form S-3 Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-64281) filed with the Commission on September 25, 1998.
2.02
Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of August 13, 2004, by and between United Dominion Realty, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, as Buyer, and Essex The Crest, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex El Encanto Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex Hunt Club Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, and the other signatories named as Sellers therein.
Exhibit 2.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 28, 2004 and filed with the Commission on September 29, 2004.
2.03
First Amendment to Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of September 29, 2004, by and between United Dominion Realty, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, as Buyer, and Essex The Crest, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex El Encanto Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex Hunt Club Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, and the other signatories named as Sellers therein.
Exhibit 2.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 29, 2004 and filed with the Commission on October 5, 2004.
2.04
Second Amendment to Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of October 26, 2004, by and between United Dominion Realty, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, as Buyer, and Essex The Crest, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex El Encanto Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, Essex Hunt Club Apartments, L.P., a California limited partnership, and the other signatories named as Sellers therein.
Exhibit 2.3 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A dated September 29, 2004 and filed with the Commission on November 1, 2004.
2.05
Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of January 23, 2008, by and between UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., UDR Texas Properties LLC, UDR Western Residential, Inc., UDR South Carolina Trust, UDR Ohio Properties, LLC, UDR of Tennessee, L.P., UDR of NC, Limited Partnership, Heritage Communities L.P., Governour’s Square of Columbus Co., Fountainhead Apartments Limited Partnership, AAC Vancouver I, L.P., AAC Funding Partnership III, AAC Funding Partnership II and DRA Fund VI LLC.
Exhibit 2.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 23, 2008 and filed with the Commission on January 29, 2008.
2.06
First Amendment to Agreement of Purchase and Sale dated as of February 14, 2008, by and between UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., UDR Texas Properties LLC, UDR Western Residential, Inc., UDR South Carolina Trust, UDR Ohio Properties, LLC, UDR of Tennessee, L.P., UDR of NC, Limited Partnership, Heritage Communities L.P., Governour’s Square of Columbus Co., Fountainhead Apartments Limited Partnership, AAC Vancouver I, L.P., AAC Funding Partnership III, AAC Funding Partnership II and DRA Fund VI LLC.
Exhibit 2.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A dated March 3, 2008 and filed with the Commission on May 2, 2008.
2.07
Contribution Agreement by and among Home Properties, L.P., UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P. and LSREF 4 Lighthouse Acquisitions, LLC, dated June 22, 2015 (UDR, Inc. and United Dominion Realty, L.P. have omitted certain schedules and exhibits pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K and shall furnish supplementally to the Commission copies of any of the omitted schedules and exhibits upon request by the Commission.)
Exhibit 2.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on June 22, 2015.
2.08
Amendment Agreement, dated as of August 27, 2015, by and among UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., Home Properties, Inc., Home Properties, L.P., LSREF4 Lighthouse Acquisitions, LLC LSREF4 Lighthouse Corporate Acquisitions, LLC and LSREF4 Lighthouse Operating Acquisitions, LLC.
Exhibit 2.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015.
3.01
Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc.
Exhibit 3.09 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 27, 2005 and filed with the Commission on August 1, 2005.
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3.02
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc. dated and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on March 14, 2007.
Exhibit 3.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 14, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 15, 2007.
3.03
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc. dated August 30, 2011 and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on August 31, 2011.
Exhibit 3.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 29, 2011 and filed with the Commission on September 1, 2011.
3.04
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc. dated and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on May 24, 2018.
Exhibit 3.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 24, 2018 and filed with the SEC on May 29, 2018.
3.05
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Restatement of UDR, Inc. dated and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on July 27, 2021.
Exhibit 3.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 29, 2021 and filed with the SEC on July 29, 2021.
3.06
Articles Supplementary relating to UDR, Inc.’s 6.75% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock dated and filed with the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of the State of Maryland on May 30, 2007.
Exhibit 3.4 to UDR, Inc.’s Form 8-A Registration Statement dated and filed with the Commission on May 30, 2007.
3.07
Amended and Restated Bylaws of UDR, Inc. (as amended through May 24, 2018).
Exhibit 3.6 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018.
4.01
Form of UDR, Inc. Common Stock Certificate.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 14, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 15, 2007.
4.02
Senior Indenture dated as of November 1, 1995, by and between UDR, Inc. and First Union National Bank of Virginia, N.A., as trustee.
Exhibit 4(ii)(h)(1) to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996.
4.03
Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 11, 2003, by and between UDR, Inc. and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as trustee.
Exhibit 4.03 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 17, 2004 and filed with the Commission on June 18, 2004.
4.04
Subordinated Indenture dated as of August 1, 1994 by and between UDR, Inc. and Crestar Bank, as trustee.
Exhibit 4(i)(m) to UDR, Inc.’s Form S-3 Registration Statement (Registration No. 33-64725) filed with the Commission on November 15, 1995.
4.05
Form of UDR, Inc. Senior Debt Security.
Exhibit 4(i)(n) to UDR, Inc.’s Form S-3 Registration Statement (Registration No. 33-64725) filed with the Commission on November 15, 1995.
4.06
Form of UDR, Inc. Subordinated Debt Security.
Exhibit 4(i)(p) to UDR, Inc.’s Form S-3 Registration Statement (Registration No. 33-55159) filed with the Commission on August 19, 1994.
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4.07
Form of UDR, Inc. Fixed Rate Medium-Term Note, Series A.
Exhibit 4.01 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 20, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 22, 2007.
4.08
Form of UDR, Inc. Floating Rate Medium-Term Note, Series A.
Exhibit 4.02 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 20, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 22, 2007.
4.09
Indenture dated as of April 1, 1994, by and between UDR, Inc. and Nationsbank of Virginia, N.A., as trustee.
Exhibit 4(ii)(f)(1) to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1994.
4.10
Supplemental Indenture dated as of August 20, 2009, by and between UDR, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, to UDR, Inc.’s Indenture dated as of April 1, 1994.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 20, 2009 and filed with the Commission on August 21, 2009.
4.11
Guaranty of United Dominion Realty, L.P. with respect to UDR, Inc.’s Indenture dated as of November 1, 1995.
Exhibit 99.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on September 30, 2010.
4.12
Guaranty of United Dominion Realty, L.P. with respect to UDR, Inc.’s Indenture dated as of October 12, 2006.
Exhibit 99.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on September 30, 2010.
4.13
First Supplemental Indenture among UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, dated as of May 3, 2011, relating to UDR, Inc.’s Medium-Term Notes, Series A, due Nine Months or More from Date of Issue.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on May 4, 2011.
4.14
UDR, Inc. 2.950% Medium-Term Note, Series A due September 2026, issued August 23, 2016.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016.
4.15
UDR, Inc. 3.500% Medium-Term Note, Series A due July 2027, issued June 16, 2017.
Exhibit 10.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2017.
4.16
UDR, Inc. 3.500% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2028, issued December 13, 2017.
Exhibit 4.21 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
4.17
UDR, Inc. 4.400% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2029, issued October 26, 2018.
Exhibit 4.21 to UDR, Inc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
4.18
UDR, Inc. 3.200% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2030, issued July 2, 2019.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019.
4.19
UDR, Inc. 3.000% Medium-Term Note, Series A due August 2031, issued August 15, 2019.
Exhibit 4.2 to UDR, Inc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019.
63
4.20
UDR, Inc. 3.100% Medium-Term Note, Series A due November 2034, issued October 11, 2019.
Exhibit 4.22 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
4.21
UDR, Inc. 3.200% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2030, issued October 11, 2019.
Exhibit 4.23 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
4.22
Description of UDR, Inc’s Securities.
Exhibit 4.22 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
4.23
UDR, Inc. 3.200% Medium-Term Note, Series A due January 2030, issued February 28, 2020.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020.
4.24
UDR, Inc. 2.100% Medium-Term Note, Series A due August 2032, issued July 21, 2020.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020.
4.25
UDR, Inc. 1.900% Medium-Term Note, Series A due March 2033, issued December 14, 2020.
Exhibit 4.26 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
4.26
UDR, Inc. 2.100% Medium-Term Note, Series A due June 2033, issued February 26, 2021.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021.
4.27
UDR, Inc. 3.000% Medium-Term Note, Series A due August 2031, issued September 24, 2021.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021.
4.28
UDR, Inc. 5.125% Medium-Term Note, Series A due September 1, 2034, issued August 15, 2024.
Exhibit 4.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024.
10.01*
UDR, Inc. 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended and restated February 19, 2024).
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
10.02*
Form of UDR, Inc. Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
Exhibit 10.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
10.03*
Form of UDR, Inc. Restricted Stock Award Agreement for awards outside of the 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan.
Exhibit 99.3 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 19, 2007 and filed with the Commission on March 19, 2007.
10.04*
Description of UDR, Inc. Shareholder Value Plan.
Exhibit 10(x) to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999.
10.05*
Description of UDR, Inc. Executive Deferral Plan.
Exhibit 10(xi) to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999.
64
10.06*
Indemnification Agreement by and between UDR, Inc. and each of its directors and officers listed on Schedule A thereto.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021.
10.07
Subordination Agreement dated as of April 16, 1998, by and between UDR, Inc. and United Dominion Realty, L.P.
Exhibit 10(vi)(a) to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1998.
10.08
Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement among UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., as Guarantor, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agents, dated September 1, 2011, with respect to the issue and sale by UDR, Inc. of its Medium-Term Notes, Series A Due Nine Months or More From Date of Issue.
Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on September 1, 2011.
10.09
Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 15, 2021, by and among UDR, Inc., as borrower, and the lenders and agents party thereto.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2021 and filed with the SEC on September 15, 2021.
10.10
First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 19, 2022, by and among UDR, Inc., as borrower, and the lenders and agents party thereto.
Exhibit 10.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022.
10.11
Second Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of August 14, 2024, by and among UDR, Inc., as borrower, and the lenders and agents party thereto.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 14, 2024 and filed with the Commission on August 19, 2024.
10.12
Guaranty of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of September 15, 2021, with respect to the Credit Agreement, dated as of September 15, 2021.
Exhibit 10.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 15, 2021 and filed with the SEC on September 15, 2021.
10.13
Amended and Restated Aircraft Time Sharing Agreement dated as of February 18, 2019, by and between UDR, Inc. and Thomas W. Toomey.
Exhibit 10.15 to UDR, Inc’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
10.14
Amendment No. 1, dated July 29, 2014, to the Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement among UDR, Inc., United Dominion Realty, L.P., as Guarantor, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agents, dated September 1, 2011, with respect to the issue and sale by UDR, Inc. of its Medium-Term Notes, Series A Due Nine Months or More From Date of Issue.
Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 29, 2014 and filed with the Commission on July 31, 2014.
10.15
Agreement of Limited Partnership of UDR Lighthouse DownREIT L.P., dated as of October 5, 2015, as amended.
Exhibit 10.21 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
65
10.16*
Class 1 LTIP Unit Award Agreement.
Exhibit 10.22 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.
10.17*
Notice of Class 2 LTIP Unit Award.
Exhibit 10.16 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
10.18*
Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award.
Exhibit 10.17 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
10.19
Amendment No. 2, dated April 27, 2017, to the Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement, dated September 1, 2011 and as amended July 29, 2014, among the Company and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Agents, with respect to the issue and sale by UDR, Inc. of its Medium Term Notes, Series A Due Nine Months or More From Date of Issue.
Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 27, 2017 and filed with the Commission on April 27, 2017.
10.20*
Letter Agreement, between UDR, Inc. and Warren L. Troupe (including the related release agreement and consulting agreement as exhibits thereto), dated December 31, 2019.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 31, 2019 and filed with the Commission on January 3, 2020.
10.21*
Letter Agreement, between UDR, Inc. and Jerry A. Davis (including the related release agreement and Consulting Agreement as exhibits thereto), dated December 16, 2020.
Exhibit 10.2 to UDR Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on December 16, 2020.
10.22
Amendment No. 3, dated May 7, 2020, to the Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement, dated September 1, 2011 and as amended July 29, 2014 and April 27, 2017.
Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on May 7, 2020.
10.23
Amendment No. 4, dated February 14, 2023, to the Third Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement, dated September 1, 2011 and as amended July 29, 2014, April 27, 2017 and May 7, 2020.
Exhibit 1.2 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on February 14, 2023.
10.24*
Class 1 Performance LTIP Unit Award Agreement.
Exhibit 10.22 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
10.25*
Class 2 Performance LTIP Unit Award Agreement.
Exhibit 10.23 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
10.26*
Class 2 Performance LTIP Unit Award Agreement, STI.
Exhibit 10.24 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.
66
10.27
Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of February 23, 2004.
Exhibit 10.23 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003.
10.28
First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of June 24, 2005.
Exhibit 10.06 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2005.
10.29
Second Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of February 23, 2006.
Exhibit 10.6 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2006.
10.30
Third Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of February 2, 2007.
Exhibit 99.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009.
10.31
Fourth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of December 27, 2007.
Exhibit 10.25 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007.
10.32
Fifth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of March 7, 2008.
Exhibit 10.53 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.
10.33
Sixth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P. dated as of December 9, 2008.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 9, 2008 and filed with the Commission on December 10, 2008.
10.34
Seventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of March 13, 2009.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 18, 2009 and filed with the Commission on March 19, 2009.
10.35
Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of November 17, 2010.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on November 18, 2010.
10.36
Ninth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of December 4, 2015.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 4, 2015 and filed with the Commission on December 10, 2015.
10.37
Tenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of October 29, 2018.
Exhibit 3.18 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018.
10.38
Eleventh Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of December 16, 2020.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on December 16, 2020.
10.39
Twelfth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of United Dominion Realty, L.P., dated as of July 25, 2022.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2022.
10.40*
Form of UDR, Inc. Stock Option Agreement.
Exhibit 10.37 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.
10.41*
Executive Agreement by and between UDR, Inc. and Thomas W. Toomey, dated February 15, 2024.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 15, 2024 and filed with the Commission on February 20, 2024.
10.42*
Letter Agreement by and between UDR, Inc. and Harry G. Alcock, dated March 14, 2024.
Exhibit 10.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated and filed with the Commission on March 14, 2024.
Amended and Restated Insider Trading Compliance Program.
Filed herewith.
Subsidiaries of UDR, Inc.
List of Guarantor Subsidiaries of UDR, Inc.
Exhibit 22.1 to UDR Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024.
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for UDR, Inc.
31.1
Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of UDR, Inc.
31.2
Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of UDR, Inc.
32.1
Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer of UDR, Inc.
32.2
Section 1350 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer of UDR, Inc.
UDR, Inc. Recoupment Policy.
Exhibit 97.1 to UDR, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
101
Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) consolidated balance sheets of UDR, Inc., (ii) consolidated statements of operations of UDR, Inc., (iii) consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss) of UDR, Inc., (iv) consolidated statements of changes in equity of UDR, Inc., (v) consolidated statements of cash flows of UDR, Inc., and (vi) notes to consolidated financial statements of UDR, Inc. The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
104
Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement
68
Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: February 18, 2025
By:
/s/ Thomas W. Toomey
Thomas W. Toomey
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below on February 18, 2025 by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.
/s/ Katherine A. Cattanach
Katherine A. Cattanach
Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Director
/s/ Joseph D. Fisher
/s/ Jon A. Grove
Joseph D. Fisher
Jon A. Grove
President, Chief Investment Officer, and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Tracy L. Hofmeister
/s/ Mary Ann King
Tracy L. Hofmeister
Mary Ann King
Senior Vice President – Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ James D. Klingbeil
/s/ Clint D. McDonnough
James D. Klingbeil
Clint D. McDonnough
Lead Independent Director
/s/ Robert A. McNamara
Robert A. McNamara
/s/ Diane M. Morefield
Diane M. Morefield
/s/ Kevin C. Nickelberry
Kevin C. Nickelberry
/s/ Mark R. Patterson
Mark R. Patterson
70
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULE
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FILED AS PART OF THIS REPORT
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023
F-5
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
F-7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022
F-9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
F-11
SCHEDULES FILED AS PART OF THIS REPORT
Schedule III- Summary of Real Estate Owned
S-1
All other schedules are omitted since the required information is not present or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of UDR, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of UDR, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income/(loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 18, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Indicators of Impairment of Real Estate Owned and Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Description of the Matter
At December 31, 2024, the Company’s real estate owned, net and investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net were approximately $9.3 billion and $917.5 million, respectively. As more fully described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company periodically evaluates these assets for indicators of impairment, and this includes, among other things, judgments based on factors such as operational performance, market conditions, the Company’s intent and ability to hold each asset, as well as any significant cost overruns on development or redevelopment communities. During 2024, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $8.1 million related to
F - 2
its investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net that it deemed to be other-than-temporary. The Company did not recognize an impairment loss related to real estate owned, net.
