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10.
Stock Benefit Plans
MMC maintains multiple share-based payment arrangements under which employees are awarded grants of restricted stock, stock options and other forms of stock-based payment arrangements. On July 1, 2005, MMC began accounting for these arrangements under the recognition and measurement provisions of SFAS No. 123 (revised 2004), "Share-Based Payment," ("SFAS 123 (R)"). Prior to July 1, 2005, MMC accounted for these arrangements under the recognition and measurement provisions of Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees" ("APB 25"), as permitted under SFAS No. 123, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" ("SFAS 123").
MMC's income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2006 is $40 million lower than if it had continued to account for share-based payment arrangements under APB 25 ($26 million after-tax.) The impact on both basic and diluted earnings per share is $0.05.
If compensation cost for MMC's share-based payment arrangements had been recognized based on the fair value method prescribed by SFAS 123 for the three months ended March 31, 2005, MMC's net income and net income per share for the period would have been reduced to the pro forma amounts indicated in the table below.
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The pro forma information reflected above includes stock options issued under MMC's incentive and stock award plans and the Putnam Investments Equity Partnership Plan and stock issued under MMC's stock purchase plans. In addition, the pro forma information reflected above is based on recognizing the costs of employee stock option awards granted to retiree-eligible individuals over the full vesting term of the award. If the costs of employee stock option awards granted to retiree-eligible individuals had been recognized for these individuals over a shorter period, consistent with the retirement vesting acceleration provisions of these grants, pro forma net income for the three months ended March 31, 2005 would have amounted to $99 million.
MMC Incentive and Stock Award Plans
Beginning with awards granted in 2006, awards to senior executives and other employees may consist of up to three different equity vehicles: performance-contingent stock options, three-year performance-based restricted stock units and three-year service-based restricted stock units. The performance-contingent stock options are similar to those granted in 2005 and provide for a performance-based triggering event before a vested option can be exercised. The terms and conditions of these stock option awards provide that (i) options will vest at a rate of 25% a year beginning one year from the date of grant and (ii) each vested tranche will only become exercisable if the market price of MMC's stock appreciates to a level of 15% above the exercise price of the option and maintains that level for at least ten (10) consecutive trading days after the award has vested. The payout of performance-based restricted stock units (payable in shares of MMC common stock) may range from 0200% of the number of units granted, based on the achievement of objective, pre-determined MMC or operating company performance measures over a three-year performance period. Dividend equivalents are paid on both performance-based and service-based restricted stock units prior to payout, based on the initial grant amount.
Putnam Investments Equity Partnership Plan
Long-term incentive compensation for Putnam senior executives is provided under a separate Putnam long-term incentive compensation program and is in the form of restricted stock awards and stock options with respect to shares of Putnam Class B stock. Putnam employees may also be considered for awards of MMC restricted stock and/or stock options from time-to-time.
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a.
Marsh will accept compensation for its services in placing, renewing, consulting on or servicing any insurance policy only by a specific fee paid by the client; or by a specific percentage commission on premium to be paid by the insurer; or a combination of both. The amount of such compensation must be fully disclosed to, and consented to in writing, by the client prior to the binding of any policy;
b.
Marsh must give clients prior notification before retaining interest earned on premiums collected on behalf of insurers;
c.
In placing, renewing, consulting on or servicing any insurance policy, Marsh will not accept from or request of any insurer any form of contingent compensation;
d.
In placing, renewing, consulting on or servicing any insurance policy, Marsh will not knowingly use wholesalers for the placement, renewal, consultation on or servicing of insurance without the agreement of its client;
e.
Prior to the binding of an insurance policy, Marsh will disclose to clients all quotes and indications sought or received from insurers, including the compensation to be received by Marsh in connection with each quote. Marsh also will disclose to clients at year-end Marsh's compensation in connection with the client's policy; and
f.
Marsh will implement company-wide written standards of conduct relating to compensation and will train relevant employees in a number of subject matters, including business ethics, professional obligations, conflicts of interest, anti-trust and trade practices compliance, and record keeping.
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Related Litigation
As of May 4, 2006, numerous lawsuits have been commenced against MMC, one or more of its subsidiaries, and their current and former directors and officers, relating to matters alleged in the NYAG Lawsuit, including the following:
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Approximately 21 putative class actions purportedly brought on behalf of policyholders were filed in various federal courts. A number of these federal cases were transferred to the District of New Jersey for coordination or consolidated pretrial proceedings (the "MDL Cases"). On August 1, 2005, two consolidated amended complaints were filed in the MDL Cases (one on behalf of a purported class of "commercial" policyholders and the second on behalf of a purported class of "employee benefit" policyholders), which as against MMC and certain affiliates allege statutory claims for violations of the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act and federal and state antitrust laws, together with common law claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. The complaints seek a variety of remedies, including unspecified monetary damages, treble damages, disgorgement, restitution, punitive damages, declaratory and injunctive relief, and attorneys' fees and costs. The class periods alleged in the MDL Cases begin on August 26, 1994 and purport to continue to the date of any class certification. On November 29, 2005, MMC and the other defendants moved to dismiss the two consolidated amended complaints. On February 16, 2006, the plaintiffs moved for class certification.
