UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)
☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report:
Commission file number: 001-41635
Lavoro Limited(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Not Applicable
Cayman Islands
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
Av. Dr. Cardoso de Melo, 1450, 4th floor, office 401 São Paulo—SP, Brazil, 04548-005(Address of principal executive offices)
Julian Garrido Del Val Neto, Chief Financial Officer Av. Dr. Cardoso de Melo, 1450, 4th floor, office 401 São Paulo—SP, Brazil, 04548-005Tel: +55 (11) 4280-0709(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbols
Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share
LVRO
The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Warrants to purchase Class A ordinary shares, each whole warrant exercisable for one Class A ordinary share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share
LVROW
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: As of June 30, 2025, the issuer had 114,585,757 Class A ordinary shares and 10,083,592 warrants to purchase Class A ordinary shares outstanding.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒
Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files) . Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
☐
Accelerated filer
☒
Non-accelerated filer
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
☐ U.S. GAAP
☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board
☐ Other
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
table of contents
Page
Frequently Used Terms
ii
Presentation of Financial and Other Information
1
Forward-Looking Statements
5
Part I
7
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Item 3. Key Information
Item 4. Information on the Company
45
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
70
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
71
Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees
93
Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
98
Item 8. Financial Information
103
Item 9. The Offer and Listing
104
Item 10. Additional Information
105
Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
121
Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities
125
Part II
126
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
Item 15. Controls and Procedures
Item 16. Reserved.
127
Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert
Item 16B. Code of Ethics
Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees
128
Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant
Item 16G. Corporate Governance
Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure
Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Item 16J. Insider Trading Policies
129
Item 16K. Cybersecurity
Part III
131
Item 17. Financial Statements
Item 18. Financial Statements
Item 19. Exhibits
Index to Financial Statements
F-1
i
Throughout this annual report, unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the term “the Registrant” refers to Lavoro Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company, and the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” “our company,” “Lavoro” or “Lavoro Group” refer to Lavoro Limited together with its subsidiaries, composed of: Lavoro Agro Limited, Lavoro Merger Sub II Ltd., Lavoro Agro Holding S.A., or Lavoro Brazil, and its subsidiaries, Crop Care Holding S.A., or Crop Care, and its subsidiaries, and Lavoro Colombia S.A.S., or Lavoro Colombia, and its subsidiaries. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to “our financial statements” mean the financial statements of the Registrant included herein.
In addition, in this document, unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires:
“A&R Registration Rights Agreement” means the Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, entered into by the Registrant and the Sponsor on the Closing Date, pursuant to which that certain Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 13, 2021, was amended and restated in its entirety as of the Closing Date.
“bag” means a unit of measurement equal to: (i) 60 kilograms or 2.36 bushels of grains, i.e., the products that our farmer clients produce; (ii) 40 kilograms of seeds, i.e., an input that we sell.
“Brazil” means the Federative Republic of Brazil.
“Brazilian government” means the federal government of Brazil.
“Business Combination” means the Mergers and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, collectively, including the TPB PIPE Investment.
“Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2022, as may be amended, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, by and among TPB SPAC, the Registrant, First Merger Sub, Second Merger Sub, Third Merger Sub and Lavoro Agro Limited.
“CDI Rate” means the Brazilian interbank deposit (certificado de depósito interbancário) rate, which is an average of interbank overnight deposit interest rates in Brazil.
“Central Bank” means the Brazilian Central Bank (Banco Central do Brasil).
“Closing” means the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement.
“Closing Date” means February 28, 2023, the date of the Closing.
“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
“Companies Act” means the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands.
“Conab” refers to the Brazilian National Food Supply Company (Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento).
“Continental” refers to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the Company’s transfer agent.
“COPOM” means the Brazilian Monetary Policy Committee (Comitê de Política Monetária do Banco Central).
“CPI” means the Colombia Consumer Price Index (Índice de Precios al Consumidor).
“CRA” refers to an Agribusiness Receivables Certificate (Certificados de Recebíveis do Agronegócio), a type of fixed-income security specific to Brazil’s agribusiness sector.
“Crop Care Companies” means Union Agro S.A., Agrobiológica Sustentabilidade S.A., Agrobiológica Soluções Naturais Ltda. and Cromo Indústria Química Ltda.
“DTF Rate” means the Colombian investment rate (certificado de depósito a término), which is an average of interbank and financial corporation loan rates.
“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
“FGV” means the Getulio Vargas Foundation (Fundação Getulio Vargas).
“First Effective Time” means the time at which the First Merger became effective.
“First Merger” means the merger of First Merger Sub with and into TPB SPAC pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, with TPB SPAC surviving as a directly wholly owned subsidiary of the Registrant.
“First Merger Sub” means Lavoro Merger Sub I Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Registrant prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.
Our “governing documents” refers to our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time.
A “hectare” is a unit of measurement equal to 2.471 acres.
“IASB” means the International Accounting Standards Board.
“IBGE” means the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística).
“IBR Rate” means the Colombia banking reference rate (Indicador Bancario de Referencia).
“ICMS” means the Brazilian tax on the circulation of goods and services (imposto sobre a circulação de mercadorias e serviços).
“IFRS” means International Financial Reporting Standards accounting standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB.
“IGP-M” means the General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços – Mercado), which is published by FGV.
“Investment Funds” means a group of Cayman Islands, Delaware and Ontario entities, which are the record holders of certain of our Ordinary Shares. The Investment Funds are ultimately controlled by Patria, which may be deemed to beneficially own the Investment Funds. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—A. Major Shareholders.”
“IPCA” means the National Consumer Price Index (Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo), which is published by the IBGE.
“Lavoro Agro Limited” means Lavoro Agro Limited, an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands.
“Lavoro Agro Limited Shares” means the ordinary shares, par value US$1.00 per share, of Lavoro Agro Limited.
“Lavoro Original Shareholders” means the Investment Funds and Patria Finance, collectively.
“Lavoro Share Plan” means the Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. Long-Term Incentive Policy (Política de Incentivo de Longo Prazo da Lavoro Agro Holding S.A.).
“management” or our “management team” means the officers of the Company. “Mergers” means the First Merger, Second Merger and Third Merger, collectively.
“Minimum viable product,” or “MVP,” is a development technique in which a version of a new product is developed with sufficient features to be usable by early customers who can then provide feedback for future product development. The concept will be used to validate a market need for the product and for incremental developments.
“Nasdaq” means The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.
“Ordinary Shares” means the Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.001 per share, of the Company.
“Patria” means Patria Investments Limited, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands with limited liability, and its affiliates (including Patria Finance).
“Patria Finance” means Patria Finance Limited, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands with limited liability. “PCAOB” means the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
“Private Warrants” means the 4,071,507 warrants issued by the Company, each exercisable at US$11.50 per one Ordinary Share, all of which are held by the Sponsor.
“Public Warrants” means the 6,012,085 warrants issued by the Company, each exercisable at US$11.50 per one Ordinary Share, and which are traded on Nasdaq under the symbol “LVROW.”
“RTVs” refer to Lavoro’s technical sales representatives (Representante Técnico de Vendas), who are linked to its retail stores, and who develop commercial relationships with farmers.
“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
“SELIC rate” means the Brazilian interest rate established by the Brazilian Special Clearance and Custody System (Sistema Especial de Liquidação e Custódia).
“Second Merger” means the merger of TPB SPAC with and into Second Merger Sub pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, with Second Merger Sub surviving as our directly wholly owned subsidiary.
“Second Merger Sub” means Lavoro Merger Sub II Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company and our direct, wholly owned subsidiary prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.
“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
“SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares” means the Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, of TPB SPAC.
“SPAC Class B Ordinary Shares” means the Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, of TPB SPAC.
“SPAC Mergers” means the First Merger and Second Merger.
“SPAC Ordinary Shares” means the SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares and SPAC Class B Ordinary Shares, collectively.
iii
“SPAC Private Warrants” means the 4,071,507 private placement warrants issued by TPB SPAC and held by the Sponsor to acquire SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares that were outstanding immediately prior to the First Effective Time.
“SPAC Public Warrants” means the 6,012,085 public warrants issued by TPB SPAC to acquire SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares that were outstanding immediately prior to the First Effective Time.
“Sponsor” means TPB Acquisition Sponsor I, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.
“Sponsor Letter Agreement” means that certain Sponsor Letter Agreement, dated August 13, 2021, by and among Sponsor, TPB SPAC and TPB SPAC’s directors and officers (as amended on September 14, 2022 and February 28, 2023 by and among the Sponsor, TPB SPAC, TPB SPAC’s directors and officers, Lavoro Agro Limited and the Registrant, and as further amended on March 22, 2023 by and among the Sponsor, Second Merger Sub (as successor to TPB SPAC), The Production Board, Lavoro Agro Limited and the Registrant).
“The Production Board” means The Production Board, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. “TIB Rate” means the Colombian interbank deposit rate (Tasa Interbancaria).
“tonne” is a unit of measurement equal to 1,000 kilograms, 1.10 short tons or 0.98 long tons.
“TPB PIPE Investment” means the entry by us and TPB SPAC into a subscription agreement with The Production Board, pursuant to which The Production Board agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and TPB SPAC agreed to issue an aggregate of 10,000,000 SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares at a price of US$10.00 per share.
“TPB SPAC” means TPB Acquisition Corporation I, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands with limited liability.
“Third Effective Time” means the time at which the Third Merger became effective.
“Third Merger” means the merger of Third Merger Sub with and into Lavoro Agro Limited pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, with Lavoro Agro Limited surviving as a directly wholly owned subsidiary of the Registrant.
“Third Merger Sub” means Lavoro Merger Sub III Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company and a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of the Registrant prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.
“Trust Account” means that certain trust account that held certain funds maintained and invested pursuant to that certain Investment Management Trust Account Agreement dated August 13, 2021, by and between TPB SPAC and Continental.
“U.S. GAAP” means United States generally accepted accounting principles.
“Warrant Agreement” means the warrant agreement covering the Warrants, which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated by reference herein.
“Warrants” means the 10,083,592 warrants issued by us, consisting of 6,012,085 Public Warrants and 4,071,507 Private Warrants.
iv
Overview
The Registrant was incorporated to become the holding entity of the Lavoro Group to effect the Business Combination. Prior to the consummation of the Business Combination on February 28, 2023, the Registrant had only nominal assets and liabilities and no material contingent liabilities or commitments and did not conduct any material activities other than those incident to its formation and certain matters related to the Business Combination, such as the making of certain required securities law filings. The Registrant continues not to have any assets other than its direct equity interests in its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Lavoro Merger Sub II Limited and Lavoro Agro Limited.
The Business Combination was accounted for as a capital reorganization. Under this method of accounting, TPB SPAC was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes, and the Registrant was the accounting “acquirer.” The net assets of TPB SPAC were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. The Business Combination, which is not within the scope of IFRS 3—Business Combinations, or IFRS 3, since TPB SPAC does not meet the definition of a “business” pursuant to IFRS 3, is accounted for within the scope of IFRS 2—Share-Based Payments, or IFRS 2. Any excess of fair value of the Registrant’s Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of TPB SPAC identifiable net assets acquired represents compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for its shares and is expensed as incurred.
The corporate reorganizations undertaken in connection with the Business Combination were accounted for using the predecessor method of accounting, and, as a result, our consolidated financial statements are presented “as if” the historical combined consolidated operations of Lavoro Brazil, Crop Care and Lavoro Colombia were the predecessor operations of the Registrant. Under the predecessor method, the historical operations of the Lavoro Group prior to our corporate reorganizations are deemed to be those of the Registrant. Thus, our consolidated financial statements reflect:
the historical operating results and financial position of Lavoro Brazil, Crop Care and Lavoro Colombia on a combined basis prior to our corporate reorganizations
the assets and liabilities of Lavoro Brazil, Crop Care and Lavoro Colombia at their historical cost; and
the Registrant’s earnings per share for all years presented. The number of Ordinary Shares issued by the Registrant, as a result of our corporate reorganizations, is reflected retroactively, for purposes of calculating earnings per share in all prior years presented.
Our Financial Statements
We maintain our books and records in Brazilian reais, the presentation currency of our financial statements and also the functional currency of the Registrant. The functional currency for the majority of our subsidiaries is also the Brazilian real, except that companies located in Colombia have the Colombian peso (“COP”) as their reporting currency. The financial statements of our Colombian subsidiaries are translated into Brazilian reais as follows:
i. assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing exchange rate at the date of that statement of financial position;
ii. income and expenses for each statement of profit or loss are translated at the respective average monthly exchange rate; and
iii. exchange rate differences arising from this translation are recognized in other comprehensive income.
Our financial statements presented in this annual report are the consolidated financial statements of the Registrant. Our audited consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards accounting standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB. IFRS differs from the United States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, in certain material respects and thus may not be comparable to financial information presented by U.S. companies.
Our audited consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 and for the years in the period ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, together with the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this annual report, are referred to herein as our audited consolidated financial statements or simply as our financial statements. Our financial information should be read in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and our audited consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this annual report.
Our fiscal year ends on June 30. References in this annual report to a fiscal year, such as “fiscal year 2025,” or “FY25” relate to our fiscal year, the year ended June 30, 2025.
Reportable Segments
We have three reportable segments: Brazil Ag Retail, which comprises companies dedicated to the distribution of agricultural inputs such as crop protection, seeds, fertilizers and specialty products, in Brazil; Latam Ag Retail, which includes companies dedicated to the distribution of agricultural inputs outside Brazil (primarily in Colombia); and Crop Care, which includes companies that manufacture and distribute our own portfolio of private label specialty products (i.e., biologicals, adjuvants, specialty fertilizers, and other specialty products), and import and distribute off-patent crop protection products. The table below sets forth the entities that comprised each of our three reportable segments as of June 30, 2025:
Brazil Ag Retail
Facirolli Comércio e Representações S.A.
Cultivar Agrícola – Comércio, Importação e Exportação S.A.
Produtec Comércio e Representações S.A.
Produtiva Agronegócios Comércio e Representação Ltda.
Qualiciclo Agrícola S.A.
Lavoro Agrocomercial S.A.
Agrocontato Comércio e Representações de Produtos Agropecuários S.A.
PCO – Comércio, Importação, Exportação e Agropecuária Ltda.
Agrovenci – Comércio, Importação, Exportação e Agropecuária Ltda.
Agrovenci Distribuidora de Insumos Agrícolas Ltda.
Central Agricola Rural Distribuidora de Defensivos Ltda.
Denorpi Distribuidora de Insumos Agrícolas Ltda.