Auditing the Company’s evaluation for indicators of impairment was complex due to a high degree of subjectivity in the identification of events or changes in circumstances that may indicate an impairment of its real estate owned or that the value of its investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures may be other than temporarily impaired. Differences or changes in these judgments could have a material impact on the Company’s analysis.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We tested the Company’s internal controls over the asset impairment evaluation process. This included testing controls over management’s determination and review of the considerations used in the impairment indicator analysis.
Our procedures with regards to the Company’s evaluation for indicators of impairment included, among others, testing the completeness and accuracy of management’s impairment analysis and evaluating management’s judgments determining whether indicators of impairment were present. For example, we performed inquires of management, considered historical operating results and the current market conditions, performed an independent assessment using both internally and externally available information, read the minutes of the meetings of the Board of Directors, and reviewed the Company’s development and redevelopment costs.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since at least 1984, but we are unable to determine the specific year.
Denver, Colorado
February 18, 2025
F - 3
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited UDR, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, UDR, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income/(loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes, and the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated February 18, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
F - 4
UDR, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share data)
ASSETS
Real estate owned:
Real estate held for investment
15,757,456
Less: accumulated depreciation
(6,836,920)
(6,242,686)
Real estate held for investment, net
9,157,874
9,514,770
Real estate under development (net of accumulated depreciation of $0 and $184, respectively)
160,220
Real estate held for disposition (net of accumulated depreciation of $64,106 and $24,960, respectively)
154,463
81,039
Total real estate owned, net of accumulated depreciation
9,756,029
1,326
2,922
Restricted cash
34,101
31,944
Notes receivable, net
247,849
228,825
Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net
917,483
952,934
186,997
190,619
197,493
209,969
10,897,586
11,373,242
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Liabilities:
1,277,713
Unsecured debt, net
4,687,634
4,520,996
182,275
185,836
Real estate taxes payable
46,403
47,107
Accrued interest payable
52,631
47,710
Security deposits and prepaid rent
61,592
50,528
Distributions payable
151,720
149,600
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities
115,105
141,311
6,436,691
6,420,801
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership
1,017,355
961,087
Equity:
Preferred stock, no par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
8.00% Series E Cumulative Convertible; 2,600,678 and 2,686,308 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
43,192
44,614
Series F; 10,424,485 and 11,867,730 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 450,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
330,858,719 and 329,014,512 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
3,309
3,290
Additional paid-in capital
7,572,480
7,493,217
Distributions in excess of net income
(4,179,415)
(3,554,892)
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net
3,638
4,914
Total stockholders’ equity
3,443,205
3,991,144
335
210
Total equity
3,443,540
3,991,354
Total liabilities and equity
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F - 5
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
REVENUES:
Rental income
1,663,525
1,620,658
1,512,364
8,317
6,843
5,022
Total revenues
1,671,842
1,627,501
1,517,386
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Property operating and maintenance
292,572
273,736
250,310
Real estate taxes and insurance
232,130
232,152
221,662
49,152
17,493
64,144
14,344
Total operating expenses
1,404,140
1,343,686
1,292,066
Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned
16,867
351,193
25,494
Operating income
284,569
635,008
250,814
Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities
20,235
4,693
4,947
(195,712)
(180,866)
(155,900)
Interest income and other income/(expense), net
(12,336)
17,759
(6,933)
Income/(loss) before income taxes
96,756
476,594
92,928
Tax (provision)/benefit, net
(879)
(2,106)
(349)
95,877
474,488
92,579
Net (income)/loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership
(6,246)
(30,104)
(5,613)
Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests
(46)
(31)
(42)
86,924
(4,835)
(4,848)
(4,412)
Income/(loss) per weighted average common share:
Basic
Diluted
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
F - 6
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS)
(In thousands)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), including portion attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Other comprehensive income/(loss) - derivative instruments:
Unrealized holding gain/(loss)
5,988
3,872
14,489
(Gain)/loss reclassified into earnings from other comprehensive income/(loss)
(7,333)
(7,533)
(998)
Other comprehensive income/(loss), including portion attributable to noncontrolling interests
(1,345)
(3,661)
13,491
Comprehensive income/(loss)
94,532
470,827
106,070
Comprehensive (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests
(6,223)
(29,904)
(6,541)
Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc.
88,309
440,923
99,529
F - 7
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
Distributions
Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Preferred
Common
Paid-in
in Excess of
Income/(Loss),
Noncontrolling
Stock
Capital
Net Income
net
Interests
Balance at December 31, 2021
44,765
3,181
6,884,269
(3,485,080)
(4,261)
31,430
3,474,304
Long Term Incentive Plan Unit grants/(vestings), net
(31,220)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)
12,605
Issuance/(forfeiture) of common and restricted shares, net
4,847
Issuance of common shares through public offering, net
115
629,437
629,552
Conversion of Series E Cumulative Convertible shares
(150)
149
Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership
23,737
23,741
Common stock distributions declared ($1.52 per share)
(493,312)
Repurchase of common shares
(12)
(49,016)
(49,028)
Preferred stock distributions declared-Series E ($1.6456 per share)
Adjustment to reflect redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests
444,293
Balance at December 31, 2022
44,615
7,493,423
(3,451,587)
8,344
4,098,295
(3,430)
6,558
6,560
(551)
18,790
18,794
Common stock distributions declared ($1.68 per share)
(553,021)
(6)
(25,003)
(25,009)
Preferred stock distributions declared-Series E ($1.8192 per share)
10,211
Balance at December 31, 2023
(1,276)
5,119
5,120
(456)
(1,422)
1,421
73,179
73,196
Contribution of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate
125
Common stock distributions declared ($1.70 per share)
(560,911)
Preferred stock distributions declared-Series E ($1.8408 per share)
(148,362)
Balance at December 31, 2024
43,193
F - 8
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands, except for share data)
Adjustments to reconcile net income/(loss) to net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization
695,473
691,838
679,572
(4,947)
Return on investment in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships
61,315
15,944
22,369
Amortization of share-based compensation
32,625
32,896
27,505
Provision/(recovery) for credit losses
37,456
702
140
27,107
9,089
31,695
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
(Increase)/decrease in operating assets
(31,144)
(33,579)
9,792
Increase/(decrease) in operating liabilities
(4,759)
(2,828)
(13,140)
820,071
Acquisition of real estate assets
(17,848)
(341,149)
Proceeds from sales of real estate investments, net
98,650
325,767
40,808
Development of real estate assets
(67,532)
(155,875)
(198,022)
Capital expenditures and other major improvements — real estate assets
(249,886)
(295,440)
(214,833)
Capital expenditures — non-real estate assets
(21,801)
(16,907)
(21,180)
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships
(50,335)
(71,395)
(201,412)
Distributions received from unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships
41,097
14,399
81,443
Proceeds from sale of equity securities
4,624
14,471
Purchase deposits on pending acquisitions
1,000
(1,000)
Repayment/(issuance) of notes receivable, net
(32,168)
(85,310)
(75,183)
(929,528)
Payments on secured debt
(137,971)
(1,244)
(1,141)
Payments on unsecured debt
(15,644)
Net proceeds from the issuance of unsecured debt
296,929
Net proceeds/(repayment) of commercial paper
(118,175)
108,075
80,000
Net proceeds/(repayment) of revolving bank debt
4,768
(23,425)
(1,531)
Proceeds from the issuance of common shares through public offering, net
Distributions paid to redeemable noncontrolling interests
(42,798)
(35,582)
(34,255)
Distributions paid to preferred stockholders
(4,851)
(4,770)
(4,381)
Distributions paid to common stockholders
(558,482)
(539,852)
(483,624)
(23,712)
(17,047)
(24,359)
111,233
Net increase/(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
561
4,672
1,776
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of year
34,866
30,194
28,418
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of year
35,427
Supplemental Information:
Interest paid during the period, net of amounts capitalized
192,101
184,201
154,911
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases
12,502
Cash paid/(refunds received) for income taxes
1,044
1,145
Non-cash transactions:
Secured debt assumed upon acquisition of real estate assets
191,737
OP Units issued for real estate, net
141,359
Redeemable long-term and short-term incentive plan units
27,561
28,507
56,568
Development costs and capital expenditures incurred, but not yet paid
15,188
39,080
56,336
Conversion of Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership noncontrolling interests to common stock (1,703,570 shares; 470,800 shares; and 502,868 shares)
Distribution of equity securities from unconsolidated real estate technology investments
7,749
18,018
Contribution of operating properties to unconsolidated joint venture
258,056
Transfer of preferred equity investment to note receivable
73,453
F - 9
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – (Continued)
Dividends declared, but not yet paid
134,213
The following reconciles cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to amounts as shown above:
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of year:
1,193
29,001
27,451
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as shown above
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of year:
F - 10
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2024
1. CONSOLIDATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Organization and Formation
UDR, Inc. (“UDR,” the “Company,” “we,” or “our”) is a self-administered real estate investment trust, or REIT, that owns, operates, acquires, renovates, develops, redevelops, and manages apartment communities in targeted markets located in the United States. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated apartment portfolio consisted of 169 communities with a total of 55,696 apartment homes located in 21 markets. In addition, the Company has an ownership interest in 10,860 completed or to-be-completed apartment homes through unconsolidated joint ventures or partnerships, including 6,436 apartment homes owned by entities in which we hold preferred equity investments.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of UDR include its wholly-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries (see Note 4, Variable Interest Entities and Note 5, Joint Ventures and Partnerships, for further discussion). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of UDR and its subsidiaries, including United Dominion Realty, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership” or the “OP”) and UDR Lighthouse DownREIT L.P. (the “DownREIT Partnership”). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 189.8 million and 189.9 million units, respectively, in the Operating Partnership (“OP Units”) outstanding, of which 176.6 million, or 93.0% and 176.4 million, or 92.9%, respectively, were owned by UDR and 13.2 million, or 7.0% and 13.5 million, or 7.1%, respectively, were owned by outside limited partners. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 32.4 million units in the DownREIT Partnership (“DownREIT Units”) outstanding, of which 23.0 million, or 71.0% and 21.4 million, or 66.0%, respectively, were owned by UDR and its subsidiaries and 9.4 million, or 29.0% and 11.0 million, or 34.0%, respectively, were owned by outside limited partners. The consolidated financial statements of UDR include the noncontrolling interests of the unitholders in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.
The Company evaluated subsequent events through the date its financial statements were issued. No significant recognized or non-recognized subsequent events were noted other than those in Note 3, Real Estate Owned.
2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disclosure of additional information about specific cost and expense categories in the notes to the financial statements. The ASU will be applied either prospectively or retrospectively and is effective for the Company for the year ended December 31, 2027, and interim reporting periods commencing in 2028. We are currently evaluating the effect that the ASU will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In March 2024, the SEC issued final rules on the enhancement and standardization of climate-related disclosures. The rules require disclosure of, among other things: material climate-related risks; activities to mitigate or adapt to such risks; governance and management of such risks; and material greenhouse gas emissions from operations owned or controlled (Scope 1) and/or indirect emissions from purchased energy consumed in operations (Scope 2). Additionally, the rules require disclosure in the notes to the financial statements of the effects of severe weather events and other natural conditions, subject to certain materiality thresholds. The rules will become effective for the Company on a phased-in timeline starting in the year ended December 31, 2025. While the SEC has voluntarily stayed the rules, the Company is currently evaluating the effect the rules will have on its financial statement disclosures
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disclosure enhancements and further transparency to certain income tax disclosures, most notably the tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The ASU is effective for the Company for the year ended
F - 11
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – (Continued)
December 31, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the ASU will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 requires expanded disclosures of a public entity’s reportable segments, and requires more enhanced information regarding a reportable segment’s expenses on an interim and annual basis. The ASU became effective for the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024, and interim periods commencing in 2025. The Company adopted the ASU, however, the updated standard did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Related disclosures were updated pursuant to the requirements of the ASU.
Real Estate
Real estate assets held for investment are carried at historical cost and consist of land, land improvements, buildings and improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment and other costs incurred during their development, acquisition and redevelopment.
Expenditures for ordinary repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for improvements, renovations, and replacements related to the acquisition and/or improvement of real estate assets are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives if the expenditures qualify as a betterment or the life of the related asset will be substantially extended beyond the original life expectancy.
UDR purchases real estate investment properties and records the tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities acquired based on their estimated fair value. The primary, although not only, identifiable intangible asset associated with our portfolio is the value of existing lease agreements. When recording the acquisition of a community, we first assign fair value to the estimated intangible value of the existing lease agreements and then to the estimated value of the land, building and fixtures assuming the community is vacant. The Company estimates the intangible value of the lease agreements by determining the lost revenue associated with a hypothetical lease-up. Depreciation on the building is based on the expected useful life of the asset and the in-place leases are amortized over their remaining average contractual life. Property acquisition costs are capitalized as incurred if the acquisition does not meet the definition of a business.
Quarterly or when changes in circumstances warrant, UDR will assess our real estate properties for indicators of impairment. The judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators are based on certain factors. Such factors include, among other things, operational performance, market conditions, the Company’s intent and ability to hold the related asset, as well as any significant cost overruns on development properties.
F - 12
For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we did not record any impairments on our real estate properties.
Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets which are 30 to 55 years for buildings, 10 to 35 years for major improvements, and 3 to 10 years for furniture, fixtures, equipment, and other assets.
Predevelopment, development, and redevelopment projects and related costs are capitalized and reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Total real estate owned, net of accumulated depreciation. The Company capitalizes costs directly related to the predevelopment, development, and redevelopment of a capital project, which include, but are not limited to, interest, real estate taxes, insurance, and allocated development and redevelopment overhead related to support costs for personnel working on the capital projects. We use our professional judgment in determining whether such costs meet the criteria for capitalization or must be expensed as incurred. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress and such costs are incremental and identifiable to a specific activity to get the asset ready for its intended use. These costs, excluding the direct costs of development and redevelopment and capitalized interest, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $15.1 million, $13.1 million and $17.9 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, total interest capitalized was $9.3 million, $10.1 million and $13.4 million, respectively. As each home in a capital project is completed and becomes available for lease-up, the Company ceases capitalization on the related portion and depreciation commences over the estimated useful life.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, demand deposits with financial institutions and short-term, highly liquid investments. We consider all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. The majority of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held at major commercial banks.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash primarily consists of escrow deposits held by lenders for real estate taxes, insurance and replacement reserves, and security deposits.
Real Estate Sales Gain Recognition
For sale transactions resulting in a transfer of a controlling financial interest of a property, the Company generally derecognizes the related assets and liabilities from its Consolidated Balance Sheets and records the gain or loss in the period in which the transfer of control occurs. If control of the property has not been transferred by the Company, the criteria for derecognition are not met and the Company will continue to recognize the related assets and liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Sale transactions to entities in which the Company sells a controlling financial interest in a property but retains a noncontrolling interest are accounted for as partial sales. Partial sales resulting in a change in control are accounted for at fair value and a full gain or loss is recognized. Therefore, the Company will record a gain or loss on the partial interest sold, and the initial measurement of our retained interest will be accounted for at fair value.
Sales of real estate to joint ventures or other noncontrolled investees are also accounted for at fair value and the Company will record a full gain or loss in the period the property is contributed.
To the extent that the Company acquires a controlling financial interest in a property that it previously accounted for as an equity method investment, the Company will not remeasure its previously held interest if the acquisition is treated as an asset acquisition. The Company will include the carrying amount of its previously held equity method interest along with the consideration paid and transaction costs incurred in determining the amounts to allocate to the related assets and liabilities acquired on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. When treated as an asset acquisition, the Company will not recognize a gain or loss on consolidation of a property.