Six class or representative actions on behalf of policyholders are pending in state courts. There are also 18 actions brought by individual policyholders and others in federal and state courts relating to matters alleged in the NYAG Lawsuit, and additional policyholder suits may be filed. MMC expects that all policyholder actions filed in the U.S. federal courts will be transferred to the District of New Jersey as described above. In addition, two putative class actions are pending in Canada.
On January 21, 2005, the State of Connecticut brought an action against Marsh in the Connecticut Superior Court. The State alleged that Marsh violated Connecticuts Unfair Trade Practices Act by accepting $50,000 from an insurer in connection with a placement Marsh made for Connecticuts Department of Administrative Services (the DAS). On September 21, 2005, the State amended its complaint. In addition to its allegations about the DAS transaction, the amended complaint asserts that Marsh violated Connecticuts antitrust and unfair trade practices acts by engaging in bid rigging and other improper conduct that purportedly damaged particular customers and inflated insurance premiums. The State also claims that Marsh improperly accepted contingent commissions and concealed these commissions from its clients. Marsh has moved to stay this action pending the outcome of the MDL Cases.
On March 14, 2006, the State of Florida brought an action against Marsh in Florida state court, alleging that Marsh violated Floridas RICO and antitrust laws by engaging in bid rigging and other improper conduct which inflated insurance premiums, and receiving undisclosed additional compensation. The complaint alleges that these actions caused damage to the State, Florida governmental entities and Florida businesses and residents, and seeks the forfeiture of all undisclosed compensation, treble damages, civil penalties, attorneys fees and costs and injunctive and other equitable relief.
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Four purported class actions on behalf of individuals and entities who purchased or acquired MMCs publicly-traded securities during the purported class periods are pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. On January 26, 2005, the Court issued an order consolidating these complaints into a single proceeding (the "MMC SDNY Securities Case") and appointing co-lead plaintiffs and co-lead counsel to represent the purported class. On April 19, 2005, the co-lead plaintiffs filed a lengthy consolidated complaint. The consolidated complaint names MMC, Marsh, Inc., MMCs independent registered public accounting firm and twenty present and former directors and officers of MMC and certain affiliates as defendants. The purported class period in the consolidated complaint extends from October 14, 1999 to October 13, 2004.
The consolidated complaint alleges, among other things, that MMC inflated its earnings during the class period by engaging in unsustainable business practices based on contingent commissions, and caused the plaintiffs and other members of the purported class to purchase MMCs securities at artificially inflated prices. The consolidated complaint further alleges that MMC failed to disclose that the revenue derived from market service agreements with insurers was part of an unlawful scheme, which could not be sustained and which exposed MMC to significant regulatory sanctions, and that MMC failed to disclose certain alleged anti-competitive and illegal practices, such as bid rigging and soliciting fictitious quotes, at MMCs subsidiaries. The consolidated complaint further alleges that MMCs revenues and earnings would have been significantly lower had MMCs subsidiaries not engaged in these allegedly unlawful business practices, and that MMCs earnings were overstated because MMC failed to establish a reserve for contingent losses associated with its allegedly improper activities.
The consolidated complaint includes factual allegations similar to those asserted in the NYAG Lawsuit, as well as factual allegations concerning alleged misconduct at Mercer and Putnam and alleged conflicts of interest associated with MMC's former private equity subsidiary, MMC Capital. The consolidated complaint includes claims for violations of Sections 10(b), 18 and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, based on MMCs allegedly false or incomplete disclosures. In addition, the consolidated complaint includes claims for common law fraud and deceit, negligent misrepresentation, and violations of state securities laws, which are being asserted on behalf of a subclass of municipal and state pension funds. The consolidated complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages and attorneys fees. All defendants have filed motions to dismiss the consolidated complaint.
Four individual shareholder actions have been filed against MMC and others in various state courts around the country. MMC and other defendants removed these four actions to federal court. Two actions have since been remanded to state court. The other two have been transferred for inclusion in MMC SDNY Securities Case.
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A number of shareholder derivative actions are pending against MMCs current and former directors and officers. Five actions in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware have been consolidated as a single action (the Delaware Derivative Action). Five actions in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York have been consolidated as a single action (the Federal Derivative Action). One action is pending in the New York Supreme Court for New York County. These shareholder derivative actions allege, among other things, that current and former directors and officers of MMC breached their fiduciary duties with respect to the alleged misconduct described in the NYAG Lawsuit, are liable to MMC for damages arising from their alleged breaches of fiduciary duty, and must contribute to or indemnify MMC for any damages MMC has suffered. The Delaware Derivative Action is stayed pending a ruling on a motion to dismiss the MMC SDNY Securities Case. The derivative action pending in the New York Supreme Court has also been stayed pending resolution of the Federal Derivative Action.