Deragro Distribuidora de Insumos Agrícolas Ltda.
Desempar Participações Ltda.
Desempar Tecnologia Ltda.
Futuragro Distribuidora de Insumos Agrícolas Ltda.
Distribuidora Pitangueiras de Produtos Agropecuários S.A.
Plenafértil Distribuidora de Insumos Agrícolas Ltda.
Realce Distribuidora de Insumos Agrícolas Ltda.
Nova Geração Comércio de Produtos Agrícolas Ltda.
Lavoro Agro Holding S.A.
Floema Soluções Nutricionais de Cultivos Ltda.
Sollo Sul Insumos Agrícolas Ltda.
Dissul Insumos Agrícolas Ltda.
Casa Trevo Comercial Agrícola Ltda.
Casa Trevo Participações S.A.
CATR Comercial Agrícola Ltda.
Referência Agroinsumos Ltda.
Lavoro Agro Fundo de Investimento nas Cadeias Produtivas Agroindustriais (FIAGRO) - Direitos Creditórios CORAM - Comércio e Representações Agrícolas Ltda.
Latam Ag Retail
Agrointegral Andina S.A.S.
Agroquímicos para la Agricultura Colombiana S.A.S.
Agricultura y Servicios S.A.S.
Cenagral S.A.S. Grupo Cenagro S.A.S.
Servigral Praderas S.A.S.
Lavoro Colombia S.A.S.
Grupo Gral S.A.S. Provecampo S.A.S.
Crop Care Colombia S.A.S.
Crop Care
Agrobiológica Sustentabilidade S.A.
Agrobiológica Soluções Naturais Ltda.
Perterra Insumos Agropecuários S.A.
Perterra Trading S.A.
Union Agro S.A.
Crop Care Holding S.A. (Brasil)
Araci Administradora de Bens S.A.
Cromo Indústria Química Ltda.
Acquisitions
The following is a description of acquisitions completed in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, and thereafter. For more information, see notes 22 and 33 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Acquisitions Completed in the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023
On March 22, 2022, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100.0% of Floema Soluções Nutricionais de Cultivos Ltda., or Floema, a company specializing in the sale of agricultural inputs and related services. The purchase price for 70% of Floema’s ownership interests is equivalent to R$27.6 million, of which: (i) R$20.7 million was payable in cash on the closing date, remaining subject to a preliminary price adjustment (which when calculated, was equivalent to a negative amount of R$9.5 million, resulting in a net payment in cash on the closing date amounting to R$11.2 million); and (ii) R$6.9 million was paid in cash on the first anniversary of the closing date (i.e. August 4, 2023), subject to a final price adjustment (to be calculated in the future). The purchase price for the remaining 30% of Floema’s ownership interests was paid in shares issued by AgroZap to the selling shareholders on the closing date, valued at R$11.8 million. The selling shareholders were also entitled to an earn-out of up to R$28.8 million, which was determined on the closing date to amount to R$18.8 million, of which: (i) R$14.1 million was paid in cash on the closing date; and (ii) R$4.7 million was paid in cash on the first anniversary of the closing date. Accordingly, on the closing date: (i) R$25.3 million was paid in cash; and (ii) R$12.3 million was paid in shares issued by AgroZap to the selling shareholders. The remaining R$11.6 million is subject to a final price adjustment and monetary adjustment and is payable in cash on the first anniversary of the closing date. The transaction closed on August 4, 2022.
2
On May 5, 2022, we entered into an agreement to acquire 85.0% of Casa Trevo Participações S.A. (including its subsidiary Casa Trevo Comercial Agrícola Ltda.), or Casa Trevo, and CATR Comercial Agrícola Ltda., or CATR, a Brazilian-based group of companies specializing in the sale of crop protection products, fertilizers, seeds, and other agricultural inputs. The total purchase price of R$42.5 million was divided as follows: (i) R$23.6 million was paid in cash on the closing date; and (ii) R$18.9 million is payable in cash in one annual installment within 12 months of the closing date. The transaction closed on August 31, 2022.
On June 16, 2022, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of Provecampo S.A.S., or Provecampo, a Colombian-based company specializing in the wholesale trade of basic chemical products, rubber and plastics in primary forms and chemical products for agricultural use. The total purchase price of R$21.7 million was divided as follows: (i) R$14.2 million was paid in cash on the closing date; and (ii) R$7.5 million is payable in cash in two equal annual installments within 24 months of the closing date. The transaction closed on July 29, 2022.
On July 22, 2022, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of Sollo Sul Insumos Agrícolas Ltda., or Sollo Sul, and Dissul Insumos Agrícolas Ltda., or Dissul, Brazilian-based companies specializing in the sale of crop protection products, fertilizers, seeds, and other agricultural inputs. The total purchase price of R$105.9 million was divided as follows: (i) R$53.0 million was paid in cash on the closing date; and (ii) R$53.0 million is payable in cash in two equal annual installments within 24 months of the closing date. The transaction closed on November 30, 2022.
On January 13, 2023, our subsidiary Crop Care entered into an agreement for the acquisition of a 70% interest in Cromo Indústria Química Ltda., or Cromo Química, a company specialized in the production of high-performance adjuvants. The purchase price of the acquisition totaled R$21.7 million, and is expected to be paid in cash in three installments: R$8.1 million on the closing date, R$10.8 million a year after the closing date and R$5.4 million two years after the closing date, all as adjusted by the IPCA. The transaction closed on May 31, 2023.
Acquisitions Completed in the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2024
On February 28, 2023, we entered into an agreement to acquire a 70% equity interest in Referência Agroinsumos Ltda., or Referência Agro, an agricultural inputs distributor doing business in the south of Brazil. The purchase price for this transaction (as adjusted) is R$102.1 million, of which R$67.1 million was paid on the closing date and R$35.0 million was paid one year after the closing date. The transaction closed on July 31, 2023. Because we acquired Referência Agro through our subsidiary Distribuidora Pitangueiras de Produtos Agropecuários S.A., or Pitangueiras, we currently beneficially own 66.5% of Referência Agro.
On July 24, 2023, we entered into an agreement for the acquisition of CORAM - Comércio e Representações Agrícolas Ltda., (“CORAM”), establishing the terms and other conditions for its acquisition The acquisition was completed on November 30, 2023. The purchase price for this transaction (as adjusted) was R$$49.9 million, of which R$20.0 million was paid on the closing date and R$29.9 million is expected to be paid one year after the closing date. We currently indirectly own 72.17% of CORAM through Qualiciclo Agrícola S.A. which directly owns a 100% interest at CORAM.
Acquisitions Completed in the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2025
We did not complete any acquisitions in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.
Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures
This annual report presents our Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Net Debt, and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, and their respective reconciliations for the convenience of investors, which are non-IFRS financial measures. A non-IFRS financial measure is generally defined as a numerical measure of historical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flow that purports to measure financial performance but excludes or includes amounts that would not be so adjusted in the most comparable IFRS measure. We present non-IFRS financial measures to aid the reader to evaluate our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as loss for the year, adjusted for finance income (costs), income taxes current and deferred, depreciation and amortization. We also adjust this measure for certain revenues or expenses that are excluded when management evaluates the performance of our day-to-day operations, namely (i) share of profit of an associate; (ii) impairment losses; (iii) fair value on inventory sold from acquired companies; (iv) M&A expenses that in management’s judgment do not necessarily occur on a regular basis, (v) listing expenses refers to any excess of fair value of our Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of TPB SPAC identifiable net assets acquired, which represents compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for our shares and is expensed as incurred, (vi) share-based compensation expenses, (vii) one-off bonuses paid out to our employees recognized across multiple quarters during the fiscal years, (viii) monitoring expenses, related to expenses paid to Patria in relation to management consultancy services in connection with acquisition transactions; (ix) restructuring expenses related to store closures and other footprint rationalization initiatives carried out under Lavoro’s restructuring plan; and (x) EJ plan expenses, related to professional fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the Company’s extrajudicial restructuring process in Brazil. Adjusted EBITDA Margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by our revenue for the year.
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We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin to be useful metrics for the reader, as (1) they are key indicators used internally by management to evaluate the performance of our day-to-day operations, and (2) provide additional information about trends in our operating performance prior to considering the impact of capital structure, depreciation, amortization and taxation on our results, as well as the effects of certain items or events that may be non-cash, and/or non-operational in nature, which management considers may hinder period-to-period comparability and obscure underlying performance of the Company. Since these measures are not explicitly defined under IFRS, our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin may vary from that of other companies, including industry peers, affecting comparability.
Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio
Net Debt is calculated as borrowings (current and non-current) plus Agribusiness Receivables Certificates (current and non-current), obligations to FIAGRO quota holders (current) and payables for the acquisition of subsidiaries (current and non-current), less cash equivalents. Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, also a non- IFRS financial measure, is calculated as Net Debt divided by Adjusted EBITDA. For further information on Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures—Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio.” In addition, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for a reconciliation of our Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio to our borrowings. We believe that Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio is an important measure to monitor leverage and evaluate our financial position. With respect to Net Debt we subtract cash equivalents from the IFRS measure, since these assets can be used to reduce our outstanding borrowings.
The non-IFRS financial measures described in this annual report should not be viewed in isolation and are not a substitute for the IFRS measures of earnings. Additionally, our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Net Debt, and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio may be different from the calculation used by other companies, including our competitors in the agricultural industry, and therefore, our measures may not be comparable to those of other companies. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for a reconciliation of our Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Net Debt, and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio to our loss for the year.
Financial Information in U.S. Dollars
Solely for the convenience of the reader, we have translated some of the amounts included in this annual report from reais into U.S. dollars. You should not construe these translations as representations by us that the amounts actually represent these U.S. dollar amounts or could be converted into U.S. dollars at the rates indicated. Unless otherwise indicated, we have translated real amounts into U.S. dollars using a rate of R$5.4571 to US$1.00, the commercial selling rate for U.S. dollars as of June 30, 2025, as reported by the Central Bank. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Latin America—Exchange rate instability may impact our ability to hedge exchange rate risk, which may lead to interest rate volatility and have a material adverse effect on the price of our Ordinary Shares.”
Rounding
Rounding adjustments have been made to some of the figures included in this annual report. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them; consequently, certain figures may add up to be more or less than the total amount and certain percentages may add up to be more or less than 100%. In particular and without limitation, amounts expressed in millions contained in this annual report have been rounded to a single decimal place for the convenience of readers.
Industry and Market Data
This annual report contains data related to economic conditions in the market in which we operate. The information contained in this annual report concerning economic conditions is based on publicly available information from third-party sources that we believe to be reasonable. Market data and certain industry forecast data used in this annual report were obtained from internal reports and studies, where appropriate, as well as estimates, market research, publicly available information (including information available from the SEC’s website) and industry publications. We obtained the information included in this annual report relating to the industry in which we operate, as well as the estimates concerning market shares, through internal research, public information and publications on the industry prepared by official public sources, such as the IBGE, the FAO and the USDA, among others, as well as private sources, such as consulting and research companies in the Latin American agricultural industry, among others.
Market data used throughout this annual report is based on management’s knowledge of the industry and the good faith estimates of management. All of management’s estimates presented are based on industry sources, including analyst reports and management’s knowledge. We also relied, to the extent available, upon management’s review of independent industry surveys and publications prepared by a number of sources and other publicly available information. We are responsible for all of the disclosure in this annual report and we believe that each of the publications, studies and surveys used throughout this annual report are prepared by reputable sources and are generally reliable, though we have not independently verified market and industry data from third-party sources.
None of the publications, reports or other published industry sources referred to in this annual report were commissioned by us or prepared at our request. We have not sought or obtained the consent of any of these sources to include such market data in this annual report. All of the market data used in this annual report involves a number of assumptions and limitations and therefore is inherently uncertain and imprecise, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. Projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in our estimates and beliefs and in the estimates prepared by independent parties.
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This annual report contains a number of forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this annual report, including statements regarding our future financial position, results of operations, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are also forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “seek,” “strategy,” “future,” “opportunity,” “may,” “target,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” or similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters.
Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, our expectations concerning the outlook for our business, productivity, plans and goals for future operational improvements and capital investments, operational performance, future market conditions or economic performance and developments in the capital and credit markets and expected future financial performance, as well as any information concerning possible or assumed future results of our operations as set forth in the sections of this annual report.
The forward-looking statements are based on the current expectations of our management and are inherently subject to uncertainties and changes in circumstance and their potential effects and speak only as of the date of such statement. There can be no assurance that future developments will be those that have been anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” those discussed and identified in public filings made with the SEC by us and the following important factors:
general economic, financial, political, demographic and business conditions in Latin America and their impact on our business;
geopolitical risk, including the political environment in Latin America, including the impact of the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East;
the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic factors endemic to Latin America;
fluctuations in interest, inflation and exchange rates in Latin America;
competition in the agricultural industry;
our ability to implement its business strategy;
our ability to adapt to the rapid pace of technological changes in the agricultural industry;
the reliability, performance, functionality and quality of our products and services;
our ability to obtain certain licenses, grants, registrations and authorizations issued by government authorities for certain aspects of its operations;
our ability to continue attracting and retaining new appropriately-skilled employees;
our capitalization and level of indebtedness;
the interests of our controlling shareholder;
changes in government regulations applicable to the agricultural industry in Latin America;
our ability to compete and conduct its business in the future;
the success of operating initiatives, including advertising and promotional efforts and new product, service and concept development by us and our competitors;
changes in consumer demand regarding agricultural products, customer experience and technological advances, and our ability to innovate to respond to such changes;
changes in labor, distribution and other operating costs;
our compliance with, and changes to, government laws, regulations and tax matters that currently apply to us;
our ability to implement business plans, growth strategy and other expectations in the future;
litigation and regulatory enforcement risks, including the diversion of management time and attention and the additional costs and demands on our resources;
public health crises; and
other factors that may affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of the assumptions made by our management prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements.
We caution you against placing undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect current beliefs and are based on information currently available as of the date a forward-looking statement is made. Forward-looking statements set forth herein speak only as of the date of this annual report. We do not undertake any obligation to revise forward-looking statements to reflect future events, changes in circumstances, or changes in beliefs. In the event that any forward-looking statement is updated, no inference should be made that we will make additional updates with respect to that statement, related matters, or any other forward-looking statements. Any corrections or revisions and other important assumptions and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements, including discussions of significant risk factors, may appear in our public filings with the SEC, which are or will be (as appropriate) accessible at www.sec.gov, and which you are advised to consult.