F - 13
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company accounts for allowance for credit losses under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) impairment model for its financial assets, including trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other financial instruments, and presents the net amount of the financial instrument expected to be collected. The CECL impairment model excludes operating lease receivables. The CECL impairment model requires an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of an instrument, that considers forecasts of future economic conditions in addition to information about past events and current conditions. Based on this model, we analyze the following criteria, as applicable in developing allowances for credit losses: historical loss information, the borrower’s ability to make scheduled payments, the remaining time to maturity, the value of underlying collateral, projected future performance of the borrower and macroeconomic trends.
The Company measures credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. If the Company determines that a financial asset does not share risk characteristics with the Company’s other financial assets, the Company evaluates the financial asset for expected credit losses on an individual basis. Allowance for credit losses are recorded as a direct reduction from an asset’s amortized cost basis. Credit losses and recoveries are recorded in Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Recoveries of financial assets previously written off are recorded when received. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded net credit recoveries/(losses) of $(37.5) million, $(0.7) million and $(0.1) million, respectively, on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company has made the optional election provided by the standard not to measure allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivables as the Company writes off any uncollectible accrued interest receivables in a timely manner. The Company periodically evaluates the collectability of its accrued interest receivables. A write-off is recorded when the Company concludes that all or a portion of its accrued interest receivable balance is no longer collectible.
F - 14
Notes Receivable
Notes receivable relate to financing arrangements which are typically secured by assets of the borrower that may include real estate assets. Certain of the loans we extend may include characteristics such as options to purchase the project within a specific time window following expected project completion. These characteristics can cause the loans to fall under the definition of a variable interest entity (“VIE”), and thus trigger consolidation consideration. We consider the facts and circumstances pertinent to each loan, including the relative amount of financing we are contributing to the overall project cost, decision making rights or control we hold, and our rights to expected residual gains or our obligations to absorb expected residual losses from the project. If we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE due to holding a controlling financial interest, the majority of decision making control, or by other means, consolidation of the VIE would be required. The Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of the borrowing entities of the existing loans.
Additionally, we analyze each loan arrangement that involves real estate development to consider whether the loan qualifies for accounting as a loan or as an investment in a real estate development project. The Company has evaluated its real estate loans, where appropriate, for accounting treatment as loans versus real estate development projects, as required by Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 310-10. For each loan, the Company has concluded that the characteristics and the facts and circumstances indicate that loan accounting treatment is appropriate.
The following table summarizes our Notes receivable, net as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Interest rate at
Balance Outstanding (a)
Note due March 2025 (b)
12.00
42,807
37,022
Notes due October 2025 (c)
11.00
106,271
98,271
Note due December 2026 (d)
71,873
64,608
Note due December 2026 (e)
29,090
26,164
Notes due June 2027 (f)
18.00
4,470
3,737
Note due September 2027 (g)
7.55
31,771
Notes receivable
286,282
229,802
Allowance for credit losses
(38,433)
(977)
Total notes receivable, net
F - 15
The Company recognized $24.2 million, $14.5 million, and $3.5 million of interest income for the notes receivable described above during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, none of which was related party interest. Interest income is included in Interest income and other income/(expense), net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
A roll forward of our allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows:
Allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2023
(Provision)/recovery for credit losses
(37,456)
Write-offs charged against allowance
-
Allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024
Investment in Joint Ventures and Partnerships
We use the equity method to account for investments in joint ventures and partnerships that qualify as VIEs where we are not the primary beneficiary and other entities that we do not control or where we do not own a majority of the economic interest but have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. Throughout these financial statements we use the term “joint venture” or “partnership” when referring to investments in entities in which we do not have a 100% ownership interest. The Company also uses the equity method when we function as the managing partner and our venture partner has substantive participating rights or where we can be replaced by our venture partner as managing partner without cause. For a joint venture or partnership accounted for under the equity method, our share of net earnings or losses is reflected as income/loss when earned/incurred and distributions are credited against our investment in the joint venture or partnership as received.
F - 16
In determining whether a joint venture or partnership is a VIE, the Company considers: the form of our ownership interest and legal structure; the size of our investment; the financing structure of the entity, including necessity of subordinated debt; estimates of future cash flows; ours and our partner’s ability to participate in the decision making related to acquisitions, disposition, budgeting and financing of the entity; obligation to absorb losses and preferential returns; nature of our partner’s primary operations; and the degree, if any, of disproportionality between the economic and voting interests of the entity. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any investments in any joint ventures or partnerships that qualified as a VIE where we were determined to be the primary beneficiary.
We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for events or changes in circumstances that indicate there may be an other-than-temporary decline in value. We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, the fair value of the property of the joint venture, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. The amount of loss recognized is the excess of the investment’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. If we believe that the decline in fair value is temporary, no impairment is recorded. The aforementioned factors are taken into consideration as a whole by management in determining the valuation of our equity method investments. Should the actual results differ from management’s judgment, the valuation could be negatively affected and may result in a negative impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk and generally designates these financial instruments as cash flow hedges. Derivative financial instruments are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as either an asset or liability and measured quarterly at their fair value. The changes in fair value for cash flow hedges that are deemed effective are reflected in other comprehensive income/(loss) and for non-designated derivative financial instruments in earnings. The ineffective component of cash flow hedges, if any, is recorded in earnings.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership
Interests in the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership held by limited partners are represented by OP Units and DownREIT Units, respectively. The income is allocated to holders of OP Units/DownREIT Units based upon net income available to common stockholders and the weighted average number of OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding to total common shares plus OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding during the period. Capital contributions, distributions, and profits and losses are allocated to noncontrolling interests in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreements of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership.
Limited partners of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership have the right to require such partnership to redeem all or a portion of the OP Units/DownREIT Units held by the limited partner at a redemption price equal to and in the form of the Cash Amount (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable), provided that such OP Units/DownREIT Units have been outstanding for at least one year, subject to certain exceptions. UDR, as the general partner of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may, in its sole discretion, purchase the OP Units/DownREIT Units by paying to the limited partner either the Cash Amount or the REIT Share Amount (generally one share of Common Stock of the Company for each OP Unit/DownREIT Unit), as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable. Accordingly, the Company records the OP Units/DownREIT Units outside of permanent equity and reports the OP Units/DownREIT Units at their redemption value using the Company’s stock price at each balance sheet date.
Income Taxes
Due to the structure of the Company as a REIT and the nature of the operations for the operating properties, no provision for federal income taxes has been provided for at UDR. Historically, the Company has generally incurred only state and local excise and franchise taxes. UDR has elected for certain consolidated subsidiaries to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”).
F - 17
Income taxes for our TRS are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rate is recognized in earnings in the period of the enactment date. The Company’s deferred tax assets/(liabilities) are generally the result of differing depreciable lives on capitalized assets, temporary differences between book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and timing of expense recognition for certain accrued liabilities. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, UDR’s net deferred tax asset/(liability) was $(0.8) million and $(0.8) million, respectively, and are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
GAAP defines a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. GAAP also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting for interim periods, disclosure and transition.
The Company recognizes and evaluates its tax positions using a two-step process. First, UDR determines whether a tax position is more likely than not (greater than 50 percent probability) to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Second, the Company will determine the amount of benefit to recognize and record the amount that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement.
The Company invests in assets that qualify for federal investment tax credits (“ITC”) through our TRS. An ITC reduces federal income taxes payable when qualifying depreciable property is acquired. The ITC is determined as a percentage of cost of the assets. The Company accounts for ITCs under the deferral method, under which the tax benefit from the ITC is deferred and amortized as a tax benefit into Tax (provision)/benefit, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the book life of the qualifying depreciable property. The ITCs are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
UDR had no material unrecognized tax benefit, accrued interest or penalties at December 31, 2024. UDR and its subsidiaries are subject to federal income tax as well as income tax of various state and local jurisdictions. The tax years 2021 through 2023 remain open to examination by tax jurisdictions to which we are subject. When applicable, UDR recognizes interest and/or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in Tax (provision)/benefit, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Principles of Consolidation
The Company accounts for subsidiary partnerships, joint ventures and other similar entities in which it holds an ownership interest in accordance with the consolidation guidance. The Company first evaluates whether each entity is a VIE. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.
Discontinued Operations
In accordance with GAAP, a discontinued operation represents (1) a component of an entity or group of components that has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale in a single transaction and represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on an entity’s financial results, or (2) an acquired business that is classified as held for sale on the date of acquisition. A strategic shift could include a disposal of (1) a separate major line of business, (2) a separate major geographic area of operations, (3) a major equity method investment, or (4) other major parts of an entity.
We record sales of real estate that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation in Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate owned on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
F - 18
Stock-Based Employee Compensation Plans
The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of an equity instrument based on the award’s fair value on the grant date and recognizes the cost as stock-based compensation expense over the period during which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which is generally the vesting period. For performance based awards, the Company remeasures the fair value based on the estimated achievement of the performance criteria each balance sheet date with adjustments made on a cumulative basis until the award is settled and the final compensation is known. Stock-based compensation expense is only recognized for performance based awards that we expect to vest, which we estimate based upon an assessment of the probability that the performance criteria will be achieved. Stock-based compensation expense associated with awards is updated for actual forfeitures. The fair value for market based awards issued by the Company is calculated utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation and the fair value for stock options issued by the Company is calculated utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. For further discussion, see Note 10, Employee Benefit Plans.
Advertising Costs
All advertising costs are expensed as incurred and reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations within the line item Property operating and maintenance. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, total advertising expense was $10.0 million, $9.2 million, and $8.7 million, respectively.
Cost of Raising Capital
Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of equity securities are deducted from stockholders’ equity. Costs incurred in connection with the issuance or renewal of debt are recorded based on the terms of the debt issuance or renewal. Accordingly, if the terms of the renewed or modified debt instrument are deemed to be substantially different (i.e. a 10 percent or greater difference in the cash flows between instruments), all unamortized financing costs associated with the extinguished debt are charged to earnings in the current period and certain costs of new debt issuances are capitalized and amortized over the term of the debt. When the cash flows are not substantially different, the lender costs associated with the renewal or modification are capitalized and amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt instrument and other related costs are expensed. The balance of any unamortized financing costs associated with retired debt is expensed upon retirement. Deferred financing costs for new debt instruments include fees and costs incurred by the Company to obtain financing. Deferred financing costs are generally amortized on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method, over a period not to exceed the term of the related debt.
Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Comprehensive income/(loss), which is defined as the change in equity during each period from transactions and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources, including all changes in equity during a period except for those resulting from investments by or distributions to stockholders, is displayed in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss). For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company’s other comprehensive income/(loss) consisted of the gain/(loss) (effective portion) on derivative instruments that are designated as and qualify as cash flow hedges, (gain)/loss on derivative instruments reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) into earnings, and the allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss) to noncontrolling interests. The (gain)/loss on derivative instruments reclassified from other comprehensive income/(loss) is included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 14, Derivatives and Hedging Activity, for further discussion. The allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss) to redeemable noncontrolling interests during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $(0.1) million, $(0.2) million, and $0.9 million, respectively.
Forward Sales Agreements
From time to time the Company utilizes forward sales agreements for the future issuance of its common stock. When the Company enters into a forward sales agreement, the contract requires the Company to sell its shares to a counterparty at a predetermined price at a future date. The net sales price and proceeds attained by the Company will be determined on the dates of settlement, with adjustments during the term of the contract for the Company’s anticipated dividends as well as for a daily interest factor that varies with changes in the federal funds rate. The Company generally has the ability to determine the dates and method of settlement (i.e., gross physical settlement, net share settlement or
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cash settlement), subject to certain conditions and the right of the counterparty to accelerate settlement under certain circumstances.
The Company accounts for the shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon settlement as equity in accordance with ASC 815-40, Contracts in Entity's Own Equity, which permits equity classification when a contract is considered indexed to the entity’s own stock and the contract requires or permits the issuing entity to settle the contract in shares (either physically or net in shares).
The guidance establishes a two-step process for evaluating whether an equity-linked financial instrument is considered indexed to the entity’s own stock, first, evaluating the instrument’s contingent exercise provisions and second, evaluating the instrument’s settlement provisions. When entering into forward sales agreements, we determined that (i) none of the agreement’s exercise contingencies are based on observable markets or indices besides those related to the market for our own stock price; and (ii) none of the settlement provisions preclude the agreements from being indexed to our own stock.
Before the issuance of shares of common stock, upon physical or net share settlement of the forward sales agreements, the Company expects that the shares issuable upon settlement of the forward sales agreements will be reflected in its diluted income/(loss) per share calculations using the treasury stock method. Under this method, the number of shares of common stock used in calculating diluted income/(loss) per share is deemed to be increased by the excess, if any, of the number of shares of common stock that would be issued upon full physical settlement of the forward sales agreements over the number of shares of common stock that could be purchased by the Company in the open market (based on the average market price during the period) using the proceeds receivable upon full physical settlement (based on the adjusted forward sale price at the end of the reporting period). When the Company physically or net share settles any forward sales agreement, the delivery of shares of common stock would result in an increase in the number of weighted average common shares outstanding and dilution to basic income/(loss) per share. (See Note 8, Income/(Loss) per Share for further discussion).
Lease Receivables
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company performed an analysis in accordance with the ASC 842, Leases, guidance to assess the collectibility of its operating lease receivables. This analysis included an assessment of collectibility of current and future rents and whether those lease payments were no longer probable of collection. In accordance with the leases guidance, if collection of lease payments is no longer deemed to be probable over the life of the lease contract, we recognize revenue only when cash is received, and all existing contractual operating lease receivables and straight-line lease receivables are reserved.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s multifamily tenant lease receivables balance, net of its reserve, was approximately $5.9 million and $9.0 million, respectively, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company’s retail tenant lease receivables balance (exclusive of straight-line rent receivables), net of its reserve, was approximately $0.3 million and $0.3 million, including its share from unconsolidated joint ventures, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of these financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual amounts realized or paid could differ from those estimates.
Market Concentration Risk
The Company is subject to increased exposure from economic and other competitive factors specific to markets where the Company holds a significant percentage of the carrying value of its real estate portfolio. At December 31, 2024, the Company held greater than 10% of the carrying value of its real estate portfolio in each of the Metropolitan D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts markets.
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3. REAL ESTATE OWNED
Real estate assets owned by the Company consist of income producing operating properties, properties under development, land held for future development, and held for disposition properties. As of December 31, 2024, the Company owned and consolidated 169 communities in 13 states plus the District of Columbia totaling 55,696 apartment homes. The following table summarizes the carrying amounts for our real estate owned (at cost) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
2,521,363
2,549,716
Depreciable property — held and used:
Land improvements
271,702
255,706
Building, improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment
13,189,796
12,902,021
Real estate intangible assets
11,933
50,013
Under development:
Land and land improvements
16,576
143,828
Real estate held for disposition:
44,645
13,734
135,844
92,265
38,080
Real estate owned
Accumulated depreciation (a)
(6,267,830)
Real estate owned, net
In April 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida for approximately $16.0 million.
In June 2022, the Company acquired a 433 apartment home operating community located in Danvers, Massachusetts for approximately $207.5 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $203.7 million and recorded $3.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.
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In June 2022, the Company acquired three contiguous to-be-developed parcels of land located in Dallas, Texas for approximately $90.2 million.
In June 2022, the Company acquired a to-be-developed parcel of land, which included two operating retail components, located in Riverside, California for approximately $29.0 million. The Company increased its real estate assets owned by approximately $28.2 million and recorded $0.8 million of in-place lease intangibles.
In January 2025, the Company sold an operating community located in Brooklyn, New York with a total of 188 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $127.5 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $23.6 million. This operating community was classified as held for disposition as of December 31, 2024.
In January 2025, the Company sold an operating community located in Englewood, New Jersey with a total of 185 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $84.0 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $24.4 million. This operating community was classified as held for disposition as of December 31, 2024.