On August 24, 2005, two purported stockholders of MMC filed an action in the Delaware Court of Chancery, allegedly on behalf of MMC and Marsh, Inc., naming MMCs independent registered public accounting firm as a defendant and alleging claims of breach of professional duty, aiding and abetting and breach of contract against such firm in connection with actions taken by its personnel with respect to MMC and its subsidiaries. The parties to this derivative action have agreed that it will also remain stayed pending resolution of the motions to dismiss the MMC SDNY Securities Case.
MMC has also received six demand letters from stockholders asking the MMC Board of Directors to take appropriate legal action against those directors and officers who are alleged to have caused damages to MMC based on the facts alleged in the NYAG Lawsuit. MMC has advised the stockholders making demands that their demands are under consideration by the MMC Board of Directors. M.F. Henry, one of the stockholders who had made such a demand, subsequently filed a shareholder derivative complaint, which has been consolidated in the Federal Derivative Action. Henry has since amended her complaint to assert individual claims against certain current and former directors and officers of MMC, alleging violations of the federal securities laws, including Sections 10(b), 14(a) and 20 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Lead counsel to plaintiffs and counsel to defendants in the Federal Derivative Action have submitted a stipulation seeking to stay the Federal Derivative Action in favor of the Delaware Derivative Action. Henry has objected to the proposed stay; the court is reviewing the matter. On March 8, 2006, another stockholder who purported to make such a demand filed a stockholder derivative complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. This complaint asserts claims similar to those made in the prior derivative cases. The defendants have filed motions to consolidate, dismiss and/or stay that action.
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Twenty purported class actions alleging violations of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), have been filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of participants and beneficiaries of the Marsh & McLennan Companies Stock Investment Plan (the Plan). On February 9, 2005, the Court issued an order consolidating these complaints into a single proceeding and appointing co-lead plaintiffs and lead counsel to represent the purported class. Plaintiffs filed a consolidated class action complaint (the Consolidated Complaint) on June 15, 2005, naming MMC and various current and former employees, officers and directors as defendants. The Consolidated Complaint alleges, among other things, that in view of the purportedly fraudulent bids and the receipt of contingent commissions pursuant to the market service agreements referred to above, the defendants knew or should have known that the investment of the Plans assets in MMC stock was imprudent. The Consolidated Complaint also asserts that certain defendants failed to provide the Plans participants with complete and accurate information about MMC stock, that certain defendants responsible for selecting, removing and monitoring other fiduciaries did not comply with ERISA, and that MMC knowingly participated in other defendants breaches of fiduciary duties. The Consolidated Complaint seeks, among other things, unspecified compensatory damages, injunctive relief and attorneys fees and costs. The amount of Plan assets invested in MMC stock at October 13, 2004 (immediately prior to the announcement of the NYAG Lawsuit) was approximately $1.2 billion. The Consolidated Complaint alleges that during the purported class period, which extends from July 1, 2000 until January 31, 2005, MMC stock fell from $52.22 to $32.50. MMC and the other defendants have filed a motion to dismiss the Consolidated Complaint.
On February 23, 2005, the plaintiffs in a shareholder derivative suit pending in the Delaware Court of Chancery against the directors and officers of American International Group, Inc. (AIG) filed a consolidated complaint which, as subsequently amended, names as additional defendants MMC, Marsh, Inc., Marsh USA Inc., Marsh Global Broking Inc. (collectively, the MMC Corporate Defendants), MMCs former CEO, and five former Marsh employees who have pleaded guilty to certain criminal charges (the former CEO and former employees, together with the MMC Corporate Defendants, the MMC Defendants). This action alleges, among other things, that the MMC Defendants, certain AIG employees and others engaged in conspiracy and common law fraud with respect to the alleged misconduct described in the NYAG Lawsuit, including, but not limited to, illegal bid rigging and kickback schemes, and that AIG was harmed thereby. This action further alleges that the MMC Corporate Defendants aided and abetted the current and former directors and officers of AIG in breaching their fiduciary duties to AIG with respect to AIGs participation in the alleged misconduct described in the NYAG Lawsuit and that the MMC Corporate Defendants were unjustly enriched. The consolidated complaint asserts that the MMC Defendants are liable to AIG for damages and also seeks the return of all contingent commission payments made by AIG to the MMC Corporate Defendants.
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In addition, on May 6, 2005, the plaintiffs in a shareholder derivative suit pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the AIG Federal Suit) against the directors and officers of AIG filed a consolidated complaint which, as subsequently amended, names MMC, Marsh USA, Inc., Marsh Global Broking, Inc. and MMCs former CEO as additional defendants and asserts claims against MMC and the former CEO for allegedly aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties by AIG's directors and officers and for unjust enrichment. The complaint seeks damages and the disgorgement of contingent commissions.