Market, ranking and industry data used throughout this annual report, including statements regarding market size and technology/data adoption rates, is based on the good faith estimates of our management, which in turn are based upon our management’s review of internal surveys, independent industry surveys and publications and other third-party research and publicly available information, as indicated. Industry reports, publications, research, studies and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates.
In some cases, we do not expressly refer to the sources from which this data is derived. While we have compiled, extracted, and reproduced industry data from these sources and are not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented herein, we have not independently verified the data. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements. Moreover, estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” of this annual report.
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Not applicable.
A. Reserved
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
D. Risk Factors
Summary Risk Factors
The following summarizes the principal factors that make an investment in our company speculative or risky, all of which are more fully described in the risk factors below. This summary should be read in conjunction with the risk factors below and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business. The following factors could result in harm to our business, reputation, revenue, financial results, and prospects, among other impacts:
Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry
We may be adversely affected by global market and economic conditions.
Our operating results are highly dependent upon and fluctuate based upon business and economic conditions and governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry in which we or our customers operate. These factors are outside of our control and may significantly affect our profitability.
Our business is highly seasonal and affected by adverse weather conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may cause our sales and operating results to fluctuate significantly.
Climate change may have an adverse effect on agribusiness in Latin America and on us.
We do not control the activities of our customers, and facts or circumstances that may occur as a result of their actions or omissions could harm our reputation and sales.
We operate in a competitive market. If we are unable to compete effectively, our financial results will suffer.
We may not be successful in selling or marketing the agricultural products that we offer in the markets in which we operate.
If we are unable to retain our existing customers or attract new customers, including through opening new stores and geographic expansion, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.
Our business depends on a well-regarded and widely known brand, and any failure to maintain, protect and enhance our brand would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to effectively manage our operations and cost structure during periods of flat or declining revenue, our business could be harmed.
Our results of operations and operating metrics may fluctuate and we may continue to generate losses, which may cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.
Our ability to implement and realize the expected benefits of the extrajudicial reorganization plan filed by Lavoro Brazil is subject to significant risks and uncertainties.
Risks Relating to Acquisitions and Financial Information
Any acquisition, partnership or joint venture we make or enter into could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.
Our recent acquisitions and the comparability of our results may make it difficult for investors to evaluate our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
Risks Relating to Legal and Regulatory Matters, Privacy, Litigation and Cybersecurity
Our business and the commercialization of our products are subject to various government regulations and agricultural, environmental, health and safety authorities and industry standards, and we or our collaborators may be unable to obtain, or may face delays in obtaining, necessary regulatory approvals.
Our operations are subject to various health and environmental risks associated with our production, handling, transportation, storage and commercialization.
Environmental, health and safety and food and agricultural input laws and regulations to which we are subject may become more stringent over time. This could increase the effects on us of these laws and regulations, and the increased effects could be materially adverse to our business, operations, liquidity and/ or results of operations.
Risks Relating to Latin America
We are subject to risks relating to our significant presence in Latin American countries, which have experienced, and may continue to experience, adverse economic or political conditions that may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Developments and the perceptions of risks in other countries, including other emerging markets, the United States and Europe, may harm the economy of Latin American countries and the price of our Ordinary Shares
Governments in Latin America have exercised, and continue to exercise, significant influence over their national economies. This influence, as well as political and economic conditions in the region, could harm us and the price of our Ordinary Shares.
Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and Warrants
We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company.
We may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition, results of operations and share price, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.
The Lavoro Original Shareholders beneficially own approximately 86.3% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares, and control certain matters requiring shareholder approval. This concentration of ownership and voting power will limit your ability to influence corporate matters.
As a foreign private issuer, we have different disclosure, Nasdaq corporate governance standards and other requirements than U.S. domestic registrants.
The Ordinary Shares registered for resale represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding Ordinary Shares and the sale of such securities could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline significantly.
We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. The rights of our shareholders, including with respect to fiduciary duties and corporate opportunities, may be different from the rights of shareholders governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.
The exercise of our Warrants for our Ordinary Shares would increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders.
We may redeem your unexpired Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your Warrants worthless.
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We may be adversely affected by global market and economic conditions.
Our ability to continue to develop and grow our business, build proprietary distribution channels and generate revenues from product sales may be adversely affected by global economic conditions in the future, including instability in financial and credit markets, declining consumer and business confidence, fluctuating commodity prices and interest rates, volatile exchange rates and other challenges that could affect the global economy such as the changing financial regulatory environment. For example, our customers may experience deterioration of their businesses, cash flow shortages or difficulties obtaining financing, which could adversely affect the demand for our agricultural products and services. Changes in the prices of certain commodity products could result in higher overall costs along the agricultural supply chain, which may negatively affect our ability to commercialize our products due to a reduction in demand by our clients. Additionally, negative fluctuations in commodity prices could have an impact on growers’ purchasing decisions and negatively affect their ability and decisions to purchase our agricultural input products and services. We cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business and may not be able to anticipate or react to changing costs by adjusting our practices, which could cause our operating results to deteriorate. Any downturn in the global market or general economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business. See also “—Risks Relating to Latin America—Disruption or volatility in global financial and credit markets could have a material adverse effect on us.”
Our operating results are highly dependent upon and fluctuate based upon business and economic conditions and governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry in which we or our customers operate. These factors are outside of our control and may significantly affect our profitability.
Our operating results in particular, and agricultural production and trade flows more generally, are subject to factors outside our control that could adversely affect our operations and profitability. Therefore, the sale of our products may be adversely affected by circumstances beyond our control. The most important of these factors are:
weather, climatic variations and field conditions (particularly during periods of traditionally high agricultural and planting activity);
quantities of crop nutrients imported and exported;
cost increases by our suppliers and service providers for the agricultural inputs and services required in our activities, which may lead to decreased customer demand;
current and expected agricultural commodity inventories and prices (such as soybean and corn), which are heavily influenced by worldwide markets, with the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina and the European Union being the largest producers and consumers of these commodities; and
governmental policies and approvals of technologies affecting the agricultural industry, such as farm and biofuel policies, taxes, tariffs, duties, subsidies, incentives and import and export restrictions on agricultural commodities and commodity products, which may directly or indirectly influence the location or number of hectares planted, the level of inventories, the mix of crops planted or crop prices and the volume and types of imports and exports or otherwise negatively affect our operating results.
International market conditions, which are outside of our control, may significantly influence our operating results. The international market for agricultural inputs is influenced by such factors as the relative value of the U.S. dollar and its impact upon the cost of importing agricultural inputs; foreign agricultural policies, including subsidy policies; the existence of, or changes in, import or foreign currency exchange barriers in certain foreign markets; changes in the hard currency demands of certain countries; and other regulatory policies of foreign governments; as well as the laws and policies affecting foreign trade and investment, including use of tariffs.
Moreover, our private label products use some basic raw materials, most of them mineral commodities, such as yellow phosphorus, acetic acid, CCMP (2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine), DMPAT (Dimethyl thiophosphoramidate), and manganese. These raw materials may suffer price increases in amounts higher than those expected by us, including changes to tax rates or the creation of new taxes, which can cause a decrease in the profitability of our products and, consequently, adversely affect our financial condition. Additionally, some of our raw materials are purchased in the foreign market and, therefore, their prices are linked to the variation of the dollar. If there is an increase in the price of the main raw materials that we or our suppliers use in the production process, our and/or their results of operations could be negatively impacted.
Our business is highly seasonal and affected by adverse weather conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may cause our sales and operating results to fluctuate significantly.
The sale of our products is dependent upon planting and growing seasons, which vary from year to year, and are expected to result in both highly seasonal patterns and substantial fluctuations in quarterly sales and profitability.
Demand for our products is typically strongest between October and December, with a second period of strong demand between January and March. The seasonality of agricultural inputs demand results in our sales volumes and net sales typically being the highest during the South American spring and summer seasons (in particular, between December and February) and our working capital requirements typically being the highest just after the end of the spring season.
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Weather conditions and natural disasters, such as heavy rains, hail, floods, frost, windstorms, drought or fire, as well as other factors beyond our control, such as demand conditions, availability of supply, food safety concerns, product recalls and government regulations also affect decisions by our distributors, direct customers and end users about the types and amounts of products to use and the timing of harvesting and planting. Disruptions may lead to delays in harvesting or planting by growers which can result in pushing orders to a future quarter, which could negatively affect results for the quarter in question and cause fluctuations in our operating results.
Moreover, we are exposed to the risk and significant cost of maintaining inventory if, due to the aforementioned reasons, the activities of our customers decrease. We cannot assure you that we will be able to distribute sufficient products during the year to meet the demand of our customers in peak seasons, nor that our customers will rapidly react to unexpected climate changes, which may adversely affect the demand for our products. Climate changes directly affect the planting schedule and demand of our customers and their crop yield and, as a result, adversely affect their financial condition and their ability to meet their obligations with us.
The overall level of seasonality in our business is difficult to evaluate as a result of our expansion into new geographical territories, the introduction of new products and the timing of introductions of new products. It is possible that our business may be more seasonal or experience seasonality in different periods than anticipated. Other factors may also contribute to the unpredictability of our operating results, including the size and timing of significant transactions. For example, as mentioned above, our most profitable months tend to be October, November and December in a given calendar year. If we acquire a large target between January and June of a given year, we would be missing its best performing months, and, therefore, our annual accounting statements for the fiscal year ended June 30 would not fully reflect the positive impact of the acquisition. Additionally, the delay or deferral of use of our agricultural products and services and the fiscal or quarterly budget cycles of our direct customers and end users may also impact the seasonality of our results. Customers may purchase large quantities of our products in a particular quarter to store and use over long periods of time or time their purchases to manage their inventories, which may cause significant fluctuations in our operating results for a particular quarter or year.
If seasonal demand exceeds our expectations, we will not have enough product volumes and our customers may acquire products from our competitors, which would negatively impact our profitability. If seasonal demand is less than we expect, we will be left with excess inventory and higher working capital and liquidity requirements. The degree of the seasonality of our business can change significantly from year to year due to conditions in the agricultural industry and other factors.
Climate change may have an adverse effect on agribusiness in Latin America and on us.
We are subject to risks related to climate change which are commonly grouped into physical risk and transition risk categories.
Physical risks include the impact that climate change could have on our operations, the operations of our customers, and our supply chain. The impact of climate change is uncertain and may be harmful due to changes in rainfall patterns and intensity, shortage of water, changes in sea levels, and changes in global temperature, significant changes in the presence, pressure and impact of diseases and pests on crops, among others. These physical impacts may vary depending on the location and intensity of climate events, comprising acute risks, including increased severity of extreme climate events, and chronic risks, deriving from long-term changes in climate patterns. These acute or recurrent physical impacts can cause significant losses to farmers in Latin America. It can increase the non-payment risk by current and future customers. Similarly, they may limit geographic expansion strategies in certain regions, and consequently require significant changes in our business strategy. We cannot assure you that any losses caused by climate change effects on the crops of our customers will be recovered, even in following seasons, considering current productivity standards. As a result, we may be materially adversely affected and our financial results may significantly vary each year. Physical risks from climate change may also result in operational or supply chain delays, depending on the nature of the event. These events may impact the demand for our products, availability and/or cost of resource inputs, materials or insurance or increase the costs to our operations.
Transition risks relate to the risk inherent in changing strategies, policies or investments as society and industry work to reduce the reliance on carbon and impact on the climate, and depend on political, regulatory, legal, technological, and market responses. Impacts of transition risks include, among other things, portfolio changes, policy constraints on carbon emissions, imposition of carbon pricing mechanisms and carbon taxes, enhanced reporting obligations, risks associated with investments in new technologies, costs to transition to lower emissions technologies, stranded assets, diminished access to capital and financing, water restrictions, land use restrictions or incentives, changing consumer behavior, needs and preferences, and market demand and supply shifts. There are also reputational risks associated with climate change including our stakeholders’ perception of our role in the transition to a lower-carbon economy.
Climate change laws could also increase our costs and have an impact on our financial condition and the results of operations. The adoption of a national or international policy to limit greenhouse gas emissions for some industries may require significant investments for implementation. Several countries, including Brazil, may adopt a carbon pricing regime through a regulated market or by creating an emission tax, or by combining these two factors. This could result in a regulated carbon market, which may impose limits on greenhouse gas emissions for various industries and businesses, including their suppliers and customers (i.e., in line with an extended value chain concept).
There can be no assurance that our efforts to anticipate the costs associated with mitigating the physical risks of climate change and ability to work with governments and industry on potential regulatory requirements associated with climate change will be effective or that climate change or related governmental policy action in response to climate change will not have an adverse impact on our business and negatively impact our strategy, financial condition, results of operations, and/or cash flows, and our reputation and stakeholders’ support.
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We do not control the activities of our customers, and facts or circumstances that may occur as a result of their actions or omissions could harm our reputation and sales.
Environmental and social concerns worldwide are continuing to rise. Tracts of land cleared for the harvesting of crops cause deforestation. To this effect, we do not control our customers or their environmental or other practices. A violation of environmental, health, labor, agricultural or other laws by our customers or business partners, or an environmental or public health incident at customer locations, including acts of deforestation, or any failure of these third parties to follow generally accepted ethical business practices, or even human rights violation concerning to labor conditions, could create negative publicity and harm our reputation. In addition, we may be required to seek alternative customers if these violations or failures were to occur. Although we conduct periodic due diligence of our customers’ compliance with environmental, health, safety, labor, agricultural laws or practices, we may be unable to detect related violations and our due diligence practices may not be sufficient to ensure our customers’ compliance with environmental laws or practices. Any conduct or actions that our customers could take could reduce demand for our products, harm our ability to meet demand or harm our reputation, brand image, business, financial condition or results of operations.
We operate in a competitive market. If we are unable to compete effectively, our financial results will suffer.
We currently face competition in the markets in which we operate. The market for agricultural inputs is competitive and evolving. The influence of the agricultural sector in Brazil and in other Latin American markets has been increasing, including in the Brazilian retail market of agricultural inputs, due to the creation of groups resulting from mergers and acquisitions, the entry of international players in Brazil and Latin America, and competition among farmer cooperatives. Additionally, agricultural inputs suppliers may intensify their strategy of making direct sales to farmers or even decide to progress in the value chain, becoming retailers of agricultural inputs. If we are unable to adapt to changes in the competitive landscape in the markets in which we operate, or intend to operate in the future, and this leads to loss of markets and/or difficulties in the operation of our business, our results of operations and business may be adversely affected.