In January 2023, the Company sold the retail component of a development community located in Washington D.C. for gross proceeds of approximately $14.4 million, resulting in a gain of less than $0.1 million. The gross proceeds were received ratably throughout the development of the community and are reflected as a reduction of capital expenditures.
In November 2022, the Company sold an operating community located in Orange County, California with a total of 90 apartment homes for gross proceeds of $41.5 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $25.5 million.
Developments
Other Activity
In connection with the acquisition of certain properties, the Company agreed to pay certain of the tax liabilities of certain contributors if the Company sells one or more of the properties contributed in a taxable transaction prior to the expiration of specified periods of time following the acquisition. The Company may, however, sell, without being required to pay any tax liabilities, any of such properties in a non-taxable transaction, including, but not limited to, a tax deferred Section 1031 exchange.
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Further, the Company has agreed to maintain certain debt some of which may be guaranteed by certain contributors for specified periods of time following the acquisition. The Company, however, has the ability to refinance or repay guaranteed debt or to substitute new debt if the debt and the guaranty continue to satisfy certain conditions.
Amortization of Intangible Assets
The following table provides a summary of the aggregate amortization for the intangible assets acquired in the acquisition of real estate for each of the next five years and thereafter (in thousands):
Unamortized Balance as of December 31, 2024
2026
2027
2028
2029
Real estate intangible assets, net (a)
28,775
24,581
1,562
1,505
424
416
287
In-place lease intangible assets, net (b)
610
504
434
318
266
132
31,039
25,191
2,066
1,939
742
682
419
In January 2025, the Company fully amortized $22.7 million of unamortized real estate intangible assets related to the sale of two operating communities discussed above.
4. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
The Company has determined that the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership are VIEs as the limited partners lack substantive kick-out rights and substantive participating rights. The Company has concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidates, the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership based on its role as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership. The Company’s role as community manager and its equity interests give us the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or the right to receive potentially significant benefits of the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership.
5. JOINT VENTURES AND PARTNERSHIPS
UDR has entered into joint ventures and partnerships with unrelated third parties to own, operate, acquire, renovate, develop, redevelop, dispose of, and manage real estate assets that are either consolidated and included in Real estate owned on the Consolidated Balance Sheets or are accounted for under the equity method of accounting, and are included in Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company consolidates the entities that we control as well as any variable interest entity where we are the primary beneficiary. Under the VIE model, the Company consolidates an entity when it has control to direct the activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Under the voting model, the Company consolidates an entity when it controls the entity through ownership of a majority voting interest.
UDR’s joint ventures and partnerships are funded with a combination of debt and equity. Our losses are typically limited to our investment and except as noted below, the Company does not guarantee any debt, capital payout or other obligations associated with our joint ventures and partnerships.
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Consolidated joint venture
The Company previously held a preferred equity investment in a joint venture that owned a 173 apartment home community located in Oakland, California. In 2023, the joint venture was deemed to be a VIE and the Company concluded that it was the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and therefore began consolidating the joint venture. In January 2024, the Company took title to the developer’s equity interest in the joint venture resulting in it being a wholly-owned community. (See Note 3, Real Estate Owned for more information).
Unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships
The Company recognizes earnings or losses from our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships consisting of our proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the joint ventures and partnerships. In addition, we may earn fees for providing management services for the communities held by the unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships.
The following table summarizes the Company’s investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures and partnerships, net, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
UDR's Weighted Average
Ownership Interest
Investment at
Income/(loss) from investments
Joint Ventures
Operating:
UDR/MetLife (a)
2,834
50.2
206,308
225,195
(7,438)
(5,378)
(7,604)
UDR/LaSalle
1,590
51.0
267,562
286,723
(8,027)
(3,660)
Total Joint Ventures
4,424
473,870
511,918
(15,465)
(9,038)
Debt and Preferred Equity Program
Years To
and Real Estate Technology Investments (b)
Rate
Maturity
Commitment (c)
Preferred equity investments:
6,436
9.6
2.8
342,498
380,969
387,771
25,741
35,685
26,374
Real estate technology and sustainability investments:
Real estate technology and sustainability investments
86,000
57,344
44,382
9,959
(35,429)
Total Debt and Preferred Equity Program and Real Estate Technology and Sustainability Investments
438,313
432,153
35,700
35,789
(9,055)
Sold joint ventures and other investments
(22,058)
21,606
Total investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net (a)
912,183
944,071
In July 2024, the Company received a $17.2 million partial paydown on one of its operating preferred equity investments. In conjunction with the paydown, the Company’s remaining $50.0 million preferred equity investment will earn a preferred return of 11.0% per annum.
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In July 2024 and August 2024, the Company entered into four joint venture agreements with an unaffiliated joint venture partner to operate four operating communities with a total of 818 apartment homes located in Portland, Oregon. The Company’s combined preferred equity investment of $35.0 million earns a preferred return of 10.75% per annum. The unaffiliated joint venture partner is the managing member of the joint ventures. The Company has concluded that it does not control the joint ventures and accounts for its investments under the equity method of accounting.
In September 2024, the Company made a $31.1 million secured mortgage loan to a joint venture, in which the Company also owns a preferred equity investment. The joint venture used the proceeds of the loan to repay its senior construction loan in full. The loan to the joint venture has an interest rate of SOFR plus 300 basis points and a maturity date in September 2027. (See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion). In addition, the Company recorded an $8.1 million non-cash impairment loss on its preferred equity investment (recorded in Income/(loss) from unconsolidated entities on the Consolidated Statements of Operations) due to a decrease in the value of the operating community that it deemed to be other-than-temporary.
In December 2024, the Company received a $38.5 million partial paydown and a $9.9 million partial paydown from two of its operating preferred equity investments from the proceeds of the refinancings of the joint ventures’ senior loans.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had deferred fees of $7.6 million and $7.6 million, respectively, which will be recognized through earnings over the weighted average life of the related properties, upon the disposition of the properties to a third party, or upon completion of certain development obligations.
The Company recognized management fees of $8.3 million, $6.8 million, and $5.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, for management of the communities held by the joint ventures and partnerships. The management fees are included in Joint venture management and other fees on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company may, in the future, make additional capital contributions to certain of our joint ventures and partnerships should additional capital contributions be necessary to fund acquisitions or operations.
We consider various factors to determine if a decrease in the value of our Investment in and advances to unconsolidated joint ventures, net is other-than-temporary. These factors include, but are not limited to, age of the venture, our intent and ability to retain our investment in the entity, the financial condition and long-term prospects of the entity, and the relationships with the other joint venture partners and its lenders. Based on the significance of the unobservable inputs, we classify these fair value measurements within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company did not incur any other-than-temporary impairments in the value of its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, other than the one preferred equity investment discussed in footnote (b) above.
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Condensed summary financial information relating to the unconsolidated joint ventures’ and partnerships’ operations (not just our proportionate share) is presented below for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (dollars in thousands):
Debt and Preferred
Equity Program
As of and For the
UDR/
and Other
MetLife
LaSalle
Investments
Condensed Statements of Operations:
141,014
49,063
131,876
321,953
64,329
17,657
69,737
151,723
53,543
45,375
51,633
150,551
23,142
(13,969)
10,506
19,679
(33,491)
(2,698)
(74,268)
(110,457)
(3,840)
Net unrealized/realized gain/(loss) on held investments
84,835
(10,349)
(16,667)
17,233
(9,783)
Condensed Balance Sheets:
1,174,695
567,474
1,372,206
3,114,375
Investments, at fair value
372,478
12,528
5,688
29,716
47,932
20,774
1,334
125,236
147,344
1,207,997
574,496
1,899,636
3,682,129
Third party debt, net
845,963
45,246
1,168,926
2,060,135
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
19,393
5,150
133,962
158,505
865,356
50,396
1,302,888
2,218,640
342,641
524,100
596,748
1,463,489
Year Ended December 31, 2023
139,073
20,514
109,753
269,340
58,298
6,896
54,442
119,636
54,895
21,182
43,407
119,484
25,880
(7,564)
11,904
30,220
(32,720)
(126)
(53,385)
(86,231)
537
23,403
(6,840)
(7,690)
(17,541)
(32,071)
1,214,525
595,976
1,347,556
3,158,057
257,832
14,826
4,809
42,035
61,670
16,406
9,986
120,584
146,976
1,245,757
610,771
1,768,007
3,624,535
855,050
45,126
1,112,640
2,012,816
14,856
5,510
151,136
171,502
869,906
50,636
1,263,776
2,184,318
375,851
560,135
504,231
1,440,217
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For the
Year Ended December 31, 2022
130,229
38,187
168,416
55,262
25,218
80,480
55,580
20,064
75,644
Gain/(loss) on sale of real estate
127,542
19,387
120,447
139,834
(30,510)
(16,404)
(46,914)
(90)
(203,216)
(11,123)
(99,263)
(110,386)
6. LEASES
Lessee - Ground Leases
UDR has six communities that are subject to ground leases, under which UDR is the lessee, that expire between 2043 and 2103, inclusive of extension options we are reasonably certain will be exercised. All of these leases are classified as operating leases through the lease term expiration based on our election of the practical expedient provided by the leasing standard. Rental expense for lease payments related to operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term. We currently do not hold any finance leases. The Company also elected the short-term lease exception provided by the leasing standard and therefore only recognizes right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term greater than one year. No leases qualified for the short-term lease exception during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Operating lease right-of-use assets were $187.0 million and $190.6 million, respectively, and the Operating lease liabilities were $182.3 million and $185.8 million, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our ground leases. The value of the Operating lease right-of-use assets exceeds the value of the Operating lease liabilities due to prepaid lease payments. The calculation of these amounts includes minimum lease payments over the remaining lease term (described further in the table below). Variable lease payments are excluded from the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in earnings in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.
As the discount rate implicit in the leases was not readily determinable, we determined the discount rate for these leases utilizing the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at a portfolio level, adjusted for the remaining lease term, and the form of underlying collateral.
The weighted average remaining lease term for these leases was 41.3 years and 42.0 years at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and the weighted average discount rate was 5.0% at both December 31, 2024 and 2023.
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Future minimum lease payments and total operating lease liabilities from our ground leases as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Ground Leases
Total future minimum lease payments (undiscounted)
Difference between future undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows
(272,945)
Total operating lease liabilities (discounted)
For purposes of recognizing our ground lease contracts, the Company uses the minimum lease payments, if stated in the agreement. For ground lease agreements where there is a rent reset provision based on a change in an index or a rate (i.e., changes in fair market rental rates or changes in the consumer price index) but that does not include a specified minimum lease payment, the Company uses the current rent over the remainder of the lease term. If there is a contingency upon which some or all of the variable lease payments that will be paid over the remainder of the lease term are based, which is resolved such that those payments now meet the definition of lease payments, the Company will remeasure the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the reset date.
The components of operating lease expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):
Lease expense:
Contractual lease expense
13,322
13,173
12,991
Variable lease expense (a)
189
155
112
Total operating lease expense (b)(c)
13,511
13,328
13,103
Lessor - Apartment Home, Retail and Commercial Space Leases
UDR’s communities and retail and commercial space are leased to tenants under operating leases. As of December 31, 2024, our apartment home leases generally have initial terms of 12 months or less. As of December 31, 2024, our retail and commercial space leases generally have initial terms of between 5 and 15 years and represent approximately 1% to 2% of our total lease revenue. Our apartment home leases are generally renewable at the end of the lease term, subject to potential changes in rental rates, and our retail and commercial space leases generally have renewal options, subject to associated increases in rental rates due to market-based or fixed-price renewal options and certain other conditions. (See Note 16, Reportable Segments for further discussion around our major revenue streams and disaggregation of our revenue).
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Future minimum lease payments from our retail and commercial leases as of December 31, 2024 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Retail and Commercial Leases
26,047
23,643
20,477
17,678
13,337
56,388
Total future minimum lease payments (a)
157,570
Certain of our leases with retail and commercial tenants provide for the payment by the lessee of additional variable rent based on a percentage of the tenant’s revenue. The amounts shown in the table above do not include these variable percentage rents. The Company recorded variable percentage rents of $1.1 million, $1.1 million and $0.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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7. SECURED AND UNSECURED DEBT, NET
The following is a summary of our secured and unsecured debt at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Principal Outstanding
As of December 31, 2024
Interest
Years to
Encumbered
Secured Debt:
Fixed Rate Debt
Mortgage notes payable (a)
1,115,798
1,213,751
3.49
4.0
Deferred financing costs and other non-cash adjustments (b)
(3,429)
(3,009)
Total fixed rate secured debt, net
1,112,369
1,210,742
3.50
Variable Rate Debt
Mortgage notes payable (c)
40,017
Tax-exempt secured notes payable (d)
7.2
Deferred financing costs
(38)
Total variable rate secured debt, net
26,962
66,971
3.52
Total Secured Debt, net
4.1
Unsecured Debt:
Borrowings outstanding under unsecured credit facility due August 2028 (e) (n)
3.7
Borrowings outstanding under unsecured commercial paper program due January 2025 (f) (n)
289,900
408,075
4.70
0.1
Borrowings outstanding under unsecured working capital credit facility due January 2026 (g)
9,361
4,593
5.19
1.0
Term Loan due January 2027 (e) (n)
175,000
5.48
2.1
350,000
1.43
8.50% Debentures due September 2024
15,644
2.95% Medium-Term Notes due September 2026 (n)
300,000
2.95
3.50% Medium-Term Notes due July 2027 (net of discounts of $176 and $247, respectively) (h) (n)
299,824
299,753
2.5
3.50% Medium-Term Notes due January 2028 (net of discounts of $361 and $479, respectively) (n)
299,639
299,521
4.40% Medium-Term Notes due January 2029 (net of discounts of $2 and $3, respectively) (i) (n)
299,998
299,997
3.20% Medium-Term Notes due January 2030 (net of premiums of $6,921 and $8,294, respectively) (j) (n)
606,921
608,294
3.32
3.00% Medium-Term Notes due August 2031 (net of premiums of $7,914 and $9,109, respectively) (k) (n)
607,914
609,109
2.10% Medium-Term Notes due August 2032 (net of discounts of $267 and $303, respectively) (n)
399,733
399,697
2.10
1.90% Medium-Term Notes due March 2033 (net of discounts of $989 and $1,110, respectively) (n)
349,011
348,890
1.90
8.2
2.10% Medium-Term Notes due June 2033 (net of discounts of $842 and $941, respectively) (n)
299,158
299,059
5.125% Medium-Term Notes due September 2034 (net of discounts of $2,954 and $0, respectively) (l) (n)
297,046
4.95
9.7
3.10% Medium-Term Notes due November 2034 (net of discounts of $868 and $956, respectively) (m) (n)
299,132
299,044
3.13
9.8
(20,003)
(20,682)
Total Unsecured Debt, net
3.35
5.4
Total Debt, net
5,826,965
5,798,709
3.38
5.2
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For purposes of classification of the above table, variable rate debt with a derivative financial instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is deemed as fixed rate debt due to the Company having effectively established a fixed interest rate for the underlying debt instrument.
Our secured debt instruments generally feature either monthly interest and principal or monthly interest-only payments with balloon payments due at maturity. As of December 31, 2024, secured debt encumbered approximately 13% of UDR’s total real estate owned based upon gross book value (approximately 87% of UDR’s real estate owned based on gross book value is unencumbered).
(a) At December 31, 2024, fixed rate mortgage notes payable are generally due in monthly installments of principal and interest and mature at various dates from July 2025 through February 2031 and carry interest rates ranging from 2.62% to 4.39%.
In July 2024, the Company repaid a $94.1 million fixed rate mortgage at maturity with borrowings from the Company’s unsecured commercial paper program.
The Company will from time to time acquire properties subject to fixed rate debt instruments. In those situations, the Company records the debt at its estimated fair value and amortizes any difference between the fair value and par value to interest expense over the term of the underlying debt instrument.
(b) During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company had $1.3 million, $3.4 million, and $4.5 million, respectively, of amortization of the fair market adjustment of debt assumed in the acquisition of properties inclusive of its fixed rate mortgage notes payable, which was included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The unamortized fair market adjustment was a net premium of $0.2 million and $1.5 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The change in net premium was primarily due to the assumption of fixed rate mortgages discussed in footnote (a) above.