Both the Delaware Chancery Court derivative action and the AIG Federal Suit are stayed by orders of the respective courts. In addition, plaintiffs counsel in a federal securities fraud purported class action against AIG and others (to which MMC is not a party) relating to price declines in AIGs stock has indicated that plaintiffs may assert claims against MMC in that action.
On May 13, 2005, the plaintiffs in a purported securities fraud class action suit pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against Axis Capital Holdings Limited (Axis) and certain of its officers filed a consolidated complaint that named MMC, among others, as an additional defendant. This purported class action is on behalf of all persons and entities that purchased or acquired Axiss publicly traded common stock during a purported class period from August 6, 2003 to October 14, 2004. The complaint alleges violations of federal securities laws in connection with defendants purported failure to disclose alleged improper business practices concerning incentive commission payments by Axis to (among others) Marsh Inc. With regard to MMC, the complaint also alleges that various entities and partnerships managed by or associated with MMC Capital Inc. sold Axis common stock to members of the purported class knowing of the alleged inflated valuation of such stock, and seeks damages for alleged violations of federal securities laws. MMC and the other defendants have moved to dismiss this action.
Related Regulatory Matters
Following the filing of the NYAG Lawsuit, MMC and certain of its subsidiaries received notices of investigations and inquiries, together with requests for documents and information, from attorneys general, departments of insurance and other state and federal governmental entities in a number of jurisdictions (other than New York) that relate to the allegations in the NYAG Lawsuit. As of May 4, 2006, offices of attorneys general in 22 jurisdictions have issued one or more requests for information or subpoenas calling for the production of documents or for witnesses to provide testimony. Subpoenas, letters of inquiry and other information requests have been received from departments of insurance or other state agencies in 38 jurisdictions. MMC and its subsidiaries are cooperating with these requests from regulators. MMC has been contacted by certain of the above state entities indicating that they may file civil actions or otherwise seek additional monetary or other remedies from MMC. In addition, MMC or its subsidiaries may face administrative proceedings or other regulatory actions, fines or penalties, including, without limitation, actions to revoke or suspend their insurance broking licenses.
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On September 21, 2005, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (the NAIC) issued a press release indicating that over 30 state insurance regulators working collaboratively through the NAIC had reached a multi-state regulatory settlement with MMC and Marsh Inc. The NAIC settlement agreement reaffirms MMCs commitment, under the Settlement Agreement with NYAG and the NYSID, to establish a no-fault compensation fund for policyholder clients across the United States, and provides for state-by-state enforcement of the business reforms agreed to be implemented pursuant to the Settlement Agreement. The NAIC settlement agreement has been executed by MMC and Marsh Inc. and the NAIC has advised that, as of May 4, 2006, it has been adopted by insurance commissioners in 33 states, the District of Columbia and Guam.
On March 13, 2006, MMC, Marsh USA, Inc. and the Insurance Commissioner of the State of California entered into an agreement resolving an investigation by the Commissioner regarding Marsh. In accordance with the January 30, 2005 Settlement Agreement with NYAG and the NYSID, Marsh agreed to implement certain business reforms in California, including with respect to disclosure of compensation and the prohibition of bid-rigging arrangements, as well as reporting to the Commissioner with respect to payments to California policyholders who were participating in the NYAG Fund established pursuant to the Settlement Agreement. In addition, Marsh agreed to reimburse the Department for $15,000 of its investigatory costs.
Putnam-Related Matters
Regulatory Matters
In 2003 and 2004, Putnam entered into settlements with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (the "Massachusetts Securities Division") with respect to excessive short-term trading by certain former Putnam employees in shares of the Putnam mutual funds (the Putnam Funds). Under the settlements, Putnam paid in 2004 a total of $110 million ($10 million in restitution and $100 million in civil fines and penalties). Putnam also agreed to undertake a number of remedial compliance actions and to engage an independent assessment consultant (the "IAC") to determine the amount of restitution that Putnam would be required to pay to make investors in the Putnam Funds whole for losses attributable to the short-term trading.
The settlements permit Putnam to apply up to $25 million of the $110 million settlement payment against any amount the IAC determines to be due as restitution to Putnam Fund shareholders. Therefore, any amount of restitution above $25 million requires a separate additional payment by Putnam. In March 2005, the IAC concluded that $108.5 million was the total amount of restitution payable by Putnam to Putnam Fund shareholders. Accordingly, Putnam recorded a charge for $83.5 million ($108.5 million, less $25 million) in 2004. In addition to the $108.5 million in restitution, Putnam Funds shareholders will receive a distribution of $45 million from the civil penalty Putnam previously paid to the SEC. The IAC is acting as the independent distribution consultant and has developed a proposed plan that provides for the distribution of these restitution amounts to Putnam Funds shareholders. The proposed plan is currently being reviewed by the staffs of the SEC and the Massachusetts Securities Division. Putnam will incur additional costs in connection with implementing the distribution plan.
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In a separate action, the SEC is seeking an injunction against two of the former Putnam employees involved in the short-term trading referenced above.