Moreover, the advancement and adoption of technology and digital innovations in agriculture and across the value chain have increased and are expected to further accelerate as grower demographics shift and pressures from consumer preferences, governments, and climate change initiatives evolve. Some emerging trends include the development of seeds that require less crop nutrients, development of full or partial substitutes for our products, or developments in the application of crop nutrients such as improved nutrient use or efficiency through use of precision agriculture. If we are unable to provide new products and services to satisfy emerging trends, it may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Further, digital innovations and use of new technology in the agriculture market, among other things, by new or existing competitors could alter the competitive environment, resulting in existing business models being disrupted, which may adversely impact our operations and financial performance.
Our ability to compete effectively and to achieve commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to control inventory and other supply-related costs; marketing costs and go to market strategy through our distribution channels; effectively price and market our products; successfully develop an effective marketing program and an efficient supply chain; obtain and commercialize new products and maintain an attractive product portfolio; among other factors. We may not be successful in achieving these factors and any such failure may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We may not be successful in selling or marketing the agricultural products that we offer in the markets in which we operate.
Our success depends on our ability to continue to identify, obtain and commercialize the agricultural products we offer in the markets in which we operate, including agricultural inputs with attractive and high-value characteristics and technologies. We commit substantial efforts and resources to locate and source products that we seek to bring to the markets in which we operate, and we may not be successful in obtaining or commercializing such products at the same pricing or market conditions. Also, if the agricultural products we sell are unsuccessful in achieving their desired effect or no longer perform according to our customers’ expectations, our customers’ demand for our products may be affected, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth strategy.
Therefore, our success depends on our ability to (i) develop and distribute new products and technologies that are attractive to farmers, our final consumers, (ii) control expenses without affecting sales, (iii) predict and effectively respond to the products, prices and marketing sold by our competitors, (iv) develop marketing programs that meet the needs and desires of farmers and (v) maintain an efficient marketing and distribution system. There can be no assurances that our sales or marketing strategies will continue to be effective or that the amount we invest in RTV training and marketing activities will result in a corresponding increase in sales of our products. If our sales and marketing initiatives are not successful, including our ability to leverage new digital channels, we will have incurred significant expenses without the benefit of higher revenues.
If we are unable to retain our existing customers or attract new customers, including through opening new stores and geographic expansion, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.
The growth of our business depends on existing customers increasing their use of our agricultural products and services, attracting new customers, and our ability to continue expanding geographically and opening new stores. If we are unable to expand our sales footprint and encourage customers to increase their purchases of our products and use of our services, our growth may slow or stop, and our business may be materially and adversely affected. The growth of our business also depends on our ability to attract new customers and introduce new agricultural products and services. We have invested and will continue to invest in improving our portfolio of products and services in order to offer better or new features, products and services, but if those features, products and services fail to attract new customers or encourage existing customers to expand their use of our products and services, our growth may slow or decline.
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Our customers have no obligation to continue to use our products and services, and we can make no assurances that our customers will continue to do so. We generally do not have long-term contracts with our customers. Our sales may decrease for a variety of reasons, including our customers’ level of satisfaction with our products and services, our pricing and the pricing and quality of competing products and services, the effects of global economic conditions or reductions in our customers’ spending levels.
Our business depends on a well-regarded and widely known brand, and any failure to maintain, protect and enhance our brand would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Maintaining, protecting and enhancing our brand is critical to expanding our customer base. This will depend largely on our ability to remain – or, in markets into which we expand, become – widely known, gain and maintain our customers’ trust, be a technology leader and provide reliable, high-quality and secure products and services that continue to meet the needs of our customers at competitive prices, as well as the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and our ability to differentiate our services and platform capabilities from competitive products and services.
We believe that maintaining and promoting our brand in a cost-effective manner is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our products and services and expanding our customer base. Maintaining and promoting our brand will depend largely on our ability to continue to provide useful, reliable and innovative agricultural products and services, which we may not do successfully. Our brand promotion activities may not generate customer awareness or increase revenue, and even if they do, any increase in revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, we could lose significant market share and our business could be materially and adversely affected.
Even if we are able to promote our brand in a cost-effective manner, our reputation and, consequently, our brand may suffer as a result of internal and external factors, including any failure by us or our partners to satisfy expectations of service and quality, inadequate protection of personal and sensitive information, compliance failures and claims, unethical behavior or business practices, employee misconduct or misconduct by our associated partners, service providers or other counterparties, litigation and significant fluctuations in our share price, or rumors of any of the foregoing. Our reputation and brand may also be harmed by statements made by current or former employees, customers, vendors, competitors or other third parties, regardless of the veracity of such statements. Any negative publicity about any of the foregoing, or our industry, our company, customer experience, customer service, the quality and reliability of or changes to our agricultural products and services, our privacy and security practices or any regulatory activity, would amplify the harm to our reputation and brand, and could consequently adversely affect customers’ or potential customers’ confidence in and purchasing and use of our agricultural products and services. This, in turn, would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to effectively manage our operations and cost structure during periods of flat or declining revenue, our business could be harmed.
We have historically experienced revenue growth, but our recent financial performance reflects a more challenging operating environment. Our revenue decreased from R$9,392.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 to R$6,517.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.
Periods of flat or declining revenue may place pressure on our ability to manage fixed costs, maintain adequate liquidity, and continue investing in key operational initiatives. Our ability to preserve financial and operational flexibility during such periods will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to:
expand our sales and marketing, technology, finance and administration teams;
grow our facilities and infrastructure;
adapt and scale our information technology systems;
refine our operational, financial and risk management controls and reporting systems and procedures;
recruit, integrate, train and retain a growing employee base and maintain our corporate culture;
secure an adequate supply and quality of raw materials and agricultural inputs sold, as well as available sources of financing to implement our growth strategy;
maintain and grow our customer base and provide quality customer service;
obtain and maintain our environmental and other governmental licenses; and
obtain, maintain, protect and develop our product portfolio, including our intellectual property and other proprietary rights.
Executing on these factors will require significant capital for working capital and investments and the allocation of valuable management and employee resources. We may be unable to effectively manage our operations in an efficient, cost-effective or timely manner, or at all, particularly during periods of flat or declining revenue. Any failure to successfully implement accounting and other systems enhancements and improvements will likely negatively impact our ability to manage our business, ensure uninterrupted operation of key business systems and comply with the rules and regulations that are applicable to public reporting companies. Moreover, if we do not effectively manage our operations and cost structure, the quality of our agricultural inputs and services distribution platform could suffer, which could negatively affect our reputation, results of operations and overall business. Furthermore, as we seek to optimize our operations, we may not be able to execute as quickly as smaller, more efficient organizations.
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Our results of operations and operating metrics may fluctuate and continue to generate losses, which may cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.
While we generated revenue of R$6,517.3 million, R$9,392.3 million and R$9,347.4 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, we generated loss for the year of R$2,883.9 million, R$785.0 million and R$218.7 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023. We intend to continue investing in our business and general administration, including legal, finance and other compliance expenses related to being a public company. If these costs materially rise in the future, our expenses may rise significantly. If we are unable to generate adequate revenue growth and manage our expenses, we may continue to incur losses and fail to maintain profitability.
In addition, we intend to expand our customer base and continue to invest in developing products and services that we believe will be attractive to our customers and therefore improve our long-term results of operations.
However, customer acquisition could cause us to continue to incur losses in the short term because costs associated with acquiring new customers are generally incurred up front, while revenue is recognized thereafter as customers make payments and purchase our products and utilize our services. Both could cause our results of operations and operating metrics to fluctuate.
Further, from time to time, we have made and may make decisions that will have a negative effect on our short-term operating results if we believe those decisions will improve our operating results over the long term. These decisions may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect, or they may be inconsistent with the expectations of investors and research analysts, either of which could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.
Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our customers are unable to repay trade receivables from us.
We extend commercial credit to our customers in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador, in some cases for extended periods of time, by permitting customers to pay for agricultural inputs through installments or deferred payments. Although this receivable is typically guaranteed, as our exposure to longer trade credit extended to our customers increases, we are increasingly exposed to the risk that our guarantees may not suffice to cover the outstanding balance on these receivables should some of our customers fail to pay us. Additionally, we become increasingly exposed to risk due to weather and agricultural input conditions, fluctuations in agricultural input prices, commodity prices or foreign currencies, and other factors that influence the price, supply and demand for agricultural commodities, to the extent such factors affect the sufficiency of our guarantees to cover our loss if our customers fail to repay us.
We may incur significant losses if our customers do not meet their obligations under the barter transactions entered into with trading companies.
Under barter transactions, we carry out term sales of agricultural inputs (e.g., seeds, crop protection products, fertilizers, and specialty products) in exchange for the future delivery of commodities, primarily soybean and corn, at the time of their harvest.
Most of these barter transactions involve contracts between three different parties: us, our customers and commodity trading companies. A first contract (grain purchase agreement) is entered into with our customers, pursuant to which we and our customer agree on an amount of commodity, to be delivered at harvest, which is equal to the total sales price based on the future commodity price on the date in which the contract with the customer is entered into. Our customers’ main obligation under this contract is to deliver the agreed upon volume of commodities as payment at a future date. Contemporaneously, we enter into a future grain sale agreement with a commodity trading company, pursuant to which we assume the obligation to deliver the commodities received as payment from our client to the trading company. This agreement is signed for the same quantity and on the same terms as set forth in our contract with our customers. While this physical sale of the grains is not concluded with trading companies, we may enter into a derivative contract on commodity and futures exchanges such as CBOT, ICE, or B3, in an equivalent term associated with the physical grain purchases. This aims to mitigate our exposure to price fluctuations. Consequently, we maintain these derivative contracts to naturally hedge against market volatility. As soon as the physical sale of the grains is concluded, the derivative contracts are promptly liquidated to realize the hedging gains or losses.
Although barter transactions operate as a hedge against commodity price depreciation, we might be subject to other materially adverse effects from commodity price volatility. The prices of inputs and, primarily, the prices of soybean and corn are also subject to the volatility resulting from weather conditions, crop yield, transportation costs, storage costs, the Brazilian government agricultural policy, exchange rates and the prices of these commodities in the international market, among other factors.
In the event of a significant appreciation of the price of the commodity provided for in the barter agreement, at the time of settlement of such agreement, farmers may consider diverting their production to other trading companies or customers, hence failing to deliver grains to us. In this case, we are required to purchase the commodity in the spot market and deliver it to the commodity trading company, or pay compensation to the commodity trading company in an amount equal to the difference between the commodity price between the time of delivery and the time of closing of the agreement (the so-called “washout risk”). Pursuant to the contractual arrangements governing these transactions, we may charge our customers for any losses we might incur in the case of such events.
Moreover, even though these agreements are settled physically (grains purchase and sale), we adopt IFRS 9 to designate, at initial recognition, such forward contracts as measured at fair value through profit and losses. The fair value of commodity forward contracts entered into with our customers and with commodity trading companies is estimated based on information available in the market and specific valuation methodologies, considering the contractual terms and the current market prices for such commodities. Such contracts are disclosed on a gross basis in our statement of financial position.
For more information on the accounting policy underlying our barter transactions, see note 11 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. See also “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Commodity Price Risk in Barter Transactions.”
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If we fail to identify, develop and maintain relationships with a sufficient number of qualified suppliers, our ability to timely and efficiently access products that meet our standards for quality could be adversely affected, or we may experience an increase in the costs of our products that could reduce our overall profitability.
We buy the majority of the products we commercialize. Our ability to continue to identify and develop relationships with qualified suppliers and enter into exclusive or restrictive distribution rights agreements with suppliers who can satisfy our standards for quality and our need to access products and supplies in a timely and efficient manner may be a challenge in the future. In the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, 5.9% and 15.3% of our distribution sales derived from products purchased from our top supplier, respectively. Our top ten largest suppliers accounted for approximately 39% and 64 %, respectively, in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Any failure to maintain our relationship with any of our top ten largest suppliers, or a failure to replace any such supplier that is lost, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
Shortfalls or disruptions in the supply of agricultural inputs by our current suppliers may adversely affect us until we are able to procure a replacement supplier for certain categories of the agricultural products we sell.
The crop protection (including crop protection solutions through chemistry, or ag-chemicals) and crop productivity market is a consolidated market. A relatively small number of large companies (the so-called “Big Four” companies: BASF, Bayer, Corteva and Syngenta) hold a significant stake of this market, while other smaller companies (the so-called “tier two and three” companies) hold a growing and majority, albeit fragmented, share of this market. Due to the small number of large players in our market, we have maintained relationships with and purchase certain categories of crop protection products from both larger and smaller suppliers. If we fail to develop or maintain our relationships with our current suppliers, that could impact our relationships with other suppliers or lead us to rely on other smaller suppliers that may not be able to provide products in the same standards or pricing conditions. The loss or disruption of our supply arrangements for any reason, including for issues such as health epidemics or pandemics, labor disputes, loss or impairment of key manufacturing sites, inability to procure sufficient raw materials, quality control issues, ethical sourcing issues, a supplier’s financial distress, natural disasters, looting, vandalism or acts of war or terrorism, trade sanctions or other external factors over which we have no control, could interrupt product supply and, if not effectively managed and remedied, have a material adverse impact on our business operations, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, even though other product categories are more fragmented (such as specialty fertilizers, biological products, and seeds), smaller players may not be able to immediately meet our volume demands and this could harm our sales and the relationship with our customers until we are able to procure additional supply chains with other large and/or small companies. While we seek to expand our portfolio of products in the future and to commercialize new agricultural input product candidates, we may need to obtain new relationships with crop protection companies to purchase such products from them. If we are unable to maintain or obtain such relationships, we may face challenges in expanding our commercial products portfolio and distribution networks, or other adverse impacts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects.
We may be adversely affected by the ongoing wars between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East.
As a result of the current geopolitical tensions and armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the recent recognition by Russia of the independence of the self-proclaimed republics of Donetsk and Luhansk in the Donbas region of Ukraine, the governments of the United States, the European Union, Japan and other jurisdictions have recently announced the imposition of sanctions on certain industry sectors and parties in Russia, Belarus and the regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, as well as enhanced export controls on certain products and industries. These and any additional sanctions and export controls, as well as any counter responses by the governments of Russia or other jurisdictions, could adversely affect, directly or indirectly, the global supply chain, with negative implications on the availability and prices of agricultural commodities and raw materials (including petrol, which would affect the price of agricultural inputs), energy prices, and our customers, as well as the global financial markets and financial services industry and the global supply chain in general.