(c) During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company prepaid a variable rate mortgage with an outstanding balance of $40.0 million and an interest rate of 8.31% at the time of the payoff.
(d) The variable rate mortgage note payable secures a tax-exempt housing bond issue that matures in March 2032. Interest on this note is payable in monthly installments. As of December 31, 2024, the variable interest rate on the mortgage note was 3.49%.
(e) The Company has a $1.3 billion unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) and a $350.0 million unsecured term loan (the “Term Loan”). The credit agreement for these facilities (the “Credit Agreement”) allows the total commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility and the total borrowings under the Term Loan to be increased to an aggregate maximum amount of up to $2.5 billion, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining commitments from one or more lenders. In August 2024, the Company amended the Revolving Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to August 31, 2028, with two six-month extension options. The Revolving Credit Facility was previously set to mature on January 31, 2026, with two six-month extension options, subject to certain conditions. The Term Loan has a scheduled maturity date of January 31, 2027. In August 2024, the Company amended the Term Loan to include a twelve-month extension option, subject to certain conditions.
Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Revolving Credit Facility has an interest rate equal to Adjusted SOFR plus a margin of 77.5 basis points and a facility fee of 15 basis points, and the Term Loan has an interest rate equal to Adjusted SOFR plus a margin of 83.0 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin under the Revolving Credit Facility ranges from 70 to 140 basis points, the facility fee ranges from 10 to 30 basis points, and the margin under the Term Loan ranges from 75 to 160 basis points. Further, as amended, the Credit Agreement includes sustainability adjustments pursuant to which the applicable margin for the Term Loan may be reduced by up to two basis points contingent upon the Company receiving green building certifications, which is reflected in the margin noted above. In addition, the Credit Agreement, as amended, allows for the Company in consultation with the sustainability structuring agent to propose key performance indicators with respect to certain environmental, social, and governance goals of the Company, and thresholds or targets with respect thereto, and a related amendment to the Credit Agreement, that if entered into may allow a change in the applicable margin for the Revolving Credit Facility of up to four basis points and a change in the applicable facility fee of up to one basis point.
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In August 2021, the Company entered into two interest rate swaps totaling $175.0 million of notional value, which became effective in July 2022, to hedge against interest rate risk on a portion of the Term Loan debt until July 2025. $175.0 million of the Term Loan debt has a weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of interest rate swaps, of 1.43% until July 2025.
The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and financial and other affirmative and negative covenants. The Credit Agreement also includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to customary periods to cure. The occurrence of an event of default, following the applicable cure period, would permit the lenders to, among other things, declare the unpaid principal, accrued and unpaid interest and all other amounts payable under the Credit Agreement to be immediately due and payable.
The following is a summary of short-term bank borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Total revolving credit facility
1,300,000
Borrowings outstanding at end of period (1)
Weighted average daily borrowings during the period ended
2,055
Maximum daily borrowings during the period ended
250,000
Weighted average interest rate during the period ended
5.6
Interest rate at end of the period
(f) The Company has an unsecured commercial paper program. Under the terms of the program, the Company may issue unsecured commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate amount outstanding of $700.0 million. The notes are sold under customary terms in the United States commercial paper market and rank pari passu with all of the Company’s other unsecured indebtedness. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Operating Partnership.
The following is a summary of short-term bank borrowings under the unsecured commercial paper program at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Total unsecured commercial paper program
700,000
Borrowings outstanding at end of period
390,237
384,068
645,000
505,000
4.7
5.7
(g) The Company has a working capital credit facility, which provides for a $75.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “Working Capital Credit Facility”) with a scheduled maturity date of January 12, 2026. In December 2024, the Company extended the maturity date from January 12, 2025 to January 12, 2026. Based on the Company’s current credit rating, the Working Capital Credit Facility has an interest rate equal to Adjusted SOFR plus a margin of 77.5 basis points. Depending on the Company’s credit rating, the margin ranges from 70 to 140 basis points.
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The following is a summary of short-term bank borrowings under the Working Capital Credit Facility at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Total working capital credit facility
75,000
15,102
15,829
62,077
57,107
6.0
5.9
6.3
(h) The Company previously entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against interest rate risk on $200.0 million of this debt. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of these interest rate swaps, was 4.03%.
(i) The Company previously entered into forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against interest rate risk on $150.0 million of the initial $300.0 million issued. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of these interest rate swaps, was 4.27%.
(j) The Company previously entered into forward starting interest rate swaps and treasury lock to hedge against the interest rate risk of this debt. The all-in weighted average interest rate, inclusive of the impact of the forward starting swaps and treasury locks, was 3.32%.
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The aggregate maturities, including amortizing principal payments on secured and unsecured debt, of total debt for the next ten years subsequent to December 31, 2024 are as follows (dollars in thousands):
Total Fixed
Total Variable
Year
Secured Debt
Unsecured Debt
Debt
178,323
56,672
309,361
366,033
6,939
650,000
656,939
166,526
466,526
315,811
615,811
2030
230,597
600,000
830,597
2031
160,930
760,930
2032
400,000
427,000
2033
2034
Subtotal
4,699,261
5,842,059
Non-cash (a)
(11,627)
(15,094)
We were in compliance with the covenants of our debt instruments at December 31, 2024.
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8. INCOME/(LOSS) PER SHARE
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income/(loss) per share for the periods presented (dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data):
Numerator for income/(loss) per share:
Income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted
Denominator for income/(loss) per share:
Weighted average common shares outstanding
329,670
329,136
321,949
Unvested restricted stock awards
(380)
(371)
(278)
Denominator for basic income/(loss) per share
Incremental shares issuable from assumed conversion of unvested LTIP Units, conversion of Series E preferred stock, performance units and unvested restricted stock
826
339
1,029
Denominator for diluted income/(loss) per share
Basic income/(loss) per common share is computed based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted income/(loss) per common share is computed based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the common shares issuable from the assumed conversion of the OP Units and DownREIT Units, convertible preferred stock, stock options, unvested long-term incentive plan units (“LTIP Units”), performance units, unvested restricted stock and continuous equity program forward sales agreements. Only those instruments having a dilutive impact on our basic income/(loss) per share are included in diluted income/(loss) per share during the periods. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the effect of the conversion of the OP Units, DownREIT Units and the Company’s Series E preferred stock was not dilutive and therefore not included in the above calculation.
In July 2021, the Company entered into an ATM sales agreement under which the Company may offer and sell up to 20.0 million shares of its common stock, from time to time, to or through its sales agents and may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through its forward purchasers. Upon entering into the ATM sales agreement, the Company simultaneously terminated the sales agreement for its prior at-the-market equity offering program, which was entered into in July 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not sell any shares of common stock through its ATM program. As of December 31, 2024, we had 14.0 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under the ATM program.
The Company generally has the ability to determine the dates and method of settlement (i.e., gross physical settlement, net share settlement or cash settlement), subject to certain conditions and the right of the counterparty to accelerate settlement under certain circumstances. The Company currently expects to fully physically settle each forward sales agreement with the relevant forward purchaser on one or more dates specified by the Company on or prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sales agreement, in which case the Company expects to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward sales agreement multiplied
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by the relevant forward sale price. However, subject to certain exceptions, the Company may also elect, in its discretion, to cash settle or net share settle a particular forward sales agreement, in which case the Company may not receive any proceeds (in the case of cash settlement) or will not receive any proceeds (in the case of net share settlement), and the Company may owe cash (in the case of cash settlement) or shares of UDR common stock (in the case of net share settlement) to the relevant forward purchaser.
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not enter into any forward purchase agreements under its continuous equity program.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 0.6 million shares of its common stock at an average price of $40.13 per share for total consideration of approximately $25.0 million under its share repurchase program.
The following table sets forth the additional shares of common stock outstanding by equity instrument if converted to common stock for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (in thousands):
OP/DownREIT Units
23,993
22,410
21,478
Convertible preferred stock
2,848
2,908
2,916
Unvested LTIP Units, performance units, and unvested restricted stock
9. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
UDR has an effective registration statement that allows the Company to sell an undetermined number of debt and equity securities as defined in the prospectus. The Company’s authorized capital was 450.0 million shares of common stock and 50.0 million shares of preferred stock as of December 31, 2024.
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The following table presents the changes in the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common and preferred stock for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:
Preferred Stock
Series E
Series F
318,150
2,695
12,583
120
Issuance of common shares through forward sales public offering, net (forward sales agreement)
11,402
(1,192)
Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the Operating Partnership
Adjustment for conversion of noncontrolling interest of unitholders in the DownREIT Partnership
499
(9)
Forfeiture of Series F shares
(482)
328,993
2,686
12,101
174
(623)
148
(233)
329,015
11,868
170
1,533
93
(85)
(1,444)
330,859
2,601
10,424
In July 2021, the Company entered into an ATM sales agreement under which the Company may offer and sell up to 20.0 million shares of its common stock, from time to time, to or through its sales agents and may enter into separate forward sales agreements to or through its forward purchasers. Upon entering into the ATM sales agreement, the Company simultaneously terminated the sales agreement for its prior at-the-market equity offering program, which was entered into in July 2017. As of December 31, 2024, 14.0 million shares were available for sale under the ATM program.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into the following equity transactions for our common stock:
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Distributions are subject to the approval of the Board of Directors and are dependent upon our strategy, financial condition and operating results. UDR’s common distributions for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 totaled $1.70, $1.68, and $1.52 per share, respectively.
The Series E Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series E”) has no stated par value and a liquidation preference of $16.61 per share. Subject to certain adjustments and conditions, each share of the Series E is convertible at any time at the holder’s option into one share of our common stock prior to a “Special Dividend” declared in 2008 (1.083 shares after the Special Dividend). The holders of the Series E are entitled to vote on an as-converted basis as a single class in combination with the holders of common stock at any meeting of our stockholders for the election of directors or for any other purpose on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote. The Series E has no stated maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or any mandatory redemption.
Distributions declared on the Series E for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were $1.84, $1.82, and $1.65 per share, respectively. The Series E is not listed on any exchange. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, a total of 2.6 million and 2.7 million, respectively, shares of the Series E were outstanding.
UDR is authorized to issue up to 20.0 million shares of the Series F Preferred Stock (“Series F”). The Series F may be purchased by certain holders of OP Units and DownREIT Units, at a purchase price of $0.0001 per share. OP/DownREIT Unitholders are entitled to subscribe for and purchase one share of UDR’s Series F for each OP/DownREIT Unit held. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 1.4 million and 0.2 million of the Series F shares were forfeited upon the conversion of OP Units and DownREIT Units into Company common stock, respectively.
At December 31, 2024 and 2023, a total of 10.4 million and 11.9 million shares, respectively, of the Series F were outstanding with an aggregate purchase value of $1,042 and $1,187, respectively. Holders of the Series F are entitled to one vote for each share of the Series F they hold, voting together with the holders of our common stock, on each matter submitted to a vote of security holders at a meeting of our stockholders. The Series F does not entitle its holders to dividends or any other rights, privileges or preferences.
UDR’s Distribution Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan allows common and preferred stockholders the opportunity to purchase, through the reinvestment of cash dividends and by making additional cash payments, additional shares of UDR’s common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2024, all shares issued with respect to the plan were acquired through the open market.
10. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
In May 2022, the stockholders of UDR approved an amendment and restatement to the LTIP. The LTIP authorizes the granting of awards which may take the form of options to purchase shares of common stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, dividend equivalents, partnership interests in the Operating Partnership designated as LTIP Units, performance partnership interests in the Operating Partnership designated as Performance Units, other stock-based awards, and any other right or interest relating to common stock or cash incentive awards to Company directors, employees and outside trustees to promote the success of the Company by linking individual’s compensation via grants of share based payment.
LTIP Units and Performance Units are designed to qualify as “profits interests” in the Operating Partnership for federal income tax purposes, meaning that initially they are not economically equivalent in value to a share of our common stock, but over time can increase in value to one-for-one parity with common stock by operation of special tax rules applicable to profits interests. Until and unless such parity is reached, the value that an executive will realize for a given number of vested LTIP Units or Performance Units is less than the value of an equal number of shares of our common stock.
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As of December 31, 2024, 35.0 million shares were reserved on an unadjusted basis for issuance upon the grant or exercise of awards under the LTIP. As of December 31, 2024, there were 11.7 million common shares available for issuance under the LTIP.
The LTIP contains double trigger change of control provisions allowing for the vesting of an award when certain conditions are met upon qualifying events such as a merger where UDR is not the surviving entity. Upon the death or disability of an award recipient, all outstanding instruments will vest and all restrictions will lapse. The LTIP specifies that in the event of a capital transaction, which includes but is not limited to stock dividends, stock splits, extraordinary cash dividends and spin-offs, the number of shares available for grant in totality or to a single individual is to be adjusted proportionately. The LTIP specifies that when a capital transaction occurs that would dilute the holder of the stock award, prior grants are to be adjusted such that the recipient is no worse as a result of the capital transaction.
A summary of UDR’s Performance Units, LTIP Units, restricted stock and option activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows (shares in thousands):
Unvested Performance Units Outstanding
Performance Units Exercisable
Unvested Stock Options Outstanding
Stock Options Exercisable
LTIP Units
Restricted Stock
Average Fair
Value Per
Exercise
Number
Restricted
Units
Price
Options
LTIP Unit
of shares
Balance, December 31, 2023
3,717
41.25
2,278
37.53
1,339
44.99
59.90
312
50.51
365
44.53
Granted
494
38.79
38.64
678
38.70
190
38.66
Exercised
Vested
(1,652)
38.04
1,652
(209)
43.55
(163)
44.11
Forfeited
(745)
37.50
(48)
40.49
(115)
41.68
(83)
41.21
Balance, December 31, 2024
1,814
41.17
3,930
37.74
1,341
44.91
666
42.12
309
42.09
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had granted 7.1 million shares of restricted stock, 3.6 million LTIP Units, 5.7 million Performance Units, and 1.4 million stock options under the LTIP.
Stock Option Awards
UDR has granted stock options to our employees and Company directors. Subject to certain conditions, each stock option is exercisable into one share of UDR common stock.
The total remaining compensation cost on unvested stock options was $2.1 million as of December 31, 2024.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, no stock options were exercised.
The weighted average remaining contractual life on all stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 is 7.6 years and such options have a weighted average exercise price of $44.91.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $0.9 million, $0.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of net compensation expense related to outstanding stock options.
Restricted Stock Awards
Restricted stock awards are granted to our employees and Company directors. The restricted stock awards are valued based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recorded under either the straight-line method or graded vesting method over the vesting period, which is generally one to four years. Restricted stock awards earn dividends payable in cash or dividend reinvestment shares. Some of the restricted
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stock grants are based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment during the initial one to three year performance periods. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized $5.5 million, $6.4 million, and $5.7 million of compensation expense, net of capitalization, related to the amortization of restricted stock awards, respectively. The total remaining compensation cost on unvested restricted stock awards was $4.1 million and had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.7 years as of December 31, 2024.
Unit Awards
Unit awards are granted to our employees and Company directors. Compensation expense is recorded under either the straight-line method or graded vesting method over the vesting period, which is generally one to four years. Unit awards earn distributions payable in cash or distribution reinvestment units. Some of the Unit awards are based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment during the initial one to three year performance periods. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, we recognized $20.3 million, $6.2 million and $15.9 million, respectively, of compensation expense, net of capitalization, related to the amortization of the awards. The total remaining compensation cost on Unit awards was $8.7 million and had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.7 years as of December 31, 2024.
Performance Unit Awards
UDR has granted Performance Units to our employees and Company directors. Subject to certain conditions, each Performance Unit is exercisable into one Operating Partnership common unit. Compensation expense is recorded under either the straight-line method or graded vesting method over the vesting period, which is generally one to four years. Performance Unit awards earn distributions payable in cash equivalent to 2% of regular distributions paid on OP Units. Some of the Performance Unit awards are based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment during the initial one to three year performance periods.
The total remaining compensation cost on unvested Performance Units was $6.7 million as of December 31, 2024.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, no Performance Units were exercised.