Commencing in 2004, the Enforcement Staff of the SECs Boston Office investigated the manner in which certain operational errors were corrected by Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company (PFTC) in connection with a January 2001 transfer and investment of assets on behalf of a 401(k) defined contribution plan. The manner in which these errors were corrected affected the plan and five of the Putnam Funds in which certain plan assets were invested. Following the discovery of this matter, Putnam notified the regulatory authorities, made restitution to the plan and the affected Putnam Funds and made a number of changes in its personnel and procedures. On December 30, 2005, based upon the results of its investigation, the SEC filed an action in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts against six former PFTC personnel. In a press release relating to the filing, the SEC said it would not bring any enforcement action against PFTC because of its cooperation with the SEC's investigation.
During the course of the SEC's investigation, issues arose relating to the calculation of certain cost reimbursements paid by the Putnam Funds in previous years to Putnam for transfer agent services relating to defined contribution operations. These issues are being reviewed by Putnam and the Trustees of the Putnam Funds and, pending the completion of this review, Putnam has recorded charges totaling $37 million for the estimated cost (including interest) that it believes will be necessary to address these issues. Putnam also has briefed the SEC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the FDIC) and other governmental authorities on this matter.
In October 2004 the Department of Labor indicated its preliminary belief that Putnam may have violated certain provisions of ERISA related to investments by the Putnam Profit Sharing Retirement Plan and certain discretionary ERISA accounts in Putnam Funds that pay 12b-1 fees. In December 2004, Putnam made a written submission to the Department of Labor addressing these issues.
Since December 2003, Putnam has received various requests for information from the Department of Labor regarding the Putnam Profit Sharing Retirement Plan, including requests for information relating to (i) Plan governance, (ii) Plan investments, including investments in MMC stock, (iii) the purported ERISA class actions relating to MMC's receipt of contingent commissions and other matters, which are discussed above, (iv) the market timing-related ERISA Actions, which are discussed below, and (v) the suspensions of trading in MMC stock imposed by Putnam on its employees in October and November 2004.
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The Fort Worth office of the SEC has stated that it does not believe that the previous structure of the Putnam Research Funds investment management fee, which included a performance component in addition to a base fee, fully complied with SEC regulations concerning performance fees. In order to resolve this matter, Putnam submitted an offer of settlement to the SECs Fort Worth office on December 30, 2005. The offer of settlement, pursuant to which Putnam would neither admit nor deny wrongdoing, remains subject to acceptance by the SEC. On November 18, 2005, in connection with the proposed settlement, Putnam reimbursed the Putnam Research Fund in a total amount of $1.65 million. The reimbursement represents a retroactive adjustment to the fee structure from April 1, 1997 (the date when the performance fee was put in effect) through September 27, 2004 (when the performance fee was terminated).
Starting in May 2004, Putnam received and responded to requests for information from the Washington staff of the SECs Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations, in the context of an SEC sweep concerning closed-end fund distributions. In April and July 2005, Putnam received and responded to follow-up requests concerning the same subject matter from the SECs Division of Enforcement, which has indicated its belief that Putnams issuance of notices to shareholders in connection with dividend payments by certain of Putnams closed-end funds did not comply with applicable SEC disclosure requirements. Putnam is currently engaged in discussions with the SEC staff regarding a resolution of this matter.
Starting in January 2004, the NASD has made several requests for information relating to reimbursement of expenses to participants at certain sales meetings during the period from 2001 to 2004. Putnam has fully responded to these requests and is engaged in discussions with the NASD regarding a possible resolution of this matter.
"Market-Timing" Related Litigation
MMC and Putnam have received complaints in over 70 civil actions based on allegations of "market-timing" and, in some cases, late trading activities. These actions were filed in courts in various states. All of the actions filed in federal court have been transferred, along with actions against other mutual fund complexes, to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings. The lead plaintiffs in those cases filed consolidated amended complaints on September 29, 2004. MMC and Putnam moved to dismiss the various complaints pending in federal court in Maryland, which are described below:
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MMC and Putnam, along with certain of their former officers and directors, were named in a consolidated amended class action complaint (the MMC Class Action) purportedly brought on behalf of all purchasers of the publicly-traded securities of MMC between January 3, 2000 and November 3, 2003 (the Class Period). In general, the MMC Class Action alleges that the defendants, including MMC, allowed certain mutual fund investors and fund managers to engage in market-timing in the Putnam Funds. The complaint further alleges that this conduct was not disclosed until late 2003, in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. The complaint alleges that, as a result of defendants purportedly misleading statements or omissions, MMCs stock traded at inflated levels during the Class Period. The suit seeks unspecified damages and equitable relief. In an order issued March 1, 2006, the district court granted defendants motions to dismiss all claims against them. On March 15, 2006, plaintiffs filed a motion to reconsider that dismissal order or, alternatively, for leave to amend the complaint.