From a supply point of view, Brazil is highly dependent on fertilizers imports, and Russia holds a market share in Brazilian soil fertilizer imports of approximately 26%, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Industry, Foreign Trade and Services. We currently buy all of our fertilizers from suppliers based in Brazil, but most of our fertilizer suppliers conduct or have conducted imports, to some degree, from sources in Russia. Fertilizers represented approximately 21% of our revenues in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, compared to 22% of our revenues in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, following the increase in the total volume of fertilizers sold in Brazil in the 2024/2025 harvest when compared to the 2023/2024 harvest. We believe that the trend of rising fertilizer prices related to a supply risk has stabilized, while we do not currently expect material shortages of fertilizers to continue in the future and expect fertilizer consumption to grow going forward, no assurance can be provided in this respect.
NPK is an essential input for large-scale agriculture and we are focused on avoiding shortages as much as possible, seeking supply alternatives whenever necessary. This did not have a material adverse effect on our business during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, given that we had delivered substantially all soy and corn fertilizer for the harvest year, or during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. However, given current market conditions and the continuing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the volume of fertilizers sold by us may be adversely affected in the future, which may adversely affect our results of operations, in particular if we are unable to mitigate any relevant reduction in fertilizer sales volumes through measures such as price increases of other products. In addition, we may also be unsuccessful in finding alternative direct imports from non-sanctioned regions or in increasing our prices to reflect increased supply costs in the future.
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On October 7, 2023, the state of Israel was the target of an attack by the terrorist group Hamas, which led to the death of a number of civilians. As a result, Israel declared war on Hamas and armed conflict commenced in Israel and the Gaza Strip. Since then, tensions in the broader Middle East region have escalated, including increasing hostilities involving Hezbollah in Lebanon and heightened confrontation with Iran, including direct military engagement. Although the situation remains fluid, a number of world leaders have expressed support for Israel, including through the commitment of funds, military personnel, and defense capabilities. It is unclear whether the conflict and its underlying geopolitical uncertainties will be contained or resolved, or what effects these developments may have on global political and economic conditions in the near or long term.
Other potential consequences include, but are not limited to, growth in the number of popular uprisings in the region, increased political discontent, especially in the regions most affected by the conflict or economic sanctions, an increase in cyberterrorism activities and attacks, exodus to regions close to the areas of conflict and an increase in the number of refugees fleeing across Europe, among other unforeseen social and humanitarian effects.
As of June 30, 2025, we did not have relevant direct or indirect exposure to Russia, Belarus, Ukraine or Israel through our operations, employee base, investments, suppliers or securities trading. However, such conflict may affect the global economy and its uncertainty may cause an increase of costs related to certain financial operations, such as hedge instruments, which may affect our financial results.
Such events could have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance, through increased worldwide inflation, increased costs of compliance, higher volatility in foreign currency exchange rates, and increases in provisions for expected credit losses for our clients that sell goods to Russia counterparties.
Disruptions of the supply or reliability of transportation services and/or changes in transportation service costs can affect our sales volumes and selling prices.
As of June 30, 2025, we transported 100 % of our products to our customers via highways. Grains are also transported from our silos or from our clients’ sites to trading companies’ warehouses via highways. Considering the distance from the main agricultural regions in the locations where we operate, our operations primarily depend on the availability and reliability of logistics infrastructure in Latin America, especially truck transportation, to ensure that our agricultural inputs are delivered to our customers on time. Logistics bottlenecks as a result of poor highway conditions, which are aggravated during certain key planting periods, or resulting from adverse weather conditions or other causes, may delay or prevent the delivery of these products, adversely affecting the planting season of our customers and our relationship with them, which may adversely affect us.
Infrastructure deficiencies and the low development of transport services in the locations where we operate, increase the cost of the agricultural inputs we sell to our customers. The transportation of our products by trucks, for example, is significantly costlier than transportation by rail, which is not yet developed enough in the markets in which we operate to serve as a viable alternative, increasing the final cost of our products.
Therefore, our activities and those of our main service providers, including, but not limited to, resellers, suppliers and associated logistics, are subject to risks resulting from partial or total, as well as temporary or permanent transportation-related interruptions or stoppages. Disruption to the timely supply of these services or availability of associated infrastructure, or dramatic increases in the cost of these services for any reason including the availability of fuel for such services, labor disputes, governmental regulation, or governmental restrictions limiting specific forms of transportation could have an adverse effect on our ability to serve our customers and consumers and could have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance. Brazil and Colombia, for example, have faced significant social movements affecting their logistics infrastructure, such as the 2018 truck driver’s strike in Brazil or the political turmoil and protests in Colombia in 2021, which have in the past and may in the future negatively disrupt our operating schedule and result in increased transportation costs.
The cost of delivery adds to the total agricultural input cost to customers and farmers. As a result, changes in transportation costs, or in customer expectations about them, can affect our sales volumes and prices. We cannot assure you that transportation of our products via highways will not be subject to blockades, invasions or occupations by social movements or other protestors, which may lead to increased transportation costs and adversely affect the delivery of products to our customers and our relationship with them. Additionally, we rely on third-party carriers for the transportation of our products. Such carriers may be less efficient and more costly and may delay deliveries, adversely affecting our image.
In addition, one of our storage and handling locations is located in an environmentally sensitive area and, should an accident or other problem occur in such location, such as toxic substance leaks, our operations may be adversely affected and may result in financial losses. These risks can also result in the loss of life, significant damage to our or third-party property, contamination and environmental damage, which may require us to interrupt our operations, which, in turn, may result in financial losses and significant reputational losses. The transportation and movement of waste, such as water and toxic substances, involve a variety of inherent hazards and operational risks, such as spills, accidents and natural disasters, which could cause significant financial losses for us. The proximity of storage sites to populated areas, including residential, commercial and industrial facilities, could increase the damage resulting from these hazards. Moreover, business with controlled chemical or flammable products can lead to fires and explosions or the intoxication of employees or third parties. Fatal work accidents will result in investigations as to compliance with applicable occupational health and safety rules and as to potential criminal liability.
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Interruptions in the production or transportation of certain agricultural inputs we sell could adversely affect our operations and profitability.
We rely on agricultural inputs manufacturers to produce and supply agricultural inputs sold by us. Poor execution, failure to follow required agronomic practices, protocols or regulatory requirements, or mishandling of agricultural inputs by these suppliers could adversely affect our availability of products. Such delays could adversely affect our ability to deliver agricultural inputs to farmers to meet their planting window. In addition, our production and transportation may be adversely affected in the event of customs delays. Our dependency upon timely agricultural inputs deliveries means that interruptions or stoppages in such deliveries, or delays or limitations with respect to seed production, could adversely affect our operations until alternative arrangements could be made. Such a delay would adversely affect our reputation and revenues. If we were unable to obtain the necessary agricultural inputs for an extended period for any reason, our business, customer relations, and operating results could suffer.
We may not be able to enter into cost-effective agreements with suitable agricultural inputs suppliers on acceptable terms. If any agricultural inputs supplier whom we engage fails to perform their obligations as expected or breach or terminate their agreements with us, or if we are unable to secure the services of such third parties when and as needed, it may adversely affect our business.
Our failure to accurately forecast and manage inventory could result in an unexpected shortfall or surplus of products which could harm our business.
We are required to maintain inventories of certain of our agricultural inputs products and we monitor our inventory levels based on our own projections of future demand. Because of the significant time it takes to acquire commercial quantities of agricultural inputs, purchasing decisions must be made well in advance of sales. An inaccurate forecast of demand can result in the unavailability of agricultural inputs in high demand. Such unavailability may depress sales volumes and adversely affect customer relationships. Conversely, an inaccurate forecast could also result in an over-supply of agricultural inputs which may increase costs, negatively impact cash flow, reduce the quality of inventory and ultimately create write-offs of inventory, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We cannot guarantee that our suppliers will not engage in improper practices, including inappropriate labor or manufacturing practices.
We cannot guarantee that our suppliers’ business operations comply with all applicable laws and regulations relating to working conditions, sustainability, production chain assurance and appropriate safety conditions, or that they will not carry out improper practices relating to such matters to reduce the cost of the products they sell to us. In the event that our suppliers engage in such improper business practices, our customers’ perception of our business may be adversely affected, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and our reputation.
Moreover, considering Brazilian law and judicial precedent, we may be involved in litigation concerning our suppliers’ inappropriate labor practices, as labor authorities may argue that we failed to adequately supervise our supply chain. This risk is particularly relevant if these suppliers are involved in sensitive labor issues, such as child labor and direct or indirect use of forced labor or modern slavery. Any such litigation could impact our customers’ perception of our business, and adverse decisions may compel us to disburse material amounts in connection therewith, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and our reputation.
We may require additional capital in the future, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.
In the future, we may need to raise additional capital to fund our expansion, to obtain new licenses or develop new or enhanced products or services or to respond to competitive pressures or to reduce indebtedness. Our ability to raise additional funds will depend on financial, economic and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. For example, financial markets have been negatively impacted by current macroeconomic trends, including high interest rates, rising inflation, and regarding the potential for local and/or global economic recession. Adequate funding may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all, particularly in light of these conditions. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on acceptable terms, we may not be able to fund our expansion, take advantage of acquisition opportunities, develop or enhance our portfolio of agricultural products and services or respond to competitive pressures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, if we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, our shareholders will experience dilution and the securities that we issue may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our shares. Any additional funds raised through debt financing will likely require our compliance with restrictive covenants that impose operating and financial restrictions on us, including restrictions on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, create liens, make acquisitions, dispose of assets and make restricted payments, among others. In addition, such indebtedness may require us to maintain certain financial ratios. These restrictions may limit our ability to obtain future financings, to withstand a future downturn in our business or the economy in general, or to otherwise conduct necessary corporate activities. A breach of any such covenant would likely result in a default under the applicable agreement, which, if not waived, could result in acceleration of the indebtedness outstanding. See also “—Risks Relating to Latin America—Disruption or volatility in global financial and credit markets could have a material adverse effect on us.”
Finally, because of the likelihood that our Warrants will expire worthless or may be exercised on a “cashless” basis, we do not intend to rely on the receipt of proceeds from the exercise of Warrants to fund our liquidity and capital resource requirements. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
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The complexity of the approval processes for in the production of our private label products may negatively affect our business and results of operations.
The production process of our private label products must be extensively tested for safety, effectiveness and environmental impact before they can be registered for use or sale in a given market, in accordance with the processes provided for in the applicable regulation. The regulatory approval process is long and complex. Any negative or delayed approval processes for our industrial business could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Consumer and government resistance to genetically modified organisms may negatively affect our public image and reduce sales of the genetically modified seeds that we commercialize.
We are active in the commercialization of seeds, and a portion of our seeds product offering includes genetically modified seeds, or GM seeds. These GM seeds are used by farmers to produce GM grains that are generally sold for animal consumption. However, some of these GM grains may be diverted for human consumption. Foods made from such seeds are not accepted by many consumers and in certain countries production of certain GM crops is effectively prohibited for human consumption, including throughout the European Union, due to concerns over such products’ effects on food safety and the environment. The high public profile of biotechnology in food production and lack of consumer acceptance could negatively affect our results of operations.
The prohibition on the production of certain GM crops in select countries, and the current resistance from consumer groups, particularly in Europe, to GM crops, has the potential to spread to and influence the acceptance of products developed through biotechnology in other regions of the world. This may also influence regulators in other countries and lead them to limit or ban the production of GM crops, which could limit the commercial opportunities through biotechnology.
GM crops are grown principally in the United States, Brazil and Argentina where there are fewer restrictions on their production. If any of the countries in which we operate where GM crops are grown enact laws or regulations that ban the production of such crops or make regulations more stringent, we could have to abandon the commercialization of certain seeds or in certain geographies and focus solely on increasing our non-GM seed production, both of which would negatively affect our business and results of operations if we were unable to fully offset this loss with non-GM seed sales. Furthermore, any changes in such laws and regulations or end customers’ acceptance of GM crops could negatively impact farmers, who in turn might terminate or reduce their demand for products from us.
If our products become adulterated, misbranded, or mislabeled, we might need to recall those items and may experience product liability claims; food safety and food-borne illness concerns could materially and adversely affect us.
We sell agricultural inputs, including seeds, fertilizers, and crop protection products, among others, for the agricultural industry. Selling products and additives that will be used in products sold for human and animal consumption involves inherent legal and other risks, including product contamination, spoilage, product tampering, allergens, or other adulteration. We could decide to, or be required to, recall the products we sell due to suspected or confirmed product contamination, adulteration, misbranding, mislabeling, tampering, or other deficiencies in our suppliers’ operations. A widespread product recall could result in significant losses due to the costs of a recall, the destruction of product inventory, and lost sales due to the unavailability of a product for a period of time.
We may suffer losses if our products or operations are deemed to violate applicable laws or regulations, or if the products we sold caused injury, illness, or death. Depending on the issue at hand, we may be able to bring suit alleging damages or otherwise seek contribution from third-party product manufacturers, but it may take several years until we receive a definitive judgment on such third-party claim. The availability and price of insurance to cover claims for damages are subject to market forces that we do not control, and such insurance may not cover all the costs of such claims and would not cover damage to our reputation. Moreover, even if a product liability or fraud claim is unsuccessful, has no merit, or is not pursued, the negative publicity surrounding assertions against our products or processes could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The incorrect or off-label use of our private label products may damage our reputation or negatively impact our results.
Our private label products (including liquid fertilizers, biological products and off-patent crop protection products) have been approved for use in agriculture in accordance with the instructions on their respective labels. If farmers, RTVs, other agronomists, or other individuals try to use our products incorrectly and/or as contraindicated, unwanted results and even harm related to the use of our products may arise, which may lead to possible claims against us and, consequently, adversely affect our reputation and results. In addition, the use of our products for indications other than those for which they have been approved could be harmful (including to the fauna, flora and to humans) or inefficient, which could negatively affect our reputation and increase the risk of litigation.
Furthermore, the improper use of certain of our products may cause harmful effects to human beings and the environment, including health problems, diseases and contaminations.
If we are deemed to be involved, by any governmental, regulatory or judicial agency, in the promotion of any of our products for off-label uses, such agency may eventually require a change in our training procedures or promotional materials and practices, and we may further be subject to significant fines and penalties at the administrative and judicial level. The imposition of such sanctions could negatively affect our reputation and position in the market, and therefore, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
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Our insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover all claims.
Our insurance policies may not cover all risks to which we are exposed. Courts have levied substantial damages in the United States and elsewhere against a number of companies in the agriculture industry in past years based upon claims for injuries allegedly caused by the use of their products. A significant claim may result in significant expenditures by us.