The weighted average remaining contractual life on all Performance Units outstanding as of December 31, 2024 is 7.6 years and such Performance Units have a weighted average exercise price of $44.92.
During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $5.9 million, $19.8 million and $5.2 million, respectively, of net compensation expense related to outstanding Performance Units.
Short-Term Incentive Compensation
In January 2024, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant, an STI Unit grant, or an STI Performance Unit grant, or a combination of all three, under the 2024 Long-Term Incentive Program (“2024 LTI”). All three of the awards represent short-term incentive compensation for the officers. The restricted stock award was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), or $38.64 per share. The STI Unit award was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, or $38.64 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. The STI Performance Unit award was valued for compensation expense purposes on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718 as determined by the lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 30.0%, an expected life of 5.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.04%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.5%, or $8.16 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Performance Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. The restricted stock awards, STI Unit awards, and STI Performance Unit awards are primarily based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment based on performance against predefined metrics during the one-year performance period.
In January 2023, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant, an STI Unit grant, or an STI Performance Unit grant, or a combination of all three, under the 2023 Long-Term Incentive Program
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(“2023 LTI”). All three of the awards represent short-term incentive compensation for the officers. The restricted stock award was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, or $38.59 per share. The STI Unit award was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, or $38.59 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. The STI Performance Unit award was valued for compensation expense purposes on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718 as determined by the lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 29.0%, an expected life of 5.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.09%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.3%, or $7.86 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Performance Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. The restricted stock awards, STI Unit awards, and STI Performance Unit awards are primarily based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment based on performance against predefined metrics during the one-year performance period.
In January 2022, certain officers of the Company were awarded STI Unit grants under the 2022 Long-Term Incentive Program (“2022 LTI”). The STI Unit awards represent short-term incentive compensation for the officers and were valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant in accordance with ASC 718, or $51.10 per unit, inclusive of a discount due to uncertainty associated with the STI Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock. The STI Unit awards are primarily based on the Company’s performance and are subject to adjustment based on performance against predefined metrics during the one-year performance period.
Long-Term Incentive Compensation
In January 2024, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant, an LTIP Unit grant, or an LTIP Performance Unit grant, or a combination of all three, under the 2024 LTI. For all three restricted stock grants, LTIP Unit grants and Performance Unit grants, thirty percent of the 2024 LTI award is based upon FFO as Adjusted over a one-year period and will vest fifty percent on the one-year anniversary and fifty percent on the two-year anniversary. Fifteen percent of the 2024 LTI award is based upon relative FFO as Adjusted over a three-year period and will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance period. The remaining fifty-five percent of the 2024 LTI award is based on Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) as measured relative to comparable apartment REITs over a three-year period and as measured relative to the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index over a three-year period whereby all three will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance periods. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant or $38.64 per share. Because LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $17.72 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of an 8.3% discount, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $18.57 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 3.9% discount. Because LTIP Performance Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Performance Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Performance Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $4.22 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of an 8.3% discount, a volatility factor of 30.0%, an expected life of 5.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.04%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.5%, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $4.37 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, a volatility factor of 28.0%, an expected life of 6.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.03%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.5%. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $47.21 per share for the comparable apartment REITs component and $44.86 per share for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 24.0%. The portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $22.86 per unit, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $21.74 per unit, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 24.0%. The portion of the LTIP Performance Unit grant based upon relative TSR
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was valued for compensation expense purposes at $5.96 per unit, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $5.93 per unit, inclusive of a 3.9% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 31.0%, an expected life of 6.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.03%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.3%.
In January 2023, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant, an LTIP Unit grant, or an LTIP Performance Unit grant, or a combination of all three, under the 2023 LTI. For all three restricted stock grants, LTIP Unit grants and Performance Unit grants, thirty percent of the 2023 LTI award is based upon FFO as Adjusted over a one-year period and will vest fifty percent on the one-year anniversary and fifty percent on the two-year anniversary. Fifteen percent of the 2023 LTI award is based upon relative FFO as Adjusted over a three-year period and will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance period. The remaining fifty-five percent of the 2023 LTI award is based on Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) as measured relative to comparable apartment REITs over a three-year period and as measured relative to the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index over a three-year period whereby all three will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance periods. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant or $38.59 per share. Because LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $17.58 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of an 8.9% discount, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $18.45 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 4.4% discount. Because LTIP Performance Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Performance Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Performance Unit grant based upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $4.12 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of an 8.9% discount, a volatility factor of 29.0%, an expected life of 5.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.09%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.3%, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $4.29 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, a volatility factor of 27.0%, an expected life of 6.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.08%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.3%. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $44.85 per share for the comparable apartment REITs component and $43.30 per share for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 36.0%. The portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $21.62 per unit, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $20.89 per unit, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 36.0%. The portion of the LTIP Performance Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $6.02 per unit, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $5.86 per unit, inclusive of a 4.4% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 16.0%, an expected life of 6.5 years, an annualized risk-free rate of 4.08%, and an annual dividend yield of 3.2%.
In January 2022, certain officers of the Company were awarded either a restricted stock grant or an LTIP Unit grant, or a combination of both, under the 2022 LTI. For both restricted stock grants and LTIP Unit grants, thirty percent of the 2022 LTI award is based upon FFO as Adjusted over an approximately one-year period and will vest fifty percent on the one-year anniversary and fifty percent on the two-year anniversary. Fifteen percent of the 2022 LTI award is based upon relative FFO as Adjusted over a three-year period and will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance period. The remaining fifty-five percent of the 2022 LTI award is based on Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) as measured relative to comparable apartment REITs over a three-year period and as measured relative to the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index over a three-year period whereby both will vest 100% at the end of the three-year performance periods. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes based upon the closing sales price of UDR common stock on the date of grant or $59.90 per share. Because LTIP Units are granted at the maximum potential payout and there is uncertainty associated with an LTIP Unit reaching parity with the value of a share of UDR common stock, the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based
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upon the one-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $27.04 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 9.7% discount, and the portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon the three-year FFO as Adjusted was valued for compensation expense purposes at $28.72 per unit on the grant date, inclusive of a 4.1% discount. The portion of the restricted stock grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $66.83 per share for the comparable apartment REITs component and $68.02 per share for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 33.0%. The portion of the LTIP Unit grant based upon relative TSR was valued for compensation expense purposes at $31.95 per unit, inclusive of a 4.1% discount, for the comparable apartment REITs component and $32.85 per unit, inclusive of a 4.1% discount, for the Nareit Equity REITs Total Return Index component on the grant date as determined by a lattice-binomial option-pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 33.0%.
Profit Sharing Plan
Our profit sharing plan (the “Plan”) is a defined contribution plan covering all eligible full-time employees. Under the Plan, UDR makes discretionary profit sharing and matching contributions to the Plan as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Aggregate provisions for contributions, both matching and discretionary, which are included in General and administrative on UDR’s Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, were $1.0 million, $1.1 million, and $1.7 million, respectively.
11. INCOME TAXES
For 2024, 2023, and 2022, UDR believes that we have complied with the REIT requirements specified in the Code. As such, the REIT would generally not be subject to federal income taxes.
For income tax purposes, distributions paid to common stockholders may consist of ordinary income, qualified dividends, capital gains, unrecaptured section 1250 gains, return of capital, or a combination thereof. Distributions that exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits constitute a return of capital rather than taxable income and reduce the stockholder’s basis in their common shares. To the extent that a distribution exceeds both current and accumulated earnings and profits and the stockholder’s basis in the common shares, it generally will be treated as a gain from the sale or exchange of that stockholder’s common shares. Taxable distributions paid per common share were taxable as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited):
Ordinary income
1.5935
1.4384
1.3329
Qualified ordinary income
0.0001
Long-term capital gain
0.0458
0.1697
0.1521
Unrecaptured section 1250 gain
0.0556
0.0318
0.0174
1.6400
1.5025
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We have a TRS that is subject to federal and state income taxes. A TRS is a C-corporation which has not elected REIT status and as such is subject to United States federal and state income tax. The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (dollars in thousands):
Income tax (benefit)/provision
Current
Federal
314
State
1,192
2,036
440
Total current
1,506
2,105
Deferred
(103)
(27)
(476)
(16)
Investment tax credit
Total deferred
(627)
(91)
Total income tax (benefit)/provision
349
Deferred income taxes are provided for the change in temporary differences between the basis of certain assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and income tax reporting purposes. The expected future tax rates are based upon enacted tax laws. The components of our TRS deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (dollars in thousands):
Deferred tax assets:
Federal and state tax attributes
157
142
153
Total deferred tax assets
197
181
221
Valuation allowance
(33)
Net deferred tax assets
154
188
Deferred tax liabilities:
Book/tax depreciation and basis
(878)
(881)
(876)
(73)
(76)
(67)
Total deferred tax liabilities
(951)
(957)
(943)
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities)
(781)
(803)
(755)
Income tax provision/(benefit), net from our TRS differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. statutory rate of 21% to pretax income/(loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 as follows (dollars in thousands):
Income tax provision/(benefit)
U.S. federal income tax provision/(benefit)
251
105
(109)
State income tax provision
1,233
2,054
914
Other items
(409)
Solar credit amortization
ITC basis adjustment
(557)
(5)
Total income tax provision/(benefit)
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal net operating loss carryovers (“NOL”) of $23.9 million expiring in 2030 through 2033 and state NOLs of $64.5 million expiring in 2028 through 2031. A portion of these attributes are still available to the subsidiary REITs, but are carried at a zero effective tax rate.
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The Company’s Tax benefit/(provision), net was $(0.9) million, $(2.1) million and $(0.3) million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease of $1.2 million was primarily attributable to a decrease in state taxes and a decrease in dispositions for the tax year ended December 31, 2024. GAAP defines a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The financial statements reflect expected future tax consequences of income tax positions presuming the taxing authorities’ full knowledge of the tax position and all relevant facts, but without considering time values. GAAP also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting for interim periods, disclosure and transition.
The Company evaluates our tax position using a two-step process. First, we determine whether a tax position is more likely than not (greater than 50 percent probability) to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company will then determine the amount of benefit to recognize and record the amount of the benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, UDR has no material unrecognized income tax benefits/(provisions), net.
The Company files income tax returns in federal and various state and local jurisdictions. The tax years 2022 through 2024 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.
12. NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Interests in the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership held by limited partners are represented by OP Units and DownREIT Units, respectively. The income is allocated to holders of OP Units/DownREIT Units based upon net income attributable to common stockholders and the weighted average number of OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding to total common shares plus OP Units/DownREIT Units outstanding during the period. Capital contributions, distributions, and profits and losses are allocated to noncontrolling interests in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreements of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership.
Limited partners of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership have the right to require such partnership to redeem all or a portion of the OP Units/DownREIT Units held by the limited partner at a redemption price equal to and in the form of the Cash Amount (as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable), provided that such OP Units/DownREIT Units have been outstanding for at least one year, subject to certain exceptions. UDR, as the general partner of the Operating Partnership and the DownREIT Partnership may, in its sole discretion, purchase the OP Units/DownREIT Units by paying to the limited partner either the Cash Amount or the REIT Share Amount (generally one share of common stock of the Company for each OP Unit/DownREIT Unit), as defined in the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership or the DownREIT Partnership, as applicable. Accordingly, the Company records the OP Units/DownREIT Units outside of permanent equity and reports the OP Units/DownREIT Units at their redemption value using the Company’s stock price at each balance sheet date.
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The following table sets forth redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership at beginning of year
839,850
Mark-to-market adjustment to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership
148,362
(10,211)
Conversion of OP Units/DownREIT Units to Common Stock or Cash
(73,196)
(30,569)
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership
(52,250)
(39,072)
Redeemable Long-Term and Short-Term Incentive Plan Units
27,175
29,857
Allocation of other comprehensive income/(loss)
(69)
(231)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership at end of year
Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests represent interests of unrelated partners in certain consolidated affiliates, and are presented as part of equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets since these interests are not redeemable. Net (income)/loss attributable to noncontrolling interests was less than $(0.1) million, less than $(0.1) million, and less than $(0.1) million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
13. FAIR VALUE OF DERIVATIVES AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
Fair value is based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or the exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level valuation hierarchy prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs used to measure fair value. The fair value hierarchy consists of three broad levels, which are described below:
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The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments either recorded or disclosed on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):
Fair Value at December 31, 2024, Using
Quoted
Prices in
Amount in
Active
Statement of
Markets
Significant
Financial
Fair Value
for Identical
Position at
Estimate at
Assets or
Observable
Unobservable
Liabilities
Inputs
2024 (a)
(Level 1)
(Level 2)
(Level 3)
Description:
Notes receivable, net (b)
243,546
Equity securities (c)
1,281
Derivatives - Interest rate contracts (d)
252,357
248,054
Secured debt instruments - fixed rate: (e)
Mortgage notes payable
1,115,999
1,039,482
Secured debt instruments - variable rate: (e)
Tax-exempt secured notes payable
Unsecured debt instruments: (e)
Working capital credit facility
Commercial paper program
Unsecured notes
4,408,376
3,897,187
5,850,636
5,262,930
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership (f)
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Fair Value at December 31, 2023, Using
2023 (a)
222,755
7,210
10,103
246,138
240,068
1,215,228
1,124,140
4,129,010
3,611,697
5,823,923
5,215,522
There were no transfers into or out of any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value
The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. The fair values of interest rate swaps and caps are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates rise above the strike rate of the caps. The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the cap are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities.
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The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees.
Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. However, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. In conjunction with the FASB’s fair value measurement guidance, the Company made an accounting policy election to measure the credit risk of its derivative financial instruments that are subject to master netting agreements on a net basis by counterparty portfolio.
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership have a redemption feature and are marked to their redemption value. The redemption value is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the redemption date, and therefore, is calculated based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the balance sheet date. Since the valuation is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and DownREIT Partnership are classified as Level 2.
Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
At December 31, 2024, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, prepaids, real estate taxes payable, accrued interest payable, security deposits and prepaid rent, distributions payable and accounts payable approximated their carrying values because of the short term nature of these instruments. The estimated fair values of other financial instruments, which includes notes receivable and debt instruments, are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the significant unobservable inputs that are utilized in their respective valuations.
14. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITY
Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives
The Company is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk, primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its debt funding and through the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company may enter into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to the Company’s investments and borrowings.
Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps and caps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest rate caps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium.
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The changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate debt.
Amounts reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets related to derivatives that will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable-rate debt. Through December 31, 2025, the Company estimates that an additional $2.3 million will be reclassified as a decrease to Interest expense.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had the following outstanding interest rate derivatives that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (dollars in thousands):
Product
Instruments
Notional
Interest rate swaps and caps
194,880
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into and settled three treasury lock arrangements to hedge all the interest rate risk associated with the $300.0 million senior medium-term notes issued in August 2024. This resulted in a deferred gain of $4.1 million which is recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and will be reclassified into earnings over the life of the debt issued.
Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and are used to manage the Company’s exposure to interest rate movements and other identified risks but do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements of GAAP. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are recorded directly in earnings. As of December 31, 2024, no derivatives not designated as hedges were held by the Company.
Tabular Disclosure of Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
The table below presents the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Asset Derivatives
Liability Derivatives
(included in Other assets)
(included in Other liabilities)
Fair Value at:
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate products
Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations
The tables below present the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (dollars in thousands):
Gain/(Loss) Recognized in
Gain/(Loss) Reclassified
from Accumulated OCI into
(Amount Excluded from
Recognized in OCI
Effectiveness Testing)
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
7,333
7,533
998
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Total amount of Interest expense presented on the Consolidated Statements of Operations
155,900
Credit-risk-related Contingent Features
The Company has agreements with its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where the Company could be declared in default on its derivative obligations if repayment of the underlying indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to the Company’s default on the indebtedness.
The Company has certain agreements with some of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision where, in the event of default by the Company or the counterparty, the right of setoff may be exercised. Any amount payable to one party by the other party may be reduced by its setoff against any amounts payable by the other party. Events that give rise to default by either party may include, but are not limited to, the failure to pay or deliver payment under the derivative agreement, the failure to comply with or perform under the derivative agreement, bankruptcy, a merger without assumption of the derivative agreement, or in a merger, a surviving entity’s creditworthiness is materially weaker than the original party to the derivative agreement.