MMC and Putnam were also named as defendants in a consolidated amended complaint filed on behalf of a putative class of investors in certain Putnam Funds (the Putnam Class Action), and in another consolidated amended complaint in which certain fund investors purport to assert derivative claims on behalf of all Putnam Funds (the Putnam Derivative Action). These suits seek to recover unspecified damages allegedly suffered by the funds and their shareholders as a result of purported market-timing and late trading activity that allegedly occurred in certain Putnam Funds. The Putnam Derivative Action seeks additional relief, including termination of the investment advisory contracts between Putnam and the funds, cancellation of the funds 12b-1 plans and the return of all advisory and 12b-1 fees paid by the funds over a certain period of time. In addition to MMC and Putnam, the Putnam Derivative Action names as defendants various Putnam affiliates, certain trustees of Putnam Funds, certain present and former Putnam officers and employees, and persons and entities that allegedly engaged in or facilitated market-timing or late trading activities in Putnam Funds. The complaints allege violations of Sections 11, 12(a), and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, Sections 36(a) and (b), 47 and 48(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, and Sections 206 and 215 of the Investment Advisers Act, as well as asserting state law claims for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, unjust enrichment and civil conspiracy. On November 3, 2005, with regard to the Putnam Class Action, the court issued rulings that dismissed all claims against Putnam except for claims alleging violations of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder and Sections 36(b) and 48(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940. On March 1, 2006, the court entered its final order implementing these rulings. On March 15, 2006, plaintiffs filed a motion to reconsider the courts rulings regarding the dismissal of certain non-Putnam defendants or, alternatively, for leave to amend the complaint. The court deferred ruling on MMCs motion to dismiss claims against MMC. With regard to the Putnam Derivative Action, the court issued rulings on November 3, 2005 that dismissed all claims against Putnam and MMC except for claims alleging violations of Section 36(b) against Putnam and Section 48(a) against Putnam and MMC. The court entered its final order implementing these rulings on March 1, 2006.
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Putnam also has been named as a defendant in its capacity as a sub-adviser to a non-Putnam fund in a class action suit pending in the District of Maryland against another mutual fund complex.
A consolidated amended complaint asserting shareholder derivative claims has been filed, purportedly on behalf of MMC, against current and former members of MMCs Board of Directors, two of Putnams former officers, and MMC as a nominal defendant (the MMC Derivative Action). The MMC Derivative Action generally alleges that the members of MMCs Board of Directors violated the fiduciary duties they owed to MMC and its shareholders as a result of a failure of oversight of market-timing in the Putnam Funds. The MMC Derivative Action alleges that, as a result of the alleged violation of defendants fiduciary duties, MMC suffered damages. The suit seeks unspecified damages and equitable relief. Pursuant to an agreement of the parties, an order staying this action was entered on May 9, 2005. MMC has also received two demand letters from stockholders asking the MMC Board of Directors to take action to remedy alleged breaches of duty by certain officers, directors, trustees or employees of MMC or Putnam, based on allegations of market-timing in the Putnam Funds. The first letter asked to have the Board of Trustees of the Putnam Funds, as well as the MMC Board, take action to remedy those alleged breaches of fiduciary duty. The second letter demanded that MMC commence legal proceedings against the MMC directors, the senior management of Putnam, the Putnam Funds Trustees and MMCs auditor to remedy those alleged breaches of fiduciary duty.
MMC, Putnam, and various of their current and former officers, directors and employees have been named as defendants in two consolidated amended complaints that purportedly assert class action claims under ERISA (the "ERISA Actions"). The ERISA Actions, which have been brought by participants in MMC's Stock Investment Plan and Putnam's Profit Sharing Retirement Plan, allege, among other things, that, in view of the market-timing trading activity that was allegedly allowed to occur at Putnam, the defendants knew or should have known that the investment of the plans' funds in MMC stock and Putnam's mutual fund shares was imprudent and that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties to the plan participants in making these investments. The ERISA Actions seek unspecified damages and equitable relief, including the restoration to the plans of all profits the defendants allegedly made through the use of the plans assets, an order compelling the defendants to make good to the plans all losses to the plans allegedly resulting from defendants alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties, and the imposition of a constructive trust on any amounts by which any defendant allegedly was unjustly enriched at the expense of the plans. In orders issued on March 1, 2006, the court granted in part and denied in part defendants motions to dismiss the ERISA Actions.
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A number of the Putnam Funds have been named as defendants in a purported class action brought on behalf of certain holders of the funds' Class B shares who either (i) held such shares and were subject to certain contingent deferred sales charges ("CDSCs") as of October 28, 2003, or (ii) were assessed a CDSC for redeeming such shares on or after October 28, 2003. Plaintiff alleges that Putnam engaged in misconduct constituting a breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing with purported class members by allowing market-timing. Plaintiff seeks, among other things, actual damages or statutory damages of $25 for each class member (whichever is greater) and relief from paying a CDSC for redeeming Class B shares. In August 2005, this action was transferred to the consolidated proceedings in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, described above.
Putnam has agreed to indemnify the Putnam Funds for any liabilities arising from market-timing activities, including those that could arise in the above securities litigations, and MMC has agreed to guarantee Putnam's obligations in that regard.