We depend on key management, as well as our experienced and capable employees, and any failure to attract, motivate and retain our employees could harm our ability to maintain and grow our business.
Our business functions at the intersection of rapidly changing technological, economic and regulatory developments that require a wide-ranging set of expertise and intellectual capital. Our future success is significantly dependent upon the continued service of our executives and other key employees, including our salespeople. If we lose the services of any member of management or any key employee, we may not be able to locate a suitable or qualified replacement, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and train a replacement, which could severely disrupt our business and growth.
To maintain and grow our business, we will need to identify, attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled employees, which requires significant time, expense and effort. We may need to invest significant amounts of cash and equity to attract and retain new employees, and we may never realize returns on these investments. In addition, from time to time, there may be changes in our management team that may be disruptive to our business. If our management team, including any new hires that we make, fails to work together effectively and to execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis, our business could be harmed.
Our ability to maintain a competitive position depends on the organizational culture spread by us and the ability to control and keep working with us a sufficient number of professionals who are aligned with our organizational culture and available to assist our clients through proximity and knowledge of the demand for each producer. In addition, our salespeople may take some of all of their respective customer portfolios with them if they leave us, which could harm our business.
Our holding company structure makes us dependent on the operations of our subsidiaries.
As a holding company, our corporate purpose is to invest, as a partner or shareholder, in other companies, consortia or joint ventures in Brazil, where most of our operations are located, and outside of Brazil. Accordingly, our material assets are our direct and indirect equity interests in our subsidiaries, and we are therefore dependent upon the results of operations of and, in turn, the payments, dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries for funds to pay our operating and other expenses and to pay future cash dividends or distributions, if any, to holders of our shares. In addition, the payments, dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries to us for funds to pay future cash dividends or distributions, if any, to holders of our shares could be restricted under financing arrangements that we or our subsidiaries may enter into in the future, and such subsidiaries may be required to obtain the approval of lenders to make such payments to us. Furthermore, we may be adversely affected if the Brazilian government imposes legal restrictions on dividend distributions by our Brazilian subsidiaries, and exchange rate fluctuations will affect the U.S. dollar value of any distributions our subsidiaries make with respect to our equity interests in those subsidiaries. For further information, see “—Risks Relating to Latin America—Exchange rate instability may impact our ability to hedge exchange rate risk, which may lead to interest rate volatility and have a material adverse effect on the price of our Ordinary Shares,” and “—Risks Relating to Latin America—The Brazilian federal government has exercised, and continues to exercise, significant influence over the Brazilian economy. This influence, as well as Brazil’s political and economic conditions, could harm us and the price of our Ordinary Shares.”
We have a limited operating history as a consolidated company with financial results that may not be indicative of future performance, and our revenue growth rate is likely to slow as our business matures.
Our operations began in 2017, when the Lavoro Group was created. As a result of our limited operating history as a single, consolidated company, which is comprised of a number of pre-existing businesses that were acquired in recent years, our ability to accurately forecast our future results of operations is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties. Our historical revenue growth and other historical results should not be considered indicative of our future performance. In particular, over the long-term, we expect that our revenue growth will slow as our business matures. It is also possible that our revenue growth could decline for a number of reasons, including slowing demand for our products, increasing competition, changes in technology, a decrease in the growth of our overall market, increased regulation or our failure, for any reason, to take advantage of growth opportunities. If our assumptions regarding our future revenue growth and other operating and financial results are incorrect or change, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations.
We and our independent registered public accounting firm have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and, if we fail to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.
Prior to the Business Combination, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources to address our internal control over financial reporting and procedures. We are now subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires, among other things, that we establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Under the current rules of the SEC, we are required to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to assess their effectiveness.
Under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our management is required to assess and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. As of June 30, 2025, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting are not effective. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young Auditores Independentes S/S Ltda., audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report as of June 30, 2025, which is included herein.
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Our management and our independent registered public accounting firm identified a number of material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting as of June 30, 2025. Specifically, (i) a material weakness relating to the identification, design, and execution of relevant controls to prevent and detect deficiencies in information technology, or “IT” that also affected the effectiveness of automated and IT-dependent controls, including lack of controls in place to monitor and oversee the completion of controls performed by a third-party; (ii) a material weakness in the ineffective design, implementation and operation of internal controls applicable across both entity and all transaction levels processes including the timely reconciliation of significant accounts and identification of necessary adjustments; and (iii) a material weakness relating to the design, implementation and execution of controls in the financial statement close process, including the lack of review of accounting implications arising from complex transactions as well as from the consolidation process. Furthermore, our business is exposed to risk from potential non-compliance with policies, employee misconduct, negligence and fraud, which could result in regulatory sanctions, civil claims and serious reputational or financial harm. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in the control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
We are working on a remediation plan with respect to the material weaknesses identified above, adopting actions such as (i) implementing appropriate IT corrective measures and reassessing our internal control framework regarding the SAP S/4 Hana ERP to reduce the risk of potential inaccuracies in our consolidated financial statements, (ii) implementing the centralized ERP SAP S/4 Hana and enhancing our use of IT systems to reduce the efforts of documentation and retention of evidence for proper execution, (iii) reviewing our internal control matrices with the aim of improving their quality and effectiveness, in order to ensure compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (and the associated regulations issued by the SEC) and the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO, and (iv) timely remediation of control deficiencies for the control environment to be effective for a sufficient period of time during the next fiscal year and the implementation of monitoring controls such as self-assessments and action plans to remediate deficiencies. There can be no assurance that we will achieve our targets or that our remediation efforts and actions we may take in the future will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our consolidated financial condition or results of operations, which could cause investors to lose confidence in our financial statements, and the trading price of our Ordinary Shares to decline. “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Material Weakness in Internal Controls and Remediation.”
Furthermore, in the future, in the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we may identify other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements, fail to meet our reporting obligations or fail to prevent fraud, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could, in turn, limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from Nasdaq, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.
Disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.
Disclosure controls and procedures, including internal controls over financial reporting, are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the company in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
These disclosure controls and procedures have inherent limitations, which include the possibility that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and result in errors or mistakes. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by any unauthorized override of the controls. Consequently, our business is exposed to risk from potential non-compliance with policies, employee misconduct, negligence and fraud, which could result in regulatory sanctions, civil claims and serious reputational or financial harm. In particular, it is not always possible to deter employee misconduct, and any precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not always be effective. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in the control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. See “—We and our independent registered public accounting firm have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and, if we fail to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.”
We evaluated, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of June 30, 2025
We may also acquire businesses with unknown liabilities, contingent liabilities, internal control deficiencies or other risks. We have plans and procedures to review potential acquisition candidates for a variety of due diligence matters, including compliance with applicable regulations and laws prior to acquisition. Despite these efforts, realization of any of these liabilities or deficiencies may increase our expenses, adversely affect our financial position or cause us to fail to meet our public financial reporting obligations (including as a result of difficulties in integrating different internal control systems with our existing internal control systems). For more information, see “—Risks Relating to Acquisitions and Financial Information—Any acquisition, partnership or joint venture we make or enter into could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.”
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We may not be able to renew or maintain all our stores and facilities leases.
Substantially all of the properties where our stores and certain of our facilities are located are subject to lease agreements. Our lease agreements in Brazil are governed by Law No. 8,245/1991, which establishes that tenants have the right to compulsory renewal of the agreement provided that: (1) the agreement is in writing and has a fixed term; (2) the term of the agreement is no less than five uninterrupted years, including taking into consideration contractual amendments; (3) the lessee engages in activity in the same branch, for the minimum and uninterrupted term of three years; and (4) the lessee files a proceeding requesting renewal within the one year to six months prior to the maturity of the lease. We may be adversely affected if: (1) we are unable to successfully negotiate current or future leases on acceptable terms; (2) we are unable to file proceedings requesting renewals within the statutory period or if we fail to satisfy the conditions listed above; or (3) we are unable to renew leases for properties having material locations or we renewed our leases on less favorable terms than those currently in effect.
We may be forced to vacate the property, or properties, if we fail to reach an agreement on renewal, or if our lessor decides to sell the property and we cannot reach an agreement with the new owner, or if we are unable to negotiate lease agreements on favorable conditions. Even though we do not rely on strategic locations for the success of our operations, and there are alternative lease locations in the markets where we operate, the loss of any of our locations, including by our not renewing or maintaining the leases of our stores or certain of our facilities, may adversely affect our operations, financial results and may impact our activities.
Our ability to implement and realize the expected benefits of the extrajudicial reorganization plan filed by Lavoro Brazil is subject to significant risks and uncertainties.
On June 18, 2025, Lavoro Brazil, our wholly owned subsidiary and the operating entity for our Brazil Ag Retail segment, submitted a court application in Brazil for approval of an extrajudicial reorganization (recuperação extrajudicial) plan (the “EJ Plan”) negotiated with certain of its principal agricultural input suppliers. The EJ Plan provides for the rescheduling of approximately R$2.5 billion in supplier obligations over a multi-year period and establishes a standardized framework for future inventory supply and financing.
On September 9, 2025, Lavoro Brazil formally filed the EJ Plan with the court, having obtained the statutory majority support required under Brazilian law for judicial confirmation.
On November 25, 2025, the EJ Plan was ratified by the court. Court ratification grants binding effect to the EJ Plan’s terms with respect to all eligible supplier creditors, including those that did not adhere voluntarily, and represents the culmination of the restructuring process.
The filing of the EJ Plan and related publicity may adversely affect customer confidence in our ability to fulfill orders, potentially causing farmers to shift purchases to competitors during the critical planting season. Additionally, suppliers not party to the EJ Plan may tighten credit terms or reduce product availability, which could constrain our inventory during peak demand periods. Further, the implementation of the EJ Plan may place significant operational and managerial demands on Lavoro Brazil, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully execute the plan or prevent further financial or operational disruptions. If the implementation of the EJ Plan does not yield the intended financial and operational benefits, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Out-of-Court Restructuring Agreement and Plan.”
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Any acquisition, partnership or joint venture we make or enter into could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.
As part of our growth strategy, we intend to continue to acquire, or form partnerships or joint ventures with, businesses, technologies, services and products as appropriate opportunities arise. Any such transactions involve risks and uncertainties. We must fit them into our long-term growth strategies to generate sufficient value to justify their cost. We may not, however, be able to identify appropriate acquisition, partnership or joint venture targets in the future, and our efforts to identify such targets may result in a loss of time and financial resources. In addition, we may not be able to successfully negotiate or finance such future acquisitions, partnerships or joint ventures successfully or on favorable terms, or to effectively integrate acquisitions into our current business, and we may lose clients or personnel as a result of any such strategic transaction (in particular the clients and personnel of an acquired business).
The process of integrating an acquired business, technology, service or product into our business may divert management’s attention from our core business, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and generate unforeseen pressures and strains on our organizational culture. Therefore, we may face significant challenges in the process of integrating the operations of any acquired companies with our existing business, such as the inability to manage a greater number of geographically dispersed employees and create and implement efficient uniform controls, procedures and policies, in addition to the incurrence of high or unexpected integration costs. We may acquire companies at various levels of maturity and managed by different internal controls, which could expose us to significant integration risks and increased organizational complexity in order for us to maintain a uniform control environment, including more complex and costly accounting processes and internal controls. Moreover, we may be unable to realize the expected benefits, synergies or developments that we initially anticipate from such a strategic transaction.
Financing an acquisition or other strategic transaction could result in dilution to existing shareholders from issuing equity securities or a weaker balance sheet from using cash or incurring debt, and equity or debt financing may not be available to us on favorable terms, if at all. In addition, in connection with an acquisition, it is possible that the goodwill that has been attributed, or may be attributed, to the target may have to be written down if the valuation assumptions are required to be reassessed as a result of any deterioration in the underlying profitability, asset quality and other relevant matters. There can be no assurances that we will not have to write down the value attributed to goodwill in the future, which would adversely affect our results of operations and net assets.
In addition, risks arising with respect to the historic business and operations of companies we acquire may be different than we anticipate. In particular, we may face contingent liabilities in connection with our acquisitions and joint ventures, including, among others, (1) judicial or administrative proceeding or contingencies relating to the company, asset or business acquired, including civil, regulatory, tax, labor, social security, environmental and intellectual property proceedings or contingencies; and (2) financial, reputational and technical issues, including with respect to accounting practices, financial statement disclosures and internal controls, as well as other regulatory or compliance matters. We may not have identified these risks as part of our due diligence process or may not have appreciated, understood or fully anticipated the extent of the risks associated with the business of these companies and of our acquisitions and integrations. Moreover, although we have the benefit of the indemnification provisions of these agreements, subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, our exercise of due diligence and risk mitigation strategies may not anticipate or mitigate the full risks of the acquisitions and the associated costs, including costs and expenses associated with previously unidentified contingencies. We may not be able to contain or control the costs associated with unanticipated risks or liabilities, some of which may not be sufficiently indemnifiable under the relevant acquisition or joint venture agreement, and which could materially and adversely affect our business, liquidity, capital resources or results of operations.
Furthermore, certain proposed acquisitions or other transactions may be subject to the approval of or requirements or conditions imposed by relevant antitrust authorities in the countries in which we currently operate or may operate in the future. For example, Brazilian legislation provides that acquisitions meeting certain requirements must be approved by Brazil’s Administrative Council for Economic Defense (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica), or CADE, prior to the completion of the acquisition if one of the companies or group of companies involved has gross annual revenues in Brazil of at least R$750.0 million in the year immediately prior to the acquisition and any other party or group of companies involved has gross income of at least R$75.0 million in that same period. As part of this process, CADE must determine whether the specific transaction affects the competitiveness of the market in question or the consumers in such markets. CADE may not approve our future acquisitions or may condition approval of our acquisitions on our disposition of certain of the acquisition target’s operations, or impose restrictions on the operations and commercial activities of the target. In Colombia, the Superintendence of Industry and Commerce (Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio) is responsible for approving economic mergers, acquisitions and integrations between and among enterprises and has the power to impose corresponding sanctions for antitrust violations. Similar entities, rules and sanctions may exist in other Latin American countries into which we plan on expanding. Failure to obtain any required approvals for future acquisitions or to satisfy any relevant conditions or requirements imposed by relevant authorities may result in unforeseen or additional costs and expenses, or may prevent us from consummating potential acquisitions and successfully executing our growth strategy, which could adversely affect our business, growth prospects, results of operations and financial condition.