Tabular Disclosure of Offsetting Derivatives
The Company has elected not to offset derivative positions on the consolidated financial statements. The table below present the effect on its financial position had the Company made the election to offset its derivative positions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Gross
Net Amounts of
Gross Amounts Not Offset
Amounts
Assets
in the Consolidated
Offset in the
Presented in the
Balance Sheets
Amounts of
Consolidated
Cash
Recognized
Balance
Collateral
Offsetting of Derivative Assets
Sheets
Received
Net Amount
December 31, 2023
15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
The following summarizes the Company’s commitments at December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):
UDR's
UDR's Remaining
Properties
Investment (a)
Commitment
Real estate commitments
Wholly-owned — redevelopment (b)
68,871
84,910
Other unconsolidated investments:
Real estate technology and sustainability investments (c)
61,112
49,888
129,983
134,798
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Contingencies
Litigation and Legal Matters
The Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company cannot determine the ultimate liability with respect to such legal proceedings and claims at this time. The Company believes that such liability, to the extent not provided for through insurance or otherwise, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We have been named as a defendant in a number of cases alleging antitrust violations by RealPage, Inc., a vendor providing revenue management software products, and various owners or managers of multifamily housing, which cases have been consolidated in the United States Court for the Middle District of Tennessee with the Second Amended Complaint filed September 7, 2023 and cases with similar allegations that have been filed by the District of Columbia on November 1, 2023 in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and the State of Maryland on January 15, 2025 in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, Maryland. These cases seek injunctive relief as well as monetary damages. We believe that there are defenses, both factual and legal, to the allegations in such cases and we intend to vigorously defend such suits. We are also aware that governmental investigations regarding antitrust matters in the multifamily industry are occurring and the federal government and various state attorneys general have filed a civil lawsuit against RealPage, Inc. and certain owners or managers of multifamily housing to which we are not a party. As all of the above proceedings are in the early stages, it is not possible for us to predict the outcome or to estimate the amount of loss, if any, that may be associated with an adverse decision in any of these cases or any case that may be brought based on the investigations. As a result, as of December 31, 2024, there is no liability recorded.
16. REPORTABLE SEGMENTS
GAAP guidance requires that segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) to decide how to allocate resources and for purposes of assessing such segments’ performance. UDR’s CODM is comprised of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Investment Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Operating Officer, who use several generally accepted industry financial measures to assess the performance of the business for our reportable operating segments.
UDR owns and operates multifamily apartment communities that generate rental and other property related income through the leasing of apartment homes to a diverse base of tenants. The primary financial measures for UDR’s apartment communities are rental income and net operating income (“NOI”). NOI is used to evaluate operating performance because it provides relevant and useful information by reflecting only rental income and rental expenses that are incurred at the property level and presenting it on an unlevered basis. Rental income represents gross market rent less adjustments for concessions, vacancy loss and bad debt. NOI is defined as rental income less direct property rental expenses. Rental expenses include real estate taxes, insurance, personnel, utilities, repairs and maintenance, administrative and marketing, which align with the segment-level information that is regularly provided to our CODM. Excluded from NOI is property management expense, which is calculated as 3.25% of property revenue, and land rent. Property management expense covers costs directly related to consolidated property operations, inclusive of corporate management, regional supervision, accounting and other costs. UDR’s CODM utilizes NOI as the key measure of segment profit or loss.
UDR’s two reportable segments are Same-Store Communities and Non-Mature Communities/Other:
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Management evaluates the performance of each of our apartment communities on a Same-Store Community and Non-Mature Community/Other basis, as well as individually and geographically. This is consistent with the aggregation criteria under GAAP as each of our apartment communities generally has similar economic characteristics, facilities, services, and tenants. Therefore, the Company’s reportable segments have been aggregated by geography in a manner identical to that which is provided to the CODM.
All revenues are from external customers and no single tenant or related group of tenants contributed 10% or more of UDR’s total revenues during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
The following is a description of the principal streams from which the Company generates its revenue:
Lease Revenue
Lease revenue related to leases is recognized on an accrual basis when due from residents or tenants in accordance with ASC 842, Leases. Rental payments are generally due on a monthly basis and recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable lease term because collection of the lease payments was probable at lease commencement, inclusive of any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option. In addition, in circumstances where a lease incentive is provided to tenants, the incentive is recognized as a reduction of lease revenue on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Lease revenue also includes all pass-through revenue from retail and residential leases and common area maintenance reimbursements from retail leases. These services represent non-lease components in a contract as the Company transfers a service to the lessee other than the right to use the underlying asset. The Company has elected the practical expedient under the leasing standard to not separate lease and non-lease components from its resident and retail lease contracts as the timing and pattern of revenue recognition for the non-lease component and related lease component are the same and the combined single lease component would be classified as an operating lease.
Other Revenue
Other revenue is generated by services provided by the Company to its retail and residential tenants and other unrelated third parties. Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in contracts with customers. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by providing the services specified in a contract to the customer. These fees are generally recognized as earned.
The Joint venture management and other fees revenue consists of management fees charged to our equity method joint ventures per the terms of contractual agreements and other fees. Joint venture fee revenue is recognized monthly as the management services are provided and the fees are earned or upon a transaction whereby the Company earns a fee. Joint venture management and other fees are not allocable to a specific reportable segment or segments.
The following table details rental income and NOI for UDR’s reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, and reconciles NOI to Net income/(loss) attributable to UDR, Inc. on the Consolidated Statements of Operations (dollars in thousands):
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Year Ended December 31, (a)
Reportable apartment home segment lease revenue
476,057
463,889
441,428
311,666
301,841
287,123
308,717
299,950
271,632
226,430
226,448
210,026
149,850
151,410
143,616
135,199
126,972
111,011
Total segment and consolidated lease revenue
1,607,919
1,570,510
1,464,836
Reportable apartment home segment other revenue
12,104
11,672
11,899
13,725
11,772
10,867
8,075
7,343
7,033
11,069
9,411
8,822
7,081
6,334
5,820
3,552
3,616
3,087
Total segment and consolidated other revenue
55,606
50,148
47,528
Total reportable apartment home segment rental income
488,161
475,561
453,327
325,391
313,613
297,990
316,792
307,293
278,665
237,499
235,859
218,848
156,931
157,744
149,436
138,751
130,588
114,098
Total segment and consolidated rental income
Total reportable apartment home segment operating expenses
Personnel
67,595
60,918
59,919
Utilities
67,112
65,133
58,771
Repair and maintenance
93,779
89,210
80,482
Administrative and marketing
33,922
30,123
27,947
Real estate taxes
186,848
183,546
177,354
23,130
24,013
26,380
Non-Mature Communities/Other (b)
52,316
52,945
41,119
Total segment and consolidated operating expenses
524,702
505,888
471,972
Reportable apartment home segment NOI
361,734
355,089
337,946
223,882
216,435
205,221
205,519
202,168
180,724
162,216
162,184
149,002
99,037
101,251
94,520
72,979
Total segment and consolidated NOI
1,040,392
F - 54
Reconciling items:
(54,065)
(52,671)
(49,152)
(30,416)
(20,222)
(17,493)
(676,068)
(676,419)
(665,228)
(84,305)
(69,929)
(64,144)
Casualty-related (charges)/recoveries, net
(15,179)
(3,138)
(9,733)
(19,405)
(15,419)
(14,344)
The following table details the assets of UDR’s reportable segments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):
Reportable apartment home segment assets:
Same-Store Communities (a):
4,431,522
4,366,038
3,258,192
3,205,036
3,720,811
3,672,720
1,635,360
1,589,605
1,348,899
1,330,063
1,818,579
1,860,397
Total segment assets
Accumulated depreciation
Total segment assets — net book value
Total consolidated assets
F - 55
Markets included in the above geographic segments are as follows:
F - 56
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SCHEDULE III — REAL ESTATE OWNED
Gross Amount at Which
Initial Costs
Carried at Close of Period
Costs of
Improvements
Capitalized
Land and
Buildings
Total Initial
Subsequent
Buildings &
and
Acquisition
to Acquisition
Accumulated
Date of
Date
Costs
Depreciation
Construction(a)
Acquired
Harbor at Mesa Verde
20,476
28,538
49,014
30,542
22,957
56,599
79,556
46,678
1965/2003
Jun-03
27 Seventy Five Mesa Verde
99,329
110,644
209,973
118,025
117,778
210,220
327,998
181,319
1979/2013
Oct-04
Huntington Vista
8,055
22,486
30,541
18,784
9,590
39,735
49,325
32,272
1970
Missions at Back Bay
229
14,129
14,358
6,343
11,141
9,560
20,701
7,176
1969
Dec-03
Eight 80 Newport Beach - North
62,516
46,082
108,598
61,909
71,693
98,814
170,507
80,443
1968/2000/2016
Eight 80 Newport Beach - South
58,785
50,067
108,852
57,747
63,850
102,749
166,599
76,465
Mar-05
Beach & Ocean
12,878
41,800
13,587
41,091
54,678
24,345
2014
Aug-11
The Residences at Bella Terra
25,000
133,312
25,992
132,320
158,312
82,868
2013
Oct-11
The Residences at Pacific City
78,085
283,690
79,492
282,283
361,775
122,452
2018
Jan-14
ORANGE COUNTY, CA
365,353
271,946
637,299
752,152
416,080
973,371
654,018
2000 Post Street
9,861
44,578
54,439
48,013
14,748
87,704
102,452
59,840
1987/2016
Dec-98
Birch Creek
4,365
16,696
21,061
13,215
1,729
32,547
34,276
23,098
1968
Highlands Of Marin
5,996
24,868
30,864
33,352
8,436
55,780
64,216
45,364
1991/2010
Marina Playa
6,224
23,916
30,140
17,613
1,598
46,155
47,753
31,678
1971
River Terrace
22,161
40,137
62,298
11,569
23,100
50,767
73,867
41,466
2005
Aug-05
CitySouth
14,031
30,537
44,568
44,137
16,868
71,837
88,705
60,335
1972/2012
Nov-05
Bay Terrace
8,545
14,458
23,003
11,103
11,721
22,385
34,106
16,145
1962
Oct-05
Highlands of Marin Phase II
5,353
18,559
23,912
11,993
5,790
30,115
35,905
23,785
1968/2010
Oct-07
Edgewater
30,657
83,872
114,529
15,389
30,862
99,056
129,918
73,157
2007
Mar-08
Almaden Lake Village
594
42,515
43,109
15,017
1,248
56,878
58,126
41,289
1999
Jul-08
388 Beale
14,253
74,104
88,357
26,863
14,781
100,439
115,220
62,799
Apr-11
Channel @ Mission Bay
23,625
136,257
24,511
135,371
159,882
83,741
Sep-10
5421 at Dublin Station
8,922
118,436
8,931
118,427
127,358
16,717
Sep-16
HQ
19,938
65,816
85,754
645
19,942
66,457
86,399
9,207
Sep-22
Residences at Lake Merritt
8,664
56,876
65,540
971
57,847
66,511
3,609
Dec-23
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
183,189
536,932
720,121
504,573
192,929
1,031,765
592,230
Crowne Pointe
2,486
6,437
8,923
12,732
3,354
18,301
21,655
14,494
1987
Hilltop
2,174
7,408
9,582
8,472
3,262
14,792
18,054
12,227
1985
The Kennedy
6,179
22,307
28,486
7,085
6,463
29,108
35,571
22,341
Hearthstone at Merrill Creek
6,848
30,922
37,770
12,529
7,628
42,671
50,299
30,855
2000
May-08
Island Square
21,284
89,389
110,673
17,118
22,046
105,745
127,791
73,317
elements too
27,468
72,036
99,504
27,111
30,528
96,087
126,615
81,107
2010
Feb-10
989elements
8,541
45,990
54,531
9,782
8,724
55,589
64,313
37,749
2006
Dec-09
Lightbox
6,449
38,884
45,333
2,373
6,504
41,202
47,706
24,695
Aug-14
Ashton Bellevue
8,287
124,939
133,226
7,434
8,493
132,167
140,660
56,238
2009
Oct-16
TEN20
5,247
76,587
81,834
7,723
5,313
84,244
89,557
36,359
Milehouse
5,976
63,041
69,017
2,526
6,073
65,470
71,543
32,054
2016
Nov-16
CityLine
11,220
85,787
97,007
2,045
11,317
87,735
99,052
41,927
Jan-17
CityLine II
3,723
56,843
60,566
712
3,728
57,550
61,278
23,620
Jan-19
Brio
21,780
147,188
168,968
5,520
21,870
152,618
174,488
31,524
Jul-21
SEATTLE, WA
137,662
867,758
1,005,420
123,162
145,303
983,279
518,507
Boronda Manor
1,946
8,982
10,928
14,121
3,507
21,542
25,049
15,521
1979
Garden Court
888
4,188
5,076
8,339
1,873
11,542
13,415
8,356
1973
Cambridge Court
3,039
12,883
15,922
22,077
5,994
32,005
37,999
24,073
1974
Laurel Tree
1,304
5,115
6,419
9,228
2,563
13,084
15,647
10,097
1977
The Pointe At Harden Ranch
6,388
23,854
30,242
39,634
10,589
59,287
69,876
43,366
1986
The Pointe At Northridge
2,044
8,028
10,072
14,739
3,891
20,920
24,811
15,600
The Pointe At Westlake
1,329
5,334
6,663
10,111
2,456
14,318
16,774
10,239
1975
MONTEREY PENINSULA, CA
16,938
68,384
85,322
118,249
30,873
172,698
127,252
Rosebeach
8,414
17,449
25,863
9,575
9,108
26,330
35,438
21,492
Sep-04
Tierra Del Rey
39,586
36,679
76,265
13,067
40,213
49,119
89,332
36,285
1998
Dec-07
The Westerly
48,182
102,364
150,546
52,811
51,688
151,669
203,357
110,080
1993/2013
Jefferson at Marina del Rey
55,651
106,461
62,833
99,279
162,112
79,222
2008
Sep-07
LOS ANGELES, CA
151,833
156,492
308,325
181,914
163,842
326,397
247,079
Verano at Rancho Cucamonga Town Square
13,557
3,645
17,202
67,232
24,761
59,673
84,434
54,351
Oct-02
Windemere at Sycamore Highland
5,810
23,450
29,260
12,749
6,580
35,429
42,009
27,548
2001
Nov-02
S - 1
SCHEDULE III — REAL ESTATE OWNED - (Continued)
Strata
14,278
84,242
98,520
3,296
14,500
87,316
101,816
25,354
Nov-19
OTHER SOUTHERN CA
33,645
111,337
144,982
83,277
45,841
182,418
107,253
Tualatin Heights
3,273
9,134
12,407
12,910
4,543
25,317
16,781
1989
Hunt Club
6,014
14,870
20,884
11,151
6,998
25,037
32,035
21,142
PORTLAND, OR
9,287
24,004
33,291
24,061
11,541
45,811
37,923
TOTAL WEST REGION
897,907
2,036,853
2,934,760
1,787,388
1,006,409
3,715,739
4,722,148
2,284,262
Dominion Middle Ridge
3,311
13,283
16,594
19,455
4,763
31,286
36,049
24,487
1990
Jun-96
Dominion Lake Ridge
2,366
8,387
10,753
12,396
3,345
19,804
23,149
16,778
Feb-96
Presidential Greens
11,238
30,028
21,753
11,958
39,823
51,781
31,198
1938
May-02
The Whitmore
6,418
13,411
19,829
29,069
7,930
40,968
48,898
35,385
1962/2008
Apr-02
Ridgewood
5,612
20,086
25,698
19,353
6,721
38,330
45,051
31,042
1988
Aug-02
Waterside Towers
13,001
49,657
62,658
51,488
53,977
105,465
42,737
Wellington Place at Olde Town
13,753
36,059
49,812
25,279
15,244
59,847
75,091
50,574
1987/2008
Sep-05
Andover House
183
59,948
60,131
9,506
356
69,281
69,637
50,095
2004
Mar-07
Sullivan Place
1,137
103,676
104,813
24,908
2,212
127,509
129,721
94,334
Delancey at Shirlington
66,765
88,371
12,431
21,714
79,088
100,802
57,179
2006/2007
View 14
5,710
97,941
103,651
10,122
5,788
107,985
113,773
69,892
Jun-11
Capitol View on 14th
31,393
100,675
31,505
100,563
132,068
64,056
Domain College Park
7,300
63,449
7,578
63,171
70,749
39,476
1200 East West
9,748
68,022
77,770
7,086
10,014
74,842
84,856
35,906
Oct-15
Courts at Huntington Station
27,749
111,878
139,627
10,264
28,323
121,568
149,891
67,118
2011
Eleven55 Ripley
15,566
107,539
123,105
10,601
16,047
117,659
133,706
55,540
Arbor Park of Alexandria
50,881
159,728
210,609
15,658
51,943
174,324
226,267
95,659
1969/2015
Courts at Dulles
14,697
83,834
98,531
16,122
14,970
99,683
114,653
56,817
Newport Village
127,600
50,046
177,454
227,500
28,239
51,174
204,565
255,739
115,231
1301 Thomas Circle
27,836
128,191
156,027
5,997
27,887
134,137
162,024
47,583
Aug-19
Station on Silver
16,661
109,198
125,859
2,100
16,760
111,199
127,959
31,418
Dec-20
Seneca Place
21,184
98,173
119,357
13,389
21,278
111,468
132,746
31,441
Jun-21
Canterbury Apartments
24,456
100,011
124,467
13,937
24,596
113,808
138,404
31,668
Aug-21
The MO
27,135
115,881
143,016
12,685
METROPOLITAN, D.C.