Other Putnam Litigation
Putnam Investment Management, LLC and Putnam Retail Management Limited Partnership have been sued in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts for alleged violations of Section 36(b) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 in connection with the receipt of purportedly excessive advisory and distribution fees paid by certain Putnam Funds in which plaintiffs purportedly owned shares. Plaintiffs seek, among other things, to recover the excessive advisory and distribution fees paid to defendants by those funds beginning one year prior to the filing of the complaint, rescission of the management and distribution agreements between defendants and the funds, and a prospective reduction in fees. On March 28, 2005, the Court granted in part and denied in part defendants motion to dismiss the complaint. Plaintiffs served an amended complaint on April 4, 2005. On January 19, 2006, the Court granted plaintiffs' motion for leave to file a second amended complaint, and granted defendants' motion for partial summary judgment, limiting the scope of the suit to the fees paid by five Putnam Funds.
Certain Putnam entities have been named as defendants in a suit brought in the District Court of Travis County, Texas by a former institutional client, the Employee Retirement System of Texas (ERS). ERS alleges that Putnam breached its investment management agreement and did not make appropriate disclosures to ERS at the time the investment management agreement was executed. Putnam has removed the action to the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, and ERS has moved to remand the action to state court. Putnam has concluded an arbitration process involving similar issues with another former institutional client.
Commencing on July 9, 2004, PFTC, as well as Cardinal Health Inc. (Cardinal) and a number of other Cardinal-related fiduciaries, were named as defendants in a litigation brought in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio relating to the allegedly imprudent investment of retirement plan assets in Cardinal stock in the Cardinal Health Profit Sharing, Retirement and Savings Plan and its predecessor plans. PFTC was a directed trustee of this plan. All claims against PFTC were dismissed in an order dated March 31, 2006.
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Other Governmental Inquiries Relating to MMC and its Subsidiaries
On June 13, 2005, the European Commission announced its intention to commence an investigation (a so-called sector inquiry) into competition in the financial services sector. In announcing the investigation, the Commission stated, among other things: The Commission is concerned that in some areas of business insurance (the provision of insurance products and services to businesses), competition may not be functioning as well as it could.... Insurance and reinsurance intermediation will also be part of the inquiry. In April 2006, a number of Marsh companies in Europe received, and are responding to, a standardized questionnaire from the Commission directed to insurance intermediaries in Europe.
Since early 2003, the SEC has issued two subpoenas to MMC or its affiliates and has made additional requests for information relating to the SEC's investigation of loss mitigation products. MMC and its subsidiaries have received similar inquiries from regulators and other authorities in several states. On April 18, 2005, the Office of Insurance Regulation in the State of Florida issued a subpoena to Guy Carpenter & Company, Inc. concerning certain reinsurance products. On May 4, 2005, the Office of Insurance and Fire Safety Commissioner in the State of Georgia issued a subpoena to MMC that requested, among other things, information relating to finite insurance placements. On May 23, 2005, the Office of the Attorney General in the State of Connecticut issued a subpoena to MMC concerning finite insurance. MMC and its subsidiaries are cooperating with these and other informal inquiries.
The SEC is examining the practices, compensation arrangements and disclosures of consultants that provide services to sponsors of pension plans or other market participants, including, among other things, practices with respect to advice regarding the selection of investment advisors to manage plan assets. On March 22, 2005, Mercer Investment Consulting, Inc. (Mercer IC) received a letter from the SEC outlining its findings and requesting that Mercer IC improve certain disclosures and procedures. On April 22, 2005, Mercer IC responded to that letter, indicating that it had made or will make the improvements requested by the SEC. Since that time, Mercer IC received separate letters from the Boston office of the Enforcement Division of the SEC requesting additional information. Mercer IC has responded to these requests and continues to cooperate with the SEC.
On February 8, 2005 the Department of Labor served a subpoena on MMC seeking documents pertaining to services provided by MMC subsidiaries to employee benefit plans, including but not limited to documents relating to how such subsidiaries have been compensated for such services. The request also sought information concerning market service agreements and the solicitation of bids from insurance companies in connection with such services. MMC is cooperating with the Department of Labor.
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On December 21, 2004, MMC received a request for information pursuant to a formal investigation commenced by the SEC. The request for information seeks documents concerning related-party transactions of MMC or MMC subsidiaries in which transactions a director, executive officer or 5% stockholder of MMC had a direct or indirect material interest. On April 29, 2005, MMC received a subpoena from the SEC broadening the scope of the original request. MMC is cooperating in the investigation. Certain current and former employees of MMC have testified or have been noticed to testify in connection with this matter.