Finally, the competition for acquisition targets may increase and the terms of the transactions with available targets could become less favorable to us. Our competitors may be willing to pay more than us for acquisitions or investments, which may cause us to lose certain opportunities that we would otherwise desire to complete. Attractive transactions could also become scarcer for other reasons, such as economic or industry sector downturns, geopolitical tensions, or increases in the cost of additional capital needed. This could increase the cost of, delay or otherwise complicate or frustrate our ability to find and consummate an acquisition, and may result in our inability to consummate an acquisition on terms favorable to us. We cannot assure you that any acquisition, partnership or joint venture we make will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our business and the commercialization of our products are subject to various government regulations and agricultural, environmental, health and safety authorities and industry standards, and we or our collaborators may be unable to obtain, or may face delays in obtaining, necessary regulatory approvals.
We are subject to extensive federal, state and municipal laws, including agricultural, environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in Brazil and in other countries in which we operate. These laws and regulations govern a wide range of matters, including protection of human health, environmental and agricultural controls, land reclamation, the safety of our employees, discharges to air and water, and remediation of hazardous substance releases, among others. We are also required to obtain certain licenses, grants, registrations and authorizations issued by government authorities for certain aspects of our operations.
We are responsible for applying for and maintaining the regulatory approvals and registrations before agricultural and health agencies required for the commercialization of our agricultural products, in particular agrochemicals, fertilizers, and seeds. Additionally, we are responsible for hiring and maintaining responsible technicians in each of our facilities, who are responsible for the facility’s activities relating to agricultural products. We are also required to maintain annotations and certificates that prove the regularity of the responsible technician before the relevant work councils, and the legal relationship between the responsible technician and its respective facility. We may face difficulties in obtaining regulatory approvals in jurisdictions in which we have not previously operated or in which we have limited experience, or as a result of other specificities of the jurisdiction in which the approval is issued. In addition, for the granting and/or renewal of certain licenses, the competent authorities may determine that we make changes in our operations and facilities, causing us to incur additional costs. We may also struggle to hire and maintain responsible technicians for each of our facilities that handle agricultural products.
Failure to comply with agricultural and health laws can lead to civil, criminal, and administrative liability, which may include penalties such as the apprehension or destruction of products, a ban on advertisement, the suspension or cancellation of licenses and authorizations, the temporary or definitive embargo of our facilities, and fines of up to R$3.0 million, which could adversely affect our operations.
Moreover, in some jurisdictions, environmental laws change frequently and it may be difficult for us to determine if we are in compliance with all material environmental laws at any given time. If we are not in compliance, we may be subject to enforcement or third-party claims, and may require new investment in our business. In those circumstances, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Failure to comply with environmental laws can subject us to civil, criminal and administrative liability. Specifically, in the civil sphere, Brazilian environmental laws provides for strict and joint civil liability, which means that we can be held fully responsible for environmental damages that have been caused within our chain of activities, regardless of whether we acted with fault. Courts have concluded that statutes of limitation are not applicable in those instances. In the administrative sphere, environmental fines can reach up to R$150.0 million, and may be accompanied by other administrative sanctions such as a ban on distributing products, a suspension on product manufacturing and sale, a suspension of our activities, a suspension of tax benefits and the cancellation or interruption of governmental credit facilities. Moreover, we may be subject to criminal liability under the applicable environmental law for any criminal action or omission, which may lead to (i) the interruption of our activities in whole or in part, (ii) a temporary shutdown of our facilities, of construction work or of our activity, and (iii) a ban on contracting with governmental authorities and obtaining governmental subsides, incentives or donations. More serious cases can lead to the arrest of officers and managers, impacting both our management capacity and our image. In addition to the application of environmental laws in Brazil, we are subject to several obligations, such as obtaining and maintaining different types of licenses and authorizations issued by regulatory bodies, as well as observing various technical specifications regarding their products and services. Failure to comply with or comply with these laws, regulations, licenses or authorizations may result in penalties, for example, fines and an obligation to compensate for environmental damage or even suspend our activities, which could adversely affect our results of operations, and result in the cancellation of the environmental license.
With respect to human health and worker safety, new laws and regulations may increase expenses to comply with health and safety regulations resulting in additional costs, which may have an adverse effect on our operating and financial results. In addition, we depend on positive perceptions of the safety and quality of our products, in general, from our customers and final consumers, and the lack of such perceptions regarding the handling of our agricultural input products could harm the marketing of our products and our reputation. These issues and the losses related to them may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our operations are subject to various health and environmental risks associated with our production, handling, transportation, storage and commercialization.
We are subject to restrict federal, state, municipal and foreign environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, the handling, use, storage, treatment, manufacture and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes, discharge of pollutants into the environment and human health and safety matters, mainly for our agrichemical portfolio. Considering that part of our portfolio involves chemical-related products, we are required to comply with regulations enacted by the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), by state and local environmental agencies, by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), ANVISA, and by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento), MAPA, and with state and municipal regulations and authorities and official agencies, which are responsible for approving the products themselves, as well as the wording for warnings and procedure for use on ours labels and leaflet.
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Furthermore, as chemical and flammable materials are used in our agricultural input products, we are subject to operational risks, including the risk of environmental contamination or even death and bodily harm to employees and service providers, which could result in administrative, civil and criminal liability for us, as well as criminal liability for our officers and employees.
Brazilian legislation is generally in accordance with internationally recognized agencies such as the European Food Safety Authority and the Food and Agriculture Organization, or the FAO. Our sales and use recommendation are restricted to those established on labels and leaflets approved by authorities. If we fail to comply with the approved labels and leaflets, we could incur substantial costs and liabilities, including civil or criminal fines and penalties.
Environmental, health and safety and food and agricultural input laws and regulations to which we are subject may become more stringent over time. This could increase the effects on us of these laws and regulations, and the increased effects could be materially adverse to our business, operations, liquidity and/or results of operations.
Heightened regulation on food and agricultural inputs and environmental, health and safety issues in Brazil, Colombia and other Latin American countries where we may operate can be expected to result in requirements that apply to us and our operations that may be more stringent than those described elsewhere in this annual report.
These requirements may include:
increased levels of future investments and expenditures for environmental controls at ongoing operations, which will be charged against income from future operations;
increased efforts or costs to obtain permits or denial of permits;
new interpretations of existing statutes or regulations that impose new or more stringent standards; and
other matters that could increase our expenses, capital requirements or liabilities, or adversely affect our business, liquidity or financial condition.
Trade agreements, foreign trade or environmental, health and safety, and food and agricultural inputs laws of countries importing Latin American agricultural production, especially Brazil, may, in the short and medium term, impose measures restricting access to such countries’ markets as a result of an actual or perceived non-conformity with matters relating to socio-environmental norms, rules or regulations, such as deforestation and increased greenhouse gas emissions associated with certain crops. The potential emergence of international barriers to Brazilian commodities exports because of an actual or perceived lack of deforestation control in Brazil may limit our ability to expand our business and our barter operations, e.g., in the event we are unable to adequately demonstrate traceability of grains (in particular soybeans and corn) and other products’ origination or their compliance with environmental requirements.
Uncertainty around the Soy Moratorium and evolving deforestation rules may restrict sourcing and adversely affect our business, results, cash flows and reputation.
The Soy Moratorium, a sector agreement adopted in 2006 designed to prevent the commercialization of soy grown in areas of the Amazon biome deforested after July 2008, became a reference for socio-environmental governance and for access to markets that demand deforestation-free supply chains. The agreement has been terminated, and requirements applicable to deforestation-free supply chains (including foreign laws such as the EU Deforestation Regulation, or EUDR) continue to evolve, creating regulatory and operational uncertainty for participants in the soybean value chain, including us.
On September 30, 2025, Brazil’s antitrust authority, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica), or CADE, suspended the Soy Moratorium, effective January 1, 2026. The termination of the Soy Moratorium represents a significant risk for Brazilian trading companies and for Lavoro, as it removes one of the main sectoral mechanisms ensuring that soybean production in the Amazon is not associated with deforestation. Without this collective agreement, there are increased risks to trade sanctions, barriers to access international markets, and loss of investor confidence. This may require additional certifications and increase the company’s operational due diligence costs, particularly as global regulations such as the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), effective from 2025, establish traceability and proof of deforestation-free origin as mandatory preconditions for market access.
If applicable frameworks are modified, more strictly enforced or interpreted inconsistently with our current practices—and if we, our customers or counterparties (including farmers that supply us through barter transactions) are deemed non-compliant—we could face: (i) restrictions or blockages on sourcing soy from certain properties; (ii) loss of access to end-markets conditioned on deforestation-free verification; (iii) disruption of barter settlements, including potential open-market replacement and/or hedge unwinds at a loss; (iv) lower demand for inputs in affected areas and potential inventory write-downs; (v) higher compliance and traceability costs (monitoring, audits, remediation); (vi) contractual disputes, penalties or terminations; (vii) reputational harm with customers, suppliers, investors and lenders; and (viii) adverse cash-flow impacts, including increased working-capital needs and credit losses.
Although we operate socio-environmental screening processes and seek to align our practices with applicable requirements, residual risk remains, including limitations in third-party data (e.g., geolocation/satellite “false positives” or classification errors), heterogeneity of public databases, fraud or misrepresentation by counterparties, and divergences among legal or voluntary frameworks (including between criteria historically used in the market and the EUDR). Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and reputation.
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On November 5, 2025 Justice Flávio Dino of the Supreme Court of Brazil (Supremo Tribunal Federal), or STF, granted a preliminary injunction suspending, nationwide, all judicial and administrative proceedings that challenged the legality or constitutionality of the Soy Moratorium, including cases before Brazil’s Administrative Council for Economic Defense (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica), or CADE. The decision aimed to curb excessive litigation and ensure legal certainty, determining that the matter should only be definitively resolved after a final ruling by the STF, with the suspension remaining in effect until such a decision is issued by the Court.
We may be liable for labor charges and disbursements if our sales representatives are considered to be our employees.
We and our subsidiaries, with the exception of Produtec Comércio e Representações S.A. and Qualiciclo Agrícola S.A. (Qualicitrus), hire our employees through formal employment relationships governed by Brazilian labor legislation. However, these subsidiaries maintain the engagement of certain of their professionals as independent contractors, particularly in the case of Technical Sales Representatives (RTVs). There is a risk that, depending on how the services are effectively rendered, the RTVs themselves or governmental authorities may claim the existence of an employment relationship, with each situation being assessed on a case-by-case basis. The assessment will include consideration of whether the services have been provided on an exclusive basis and under the direct control of the company. If it is held that our independent contractors are actually employees, our subsidiaries would be subject to the assumption of labor costs and expenses associated with formal employment. Furthermore, even if a formal employment relationship is not established, there remains the possibility of the company being held jointly liable for the payment of labor obligations related to the employees or agents of the RTVs in the event of their insolvency.
Changes in tax laws, incentives, benefits and regulations may adversely affect us.
Changes in tax laws, regulations, related interpretations and tax accounting standards in Brazil, Colombia, the Cayman Islands or the United States may result in a higher tax rate on our earnings, which may significantly reduce our profits and cash flows from operations. For example, in 2015 the Brazilian government increased the rate of the social integration program contribution (Programa Integração Social), or PIS, and the social security program contribution (Contribuição para o Financiamento da Seguridade Social), or COFINS (both social contributions on gross revenues) from 0% to approximately 4.65% on financial income realized by Brazilian companies that are taxed under the non-cumulative regime (which is the tax regime that applies to us). However, it is not possible to precisely predict if and how potential changes may affect our business, but one or more states, municipalities, the federal government or other countries may seek to challenge the taxation or procedures applied to our transactions, and could impose taxes or additional reporting, record-keeping or indirect tax collection obligations on our business. New taxes could also require us to incur substantial costs to collect and remit taxes. If such obligations were imposed, the additional costs associated with tax collection, remittance and audit requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. In addition, our profits may decline if certain tax incentives are not retained or renewed.
Further, Brazilian government authorities at the federal, state and local levels may consider changes in tax laws to cover budgetary shortfalls resulting from the recent economic downturn in Brazil, including the impact of COVID-19. If enacted, such changes may harm our profitability by increasing our tax burden, increasing our tax compliance costs or otherwise affecting our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The Brazilian government regularly enacts reforms to the tax and other assessment regimes to which we and our customers are subject. Such reforms include changes in tax rates and, occasionally, enactment of temporary levies, the proceeds of which are earmarked for designated governmental purposes. The effects of these changes and any other changes that result from the enactment of additional tax reforms cannot be quantified and there can be no assurance that any such reforms would not have an adverse effect upon our business. Furthermore, such changes may produce uncertainty in the financial system, increasing the cost of borrowing and contributing to an increase in our non-performing credit portfolio.
Recently, Brazilian government initiatives have proposed changes to the Brazilian tax regime—in particular, the reform of consumption and income taxes—that, if enacted, could impact our business. On December 20, 2023, the Brazilian Congress enacted Constitutional Amendment No. 132/2023, which intended to pave the way for a significant reform of the Brazilian consumption taxes system beginning in 2026 and taking full effect as of 2033. These changes include the replacement of five taxes currently levied in Brazil: (i) Social Integration Program Contribution (Contribuição ao Programa de Integração Social), or PIS; (ii) the Social Security Financing Contribution (Contribuição para o Financiamento da Seguridade Social), or COFINS; (iii) Tax on Manufactured Products (Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados), or IPI (all three being federal taxes); (iv) Tax on Distribution of Goods and Services (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços), or ICMS (a state tax); and (v) ISS (a municipal tax). These taxes will be replaced by two value-added taxes; ICMS and ISS will be merged into a Tax on Goods and Services (Imposto Sobre Bens e Serviços), or IBS, to be managed by states and municipalities, and the federal government will be in charge of a Contribution on Goods and Services (Contribuição sobre Bens e Serviços), or CBS. In addition, a third tax, the Selective Tax (Imposto Seletivo), or the IS, will be created and will be applicable to transactions involving goods and services that are detrimental to the environment and human health. On January 16, 2025, the Brazilian Congress passed Supplementary Law No. 214 to regulate the IBS, CBS and IS. The CBS and IBS rate, as well as the calculation methodology for companies in our sector, are yet to be determined, and as such we are currently reviewing the effects of such legislation on our expected tax burden. Any increases in the tax rates applicable to our business could result in a high tax burden for us and, as a result, impair our profitability.