408,987
1,632,031
2,041,018
630,477
460,729
2,210,766
1,188,299
Calvert's Walk
4,408
24,692
29,100
15,677
5,837
38,940
44,777
31,545
Mar-04
20 Lambourne
11,750
45,590
57,340
22,117
66,852
79,457
46,692
2003
Domain Brewers Hill
4,669
40,630
45,299
5,959
5,084
46,174
51,258
30,168
Aug-10
Rodgers Forge
15,392
67,958
83,350
11,287
15,834
78,803
94,637
30,650
1945
Apr-19
Towson Promenade
12,599
78,847
91,446
12,647
12,797
91,296
104,093
29,964
1274 at Towson
7,807
46,238
54,045
4,423
7,827
50,641
58,468
11,943
Sep-21
Quarters at Towson Town Center
16,111
106,453
122,564
18,853
16,205
125,212
141,417
43,090
Nov-21
BALTIMORE, MD
72,736
410,408
483,144
90,963
76,189
497,918
224,052
Gayton Pointe Townhomes
5,148
5,974
34,795
3,947
36,822
40,769
35,027
1973/2007
Sep-95
Waterside At Ironbridge
1,844
13,239
15,083
16,320
3,216
28,187
31,403
21,381
Sep-97
Carriage Homes at Wyndham
474
30,997
31,471
14,466
4,591
41,346
45,937
34,642
Nov-03
Legacy at Mayland
1,979
11,524
13,503
42,137
6,338
49,302
55,640
45,402
Dec-91
RICHMOND, VA
5,123
60,908
66,031
107,718
18,092
155,657
136,452
TOTAL MID-ATLANTIC REGION
347,130
486,846
2,103,347
2,590,193
829,158
555,010
2,864,341
3,419,351
1,548,803
Garrison Square
6,475
91,027
97,502
31,227
6,873
121,856
128,729
79,938
1887/1990
Ridge at Blue Hills
6,039
34,869
40,908
10,741
6,764
44,885
51,649
29,827
Inwood West
20,778
88,096
108,874
22,972
20,511
111,335
131,846
74,881
14 North
72,500
10,961
51,175
62,136
23,456
11,991
73,601
85,592
49,886
100 Pier 4
24,584
208,882
24,861
208,605
233,466
101,060
2015
Dec-15
345 Harrison
32,938
333,549
45,029
321,458
366,487
113,618
Nov-11
Currents on the Charles
12,580
70,149
82,729
4,230
12,824
74,135
86,959
27,375
Jun-19
The Commons at Windsor Gardens
34,609
225,515
260,124
32,339
35,097
257,366
292,463
97,424
S - 2
Charles River Landing
17,068
112,777
129,845
6,459
17,389
118,915
136,304
39,561
Lenox Farms
17,692
115,899
133,591
18,552
18,004
134,139
152,143
43,869
Union Place
51,053
9,902
72,242
82,144
9,281
10,178
81,247
91,425
Jan-21
Bradlee Danvers
28,669
175,114
203,783
14,507
28,697
189,593
218,290
34,130
1874/2008
Jun-22
BOSTON, MA
222,295
1,036,863
1,259,158
716,195
238,218
1,737,135
713,958
10 Hanover Square
41,432
218,983
260,415
38,098
42,107
256,406
298,513
149,297
2005/2020
21 Chelsea
36,399
107,154
143,553
18,521
36,541
125,533
162,074
76,949
View 34
114,410
324,920
439,330
133,070
116,296
456,104
572,400
285,197
1985/2013
Jul-11
95 Wall Street
57,637
266,255
323,892
29,570
58,878
294,584
353,462
186,653
NEW YORK, NY
249,878
917,312
1,167,190
219,259
253,822
1,132,627
698,096
Park Square
10,365
96,050
106,415
4,309
10,682
100,042
110,724
37,862
May-19
The Smith Valley Forge
17,853
95,973
113,826
2,671
17,871
98,626
116,497
22,690
2019
322 on North Broad
12,240
124,524
136,764
11,456
12,259
135,961
148,220
32,596
The George Apartments
17,341
49,932
17,366
49,907
67,273
8,301
Aug-20
PHILADELPHIA, PA
57,799
316,547
374,346
68,368
58,178
384,536
101,449
TOTAL NORTHEAST REGION
529,972
2,270,722
2,800,694
1,003,822
550,218
3,254,298
3,804,516
1,513,503
Summit West
2,176
4,710
6,886
20,465
4,566
22,785
27,351
17,992
1972
Dec-92
The Breyley
1,780
2,458
4,238
22,468
4,489
22,217
26,706
22,057
1977/2007
Sep-93
Lakewood Place
1,395
10,647
12,042
18,637
3,385
27,294
30,679
23,385
Mar-94
Cambridge Woods
1,791
7,166
8,957
17,110
3,841
22,226
26,067
18,911
Jun-97
Inlet Bay
7,702
23,150
30,852
29,106
11,281
48,677
59,958
41,542
1988/1989
MacAlpine Place
10,869
36,858
47,727
25,055
13,002
59,780
72,782
45,871
Dec-04
The Vintage Lofts at West End
6,611
37,663
44,274
27,394
16,108
55,560
71,668
45,659
Jul-09
Peridot Palms
6,293
89,752
96,045
5,273
6,831
94,487
101,318
37,316
2017
Feb-19
The Preserve at Gateway
4,467
43,723
48,190
3,729
4,556
47,363
51,919
17,985
The Slade at Channelside
10,216
72,786
83,002
9,202
10,642
81,562
92,204
27,495
Jan-20
Andover Place at Cross Creek
11,702
107,761
119,463
12,105
11,773
119,795
131,568
37,669
1997/1999
Nov-20
Meridian
125,470
6,612
125,469
132,081
4,360
May-21
TAMPA, FL
71,613
436,674
508,287
316,014
97,086
727,215
340,242
Seabrook
1,846
4,155
6,001
13,388
3,680
15,709
19,389
13,929
1984/2004
Altamira Place
11,076
12,609
29,028
4,192
37,445
41,637
33,822
1984/2007
Apr-94
Regatta Shore
757
6,608
7,365
22,519
26,595
29,884
24,484
1988/2007
Jun-94
Alafaya Woods
1,653
9,042
10,695
16,203
3,083
23,815
26,898
21,002
1989/2006
Oct-94
Los Altos
2,804
12,349
15,153
17,387
27,731
32,540
24,488
1990/2004
Oct-96
Lotus Landing
2,185
8,639
10,824
17,474
3,442
24,856
28,298
19,717
1985/2006
Jul-97
Seville On The Green
1,282
6,498
7,780
12,410
2,059
18,131
20,190
14,081
1986/2004
Oct-97
Ashton @ Waterford
17,538
21,410
10,663
4,972
27,101
32,073
21,897
May-98
Arbors at Lee Vista
6,692
12,860
22,091
8,211
33,432
41,643
25,070
1992/2007
Aug-06
Arbors at Maitland Summit
15,929
158,079
174,008
21,357
16,010
179,355
195,365
51,902
Oct-21
Essex Luxe
9,068
103,555
1,331
9,098
95,788
104,886
21,525
ORLANDO, FL
47,621
341,331
388,952
183,851
62,845
509,958
271,917
Legacy Hill
1,148
5,867
7,015
14,254
2,255
19,014
21,269
16,472
Nov-95
Hickory Run
1,469
11,584
13,053
21,114
3,024
31,143
34,167
23,499
Dec-95
Carrington Hills
2,117
50,932
5,201
47,848
53,049
34,413
Brookridge
708
5,461
6,169
10,834
1,761
15,242
17,003
12,395
Mar-96
Breckenridge
766
7,714
8,480
9,768
1,960
16,288
18,248
13,065
Mar-97
Colonnade
1,460
16,015
17,475
13,611
3,050
28,036
31,086
21,716
Jan-99
The Preserve at Brentwood
3,182
24,674
27,856
21,464
4,634
44,686
49,320
33,579
Jun-04
Polo Park
4,583
16,293
20,876
22,876
7,324
36,428
43,752
31,482
May-06
NASHVILLE, TN
15,433
87,608
103,041
164,853
29,209
238,685
186,621
The Reserve and Park at Riverbridge
15,968
56,401
72,369
24,590
17,373
79,586
64,259
1999/2001
OTHER FLORIDA
TOTAL SOUTHEAST REGION
150,635
922,014
1,072,649
689,308
206,513
1,555,444
1,761,957
863,039
S - 3
Thirty377
24,036
32,951
56,987
25,983
26,585
56,385
82,970
45,444
1999/2007
Legacy Village
90,000
16,882
100,102
116,984
37,704
23,823
130,865
154,688
98,942
2005/06/07
Addison Apts at The Park
22,041
11,228
33,269
23,821
32,036
25,054
57,090
18,293
1977/78/79
May-07
Addison Apts at The Park I
7,903
554
8,457
9,402
11,058
6,801
17,859
5,697
Addison Apts at The Park II
10,440
634
11,074
3,241
8,458
5,857
14,315
4,586
Savoye
8,432
50,483
58,915
7,263
9,097
57,081
66,178
18,986
Savoye 2
6,451
56,615
63,066
5,830
7,067
61,829
68,896
20,517
Fiori on Vitruvian Park
44,903
7,934
78,575
86,509
6,589
8,767
84,331
93,098
28,847
Vitruvian West Phase I
41,317
6,273
61,418
67,691
4,387
6,676
65,402
72,078
22,421
Vitruvian West Phase II
15,798
22,249
40,498
6,670
56,077
62,747
15,443
Vitruvian West Phase III
7,141
2,754
9,895
65,163
7,385
67,673
75,058
11,979
Villas at Fiori
9,921
776
10,697
41,770
9,970
42,497
52,467
2,788
The Canal
41,222
12,671
98,813
111,484
5,284
12,780
103,988
116,768
26,939
Apr-21
Cool Springs at Frisco Bridges
89,510
18,325
151,982
170,307
22,680
18,460
174,527
192,987
48,325
2012
Central Square at Frisco
37,090
7,661
52,455
60,116
2,423
7,678
54,861
62,539
5,455
Aug-23
Villaggio
32,234
6,186
41,813
47,999
2,360
6,195
44,164
50,359
4,479
Lofts at Palisades
39,882
8,198
56,143
64,341
1,266
8,200
57,407
65,607
5,718
Flats at Palisades
32,038
5,546
43,854
49,400
3,695
5,551
47,544
53,095
4,870
DALLAS, TX
192,492
856,948
1,049,440
309,359
216,456
1,142,343
389,729
Barton Creek Landing
3,151
14,269
17,420
28,542
6,096
39,866
45,962
35,416
1986/2012
Mar-02
Residences at the Domain
4,034
55,256
59,290
19,426
73,632
78,716
54,417
Aug-08
Red Stone Ranch
17,646
22,730
16,046
32,966
38,776
21,172
Apr-12
Lakeline Villas
4,148
16,869
21,017
12,982
4,961
29,038
33,999
18,285
2002
Estancia Villas
27,895
6,384
52,946
59,330
3,220
6,399
56,151
62,550
5,529
Palo Verde
39,024
5,975
57,880
63,855
2,633
6,004
60,484
66,488
5,875
AUSTIN, TX
28,776
214,866
243,642
82,849
34,354
292,137
140,694
Steele Creek
8,586
130,400
138,986
10,036
8,906
140,116
149,022
54,598
Oct-17
Cirrus
13,853
88,819
14,016
88,656
102,672
14,846
DENVER, CO
22,439
152,839
98,855
22,922
228,772
69,444
TOTAL SOUTHWEST REGION
540,115
243,707
1,202,214
1,445,921
491,063
273,732
1,663,252
1,936,984
599,867
TOTAL OPERATING COMMUNITIES
2,309,067
8,535,150
10,844,217
4,800,739
2,591,882
13,053,074
6,809,474
LAND
Vitruvian Park®
22,547
1,467
24,014
15,837
30,320
9,531
39,851
831
Alameda Point Block 11
25,006
33,442
Newport Village II
5,237
18,348
23,585
2727 Turtle Creek
90,205
13,933
104,138
488 Riverwalk
16,053
8,140
24,193
3001 Iowa Ave
13,468
15,272
28,740
TOTAL LAND
172,516
173,983
79,966
180,289
73,660
HELD FOR DISPOSITION
Leonard Pointe
38,010
93,204
131,214
38,130
96,000
134,130
36,598
One William
6,422
75,527
81,949
2,490
6,515
77,924
84,439
27,508
TOTAL HELD FOR DISPOSITION
44,432
168,731
213,163
5,406
173,924
64,106
COMMERCIAL
Brookhaven Shopping Center
31,121
7,793
23,328
16,143
3001 Iowa Ave Commercial
9,882
4,861
14,743
4,862
14,744
804
TOTAL COMMERCIAL
31,122
17,675
28,190
45,865
16,947
Other (b)
19,906
136
19,770
927
1745 Shea Center I
3,034
20,534
23,568
6,550
27,035
30,118
8,741
TOTAL CORPORATE
26,456
3,219
46,805
50,024
9,668
TOTAL COMMERCIAL & CORPORATE
12,916
25,395
38,311
57,578
20,894
74,995
26,615
Deferred Financing Costs and Other Non-Cash Adjustments
TOTAL REAL ESTATE OWNED
2,538,931
8,730,743
11,269,674
4,943,689
2,837,710
13,375,653
6,901,026
S - 4
Date of original construction/date of last major renovation, if applicable.
Includes unallocated accruals and capital expenditures.
The aggregate cost for federal income tax purposes was approximately $15.6 billion at December 31, 2024 (unaudited).
The estimated depreciable lives for all buildings in the latest Consolidated Statements of Operations are 30 to 55 years.
S - 5
3-YEAR ROLLFORWARD OF REAL ESTATE OWNED AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
The following is a reconciliation of the carrying amount of total real estate owned at December 31, (in thousands):
Balance at beginning of the year
Real estate acquired (including joint venture consolidation)
410,581
409,263
Capital expenditures and development
295,548
441,606
444,009
Real estate sold
(106,044)
(398,400)
(24,003)
Balance at end of the year
The following is a reconciliation of total accumulated depreciation for real estate owned at December 31, (in thousands):
6,267,830
5,762,501
5,137,096
Depreciation expense for the year
660,805
668,899
634,424
Accumulated depreciation on sales
(27,609)
(163,570)
(9,019)
Balance at end of year
S - 6
S - 7