Other Matters Relating to MMC and its Subsidiaries
MMC and its subsidiaries are subject to a significant number of other claims, lawsuits and proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Such claims and lawsuits consist principally of alleged errors and omissions (known as E&Os) in connection with the performance of professional services. Some of these claims seek damages, including punitive damages, in amounts that could, if awarded, be significant. MMC provides for these exposures by a combination of third-party insurance and self-insurance. For policy years 2000-2001 and prior, substantial third-party insurance is in place above the annual aggregate limits of MMCs self-insured retention, which was $50 million annually for policy years 1998-1999, 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. To the extent that expected losses exceed MMCs self-insured retention in any policy year, MMC records an asset for the amount that MMC expects to recover under its third-party insurance programs. The policy limits and coverage terms of the third-party insurance vary to some extent by policy year, but MMC is not aware of coverage defenses or other obstacles to coverage that would limit recoveries in those years in a material amount. In policy years subsequent to 2000-2001, the availability of third-party insurance has declined substantially, which has caused MMC to assume increasing levels of self-insurance. MMC utilizes internal actuarial and other estimates, and case level reviews by inside and outside counsel, to establish loss reserves which it believes are adequate to provide for this self-insured retention. These reserves are reviewed quarterly and adjusted as developments warrant.
In connection with its acquisition of U.K.-based Sedgwick Group in 1998, MMC acquired several insurance underwriting businesses that were already in run-off, including River Thames Insurance Company Limited ("River Thames"), which MMC sold in 2001. Sedgwick guaranteed payment of claims on certain policies underwritten through the Institute of London Underwriters (the "ILU") by River Thames (such guarantee being hereinafter referred to as the "ILU Guarantee"). The policies covered by the ILU Guarantee are reinsured up to £40 million by a related party of River Thames. Payment of claims under the reinsurance agreement is collateralized by segregated assets held in a trust. As of March 31, 2006, the reinsurance coverage exceeded the best estimate of the projected liability of the policies covered by the ILU Guarantee. To the extent River Thames or the reinsurer is unable to meet its obligations under those policies, a claimant may seek to recover from MMC under the ILU Guarantee.
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From 1980 to 1983, MMC owned indirectly the English & American Insurance Company ("E&A"), which was a member of the ILU. The ILU required MMC to guarantee a portion of E&A's obligations. After E&A became insolvent in 1993, the ILU agreed to discharge the guarantee in exchange for MMC's agreement to post an evergreen letter of credit that is available to pay claims by policyholders on certain E&A policies issued through the ILU and incepting between July 3, 1980 and October 6, 1983. In April, 2006, a lawsuit was commenced in the Commercial Court in London against MMC and the ILU by an assignee of an E&A policyholder that purports to have a claim against the MMC letter of credit in the amount of approximately $8.5 million and seeks a judicial declaration of its rights as an assignee of a policyholder claim. MMC is contesting the claim.
The proceedings described in this Note 15 on Claims, Lawsuits and Other Contingencies seek significant monetary damages and other forms of relief. Where a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, MMC has established reserves in accordance with SFAS No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies. Except as specifically set forth above, MMC's management is unable, at the present time, to provide a reasonable estimate of the range of possible loss attributable to the foregoing proceedings or the impact they may have on MMC's consolidated results of operations or financial position (over and above MMCs existing loss reserves) or MMCs cash flows (to the extent not covered by insurance). The principal reasons for this are that many of these cases, particularly the matters related to market service agreements and market-timing, are in their early stages. For example, the sufficiency of the complaints has not yet been tested in most of the cases, and, in many of the cases, only limited discovery, if any, has taken place. Thus, at this time, it is not possible to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss on these matters. Adverse determinations in one or more of the matters discussed above could have a material impact on MMC's financial condition or the results of MMCs operations in a future period.
17. Segment Information
MMCs organizational structure and segment reporting is based on the types of services provided.
Results are reported in four segments:
Risk and Insurance Services, comprising insurance services (Marsh), reinsurance services (Guy Carpenter), and Risk Capital Holdings;
Risk Consulting and Technology (Kroll);
Consulting, including Mercer Human Resource Consulting and Mercers Specialty Consulting businesses; and
Investment Management (Putnam).
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MMC has reclassified prior year amounts to reflect organizational changes that affected MMCs reportable segments.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those used for the consolidated financial statements described in Note 1. The information in the following tables reflects the classification of Crump, Price Forbes and SCMS as discontinued operations. Revenues are attributed to geographic areas on the basis of where the services are performed. Segment performance is evaluated based on segment operating income, which includes investment income and losses attributable to each segment, directly related expenses, and charges or credits related to integration and restructuring but not MMC corporate-level expenses. Starting in the first quarter of 2006, segment results also include stock option expense.
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stock option expense under SFAS 123(R) ("Share-Based Payment"), which MMC adopted effective July 1, 2005;
restructuring savings and charges under MMC's 2005 restructuring plan;
the sale of Sedgwick Claims Management Services, the gain on which appears in discontinued operations;
the classification during the quarter of Price Forbes, MMC's U.K.-based wholesale brokerage business, as a discontinued operation;
declining market services revenue in the risk and insurance services segment; and
a lower effective tax rate for the quarter.
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EXHIBIT INDEX