In addition, proposed Bill No. 2,337/2021 would comprehensively reform income taxation rules primarily by revoking the income tax exemption on the distribution of dividends by Brazilian companies while also introducing new anti-avoidance provisions for a broad variety of transactions among related parties, ending the deductibility of interest on equity expenses, extending the minimum term for the amortization of intangibles, and changing the income tax rules related to Brazilian investment funds, among other changes. More specifically, ending the deductibility of interest on equity would impact the net amount to be received by our shareholders in the form of dividends. Although these laws have not yet been enacted and it is not possible to determine at this time the exact changes that will eventually pass into law, any such changes could have adverse effects on our results and operations.
In addition, establishing a provision for income tax expense and filing returns requires us to make judgments and interpretations about the application of inherently complex tax laws, and in particular Brazilian income tax laws, which are subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and relevant governmental tax authorities. If the judgments, estimates and assumptions we use in preparing our tax returns are subsequently found to be incorrect, we could become involved in a dispute with the relevant authority, which in Brazil can involve prolonged evaluation periods and litigation before a final resolution is reached, and which introduces further uncertainty and risk with respect to our tax and related liabilities.
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Finally, Colombian tax authorities have included additional taxes in different areas, such as taxes on financial transactions, financing rules for the General Budget of the Nation, increased tax rates on income and occasional profit. The Colombian government is also obliged by Law No. 2,155/2021 to apply the Fiscal Rule which indicates that it must significantly reduce its fiscal deficit during the following years, seeking to ensure the sustainability of public finances, so that the debt limit is not exceeded. This, coupled with pressure from rating agencies, could lead to higher tax rates for our business and that of our borrowers. Changes in tax-related laws and regulations, and interpretations thereof, may affect tax burdens by increasing tax rates and fees, creating new taxes, limiting tax deductions and eliminating tax incentives and untaxed income. In addition, tax authorities or courts may interpret tax regulations differently than we do, which could result in associated tax litigation, costs and penalties.
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws and regulations.
We operate in jurisdictions that have a high risk for corruption and we are subject to various anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the Brazilian Federal Law No. 12,846/2013, also known as the Clean Company Act (and Decree No. 11,129/2022 that regulates the Clean Company Act), Brazilian Federal Law No. 9,613/1998, as amended by Brazilian Federal Law No. 12,683/2012, and Brazilian Federal Law No. 8,429/1992, as amended by Brazilian Federal Law No. 14,230/2022, in addition to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA. Both the Clean Company Act and the FCPA impose liability against companies who engage in bribery of government officials, either directly or through intermediaries.
Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit us and our collaborators from authorizing, offering, or directly or indirectly providing improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. We or our collaborators may have direct and indirect interactions with government agencies and state-affiliated entities and universities in the course of our business. We use third-party collaborators, and strategic partners, law firms, and other representatives for regulatory compliance, patent registration, deregulation advocacy, field testing, and other purposes in countries that are known to present a high corruption risk such as Brazil and Colombia. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party collaborators, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities.
Anti-money laundering, anti-bribery, anti-corruption and sanctions laws and regulations to which we are subject require us, among other things, to conduct full customer due diligence (including sanctions and politically exposed person screening) and keep our customer, account and transaction information up to date. We have implemented and are in the process of reviewing our policies and procedures detailing what is required from those responsible, but all such policies may not be completed or may not be fully in effect as of the date of this annual report (in particular, our policies relating to sanctions laws and regulations). In addition, we rely heavily on our employees to assist us by spotting such illegal and improper activities and reporting them, and our employees have varying degrees of experience in recognizing criminal tactics and understanding the level of sophistication of criminal organizations. In addition, we rely upon our relevant counterparties to a large degree to maintain and appropriately apply their own appropriate compliance measures, procedures and internal policies. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, or agents will comply with these laws at all times. If we are unable to apply the necessary scrutiny and oversight of employees, third parties to whom we outsource certain tasks and processes or counterparties, we increase the risk of regulatory breach.
Violations of – or even accusations of or associations with violations of – anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws and regulations could result in criminal liability, administrative and civil lawsuits, significant fines and penalties (including being added to “blacklists” that would prohibit certain parties from engaging in transactions with us), forfeiture of significant assets and reputational harm. Non-compliance with these laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, injunctions, suspension and debarment from contracting with certain governments or other persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could further harm our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.
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If any person resident in the Cayman Islands knows or suspects, or has reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting that another person is engaged in criminal conduct or money laundering, or is involved with terrorism or terrorist financing and property, or proliferation financing or is the business combination partner of a financial sanction and the information for that knowledge or suspicion came to their attention in the course of business in the regulated sector, or other trade, profession, business or employment, the person will be required to report such knowledge or suspicion to (i) the Financial Reporting Authority of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to the Proceeds of Crime Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands if the disclosure relates to criminal conduct, money laundering or proliferation financing or is the business combination partner of a financial sanction or (ii) a police officer of the rank of constable or higher, or the Financial Reporting Authority, pursuant to the Terrorism Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, if the disclosure related to involvement with terrorism or terrorist financing and property. Such report shall not be treated as a breach of confidence or of any restriction upon the disclosure of information imposed by any enactment or otherwise. We reserve the right to refuse to make any payment to a shareholder if our directors officers suspect or are advised that the payment to such shareholder might result in a breach of applicable anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing, prevention of proliferation financing and financial sanctions or other laws or regulations by any person in any relevant jurisdiction, or if such refusal is considered necessary or appropriate to ensure our compliance with any such laws or regulations in any applicable jurisdiction.
Should a shareholder or its duly authorized delegates or agents be, or become (or is believed by the company or its affiliates (“Agents”) to be or become) at any time while it owns or holds an interest in the company, (a) an individual or entity named on any sanctions list maintained by the United Kingdom (including as extended to the Cayman Islands by Orders in Council) or the Cayman Islands or any similar list maintained under applicable law or is otherwise subject to applicable sanctions in the Cayman Islands (a “Sanctions Subject”) or (b) an entity owned or controlled directly or indirectly by a Sanctions Subject, as determined by the company in its sole discretion, then (i) the company or its Agents may immediately and without notice to the shareholder cease any further dealings with the shareholder or freeze any dealings with the interests or accounts of the shareholder (e.g., by prohibiting payments by or to the shareholder or restricting or suspending dealings with the interests or accounts) or freeze the assets of the company (including interests or accounts of other shareholders who are not Sanctions Subjects), until the relevant person ceases to be a Sanctions Subject or a license is obtained under applicable law to continue such dealings (a “Sanctioned Persons Event”), (ii) the company and its Agents may be required to report such action or failure to comply with information requests and to disclose the shareholder’s identity (and/or the identity of the shareholder’s beneficial owners and control persons) to the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, the Cayman Islands Financial Reporting Authority, or other applicable governmental or regulatory authorities (without notifying the Subscriber that such information has been so provided) and (iii) the company and its Agents have no liability whatsoever for any liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and/or losses (including but not limited to any direct, indirect or consequential losses, loss of profit, loss of revenue, loss of reputation and all interest, penalties and legal costs and all other professional costs and expenses) incurred by the shareholder as a result of a Sanctioned Persons Event.
Adverse outcomes in legal proceedings could subject us to substantial damages and adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.
The agricultural inputs industry faces substantial regulatory risks and litigation. From time to time, we may be involved in major lawsuits concerning regulatory, intellectual property, biotechnology, torts, contracts, antitrust allegations, civil and tax claims, and other matters, as well as governmental inquiries and investigations, including a prior investigation involving Agrobiológica Soluções. See “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” This matter was closed in 2024 following the enactment of Federal Law No. 15.070, which formally regulated the on-farm practice in Brazil, and a settlement with the relevant authorities, without penalties or findings of wrongdoing. Future lawsuits, governmental inquiries and investigations may have outcomes that could be significant to our results of operations in the period recognized or limit our ability to engage in our business activities. We have recorded reserves for potential liabilities where we believe the liability to be probable and reasonably estimable, in accordance with accounting requirements under IFRS. However, our actual costs may be materially different from this estimate. The degree to which we may ultimately be responsible for the particular matters reflected in the reserve is uncertain. We had provisions for civil, tax, labor and environmental contingencies amounting to R$14.0 million and R$14.0 million as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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If our suppliers or outsourced service providers do not comply with their respective civil, administrative, labor and social security obligations, we may be jointly or severally liable for any non-compliance, resulting in fines, payment of these amounts and other sanctions, in accordance with labor and agricultural law. In addition, we may be liable for possible bodily injury and even the death of employees of our suppliers or outsourced service providers, in cases where such service providers do not observe or do not inspect the fulfillment of obligations related to the personal protection of their employees, which may adversely affect our results of operations and our reputation.
We are subject to costs and risks associated with increased or changing laws and regulations affecting our business, including those relating to data privacy, security and protection.
We operate in a complex regulatory and legal environment that exposes us to compliance and litigation risks that could materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. These laws may change, sometimes significantly, as a result of political, economic or social events. Responding to these changes and meeting existing and new requirements may be costly and burdensome. Changes in laws and regulations may occur that could:
discourage us and other collaborators from offering, and end-markets from purchasing, our products;
increase our export and import duties and costs or intensify controls and restrictions on our imports;
restrict or increase the costs of making payments and distributions;
render our technology less profitable or less attractive compared to that of competing products;
require significant product redesign or redevelopment;
increase our compliance and other costs of doing business through increases in the cost to protect our intellectual property, including know-how, trade secrets and regulatory data, or increases in the cost to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals to commercialize and market the products we develop directly or jointly; and
impair or eliminate our ability to source technology and develop our products, including validating our products through field trials and passing biosafety evaluations.
Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition to the laws and regulations governing our operations in the agricultural inputs industry, some of the federal, state or local laws and regulations that affect us include those relating to consumer products, product liability or consumer protection; those relating to the manner in which we advertise, market or sell products; labor and employment laws, including wage and hour laws; tax laws or interpretations thereof; data protection and privacy laws and regulations; and other health and safety laws and regulations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulatory Overview” for more information. We face significant compliance costs and risk of non-compliance with respect to these existing laws and regulations, which costs and risks could be heightened by changes and developments with respect to such laws and regulations. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to adapt our business, or have sufficient financial resources, to comply with any new regulations, or that we will be able to successfully compete in the context of a shifting regulatory environment.
In particular, data protection and privacy laws are developing rapidly to take into account the changes in cultural and consumer attitudes towards the protection of personal data. We collect, use, store, transmit and otherwise process employee and customer data, including sensitive personal data, in and across multiple jurisdictions. As a result, we are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in Brazil, Colombia and other applicable countries, as well as contractual obligations, regarding data privacy, security and protection. In many cases, these laws and regulations apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between or among us, our subsidiaries and other parties with which we have commercial relationships.
Privacy, information security, and data protection are significant issues globally. The regulatory framework governing the collection, processing, storage, use and sharing of certain information, particularly financial and other personal data, is rapidly evolving and is likely to continue to be subject to uncertainty and varying interpretations. The occurrence of unanticipated events and the development of evolving technologies often rapidly drive the adoption of legislation or regulation affecting the use, collection or other processing of data and the manner in which we conduct our business. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies or any applicable privacy, security or data protection, information security or consumer-protection related laws, regulations, orders or industry standards in one or more jurisdictions could expose us to costly litigation, significant awards, fines or judgments, civil and criminal penalties or negative publicity, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In particular, on August 14, 2018, the President of Brazil approved Law No. 13,709, the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados), or the LGPD, which came into effect on September 18, 2020, with administrative sanctions becoming applicable as of August 1, 2021. The LGPD is a comprehensive data protection law establishing general principles and obligations that apply across multiple economic sectors and contractual relationships. The LGPD applies to individuals or legal entities, private or government entities, who process personal data in Brazil or collect personal data in Brazil or, further, when the processing activities have the purpose of offering or supplying goods or services to data subjects located in Brazil. The LGPD establishes detailed rules for the collection, use, processing, storage and any operation carried out with personal data (including personal data of clients, suppliers and employees), and affects all economic sectors, including the relationship between customers and suppliers of goods and services, employees and employers and other relationships in which personal data is collected, whether in a digital or physical environment.
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Specifically, the LGPD establishes, among other things, data subjects’ rights, the legal basis for personal data protection, requirements for obtaining consent from data owners, obligations and requirements related to security incidents, data leaks and international data transfers, as well as the creation of the National Data Protection Authority (Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados, “ANPD”), for the purposes of monitoring, implementing and supervising compliance with the LGPD in Brazil. In the event of non-compliance with the LGPD, we may be subject to penalties, including (1) warnings, with the impositions of a deadline for the adoption of corrective measures; (2) a one-time fine of up to 2% (subject to an upper limit of R$50,000,000) of our revenue; (3) a daily fine (subject to an upper limit of R$50,000,000); (4) public disclosure of the violation; (5) the restriction of access to the personal data to which the violation relates, until corrective measures are implemented; (6) deletion of the personal data to which the violation relates; (7) partial suspension of the databases to which the violation relates for up to six months, which can be extended for an equal period until corrective measures are implemented; (8) suspension of the personal data processing activities to which the violation relates for up to 12 months; and (9) partial or full prohibition on personal data processing activities. In addition, the LGPD creates a private cause of action, which means we are subject to both class-based and individual claims for violations of the LGPD.
While we are in the process of putting in place systems and processes to comply with the LGPD, we cannot assure you that our LGPD compliance efforts will be deemed appropriate or sufficient by regulatory authorities, in particular ANPD or by courts, such as the Brazilian Public Prosecution Office (Ministério Público). Moreover, as the LGPD requires further regulation from the ANPD regarding several aspects of the law, which are yet unknown, and we may have difficulty adapting our systems and processes to the new legislation due to the legislation’s complexity. The changes have impacted, and could further adversely impact, our business by increasing our operational and compliance costs.
In December 2022, we performed a maturity review based on US National Institute of Standards and Technology, or NIST, frameworks and we achieved an overall score of 3.65 (Policy), 3.32 (Practice) for Cyber Security (CSF) and 3.21 (Policy), 3.02 (Practice) for Privacy. The recommended target score is 3 (Defined), signifying that processes have become formal, standardized, and defined. We believe this helps create consistency across our organization. This review was conducted by BoxGroup, an independent firm.
Any additional privacy laws, rules or regulations enacted or approved in Brazil or in other jurisdictions in which we operate could cause us to incur costs to correct the breaches or failures, expose us to uninsured liability, increase our risk of regulatory scrutiny, subject us to lawsuits and administrative procedures, and result in the imposition of material penalties and fines under state and federal laws or regulations, which could seriously harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. Any failure, real or perceived, by us to comply with our privacy policies or with any regulatory requirements or orders or other local, state, federal or international privacy or consumer protection-related laws and regulations could cause customers to reduce their purchases of our agricultural products and services and could materially and adversely affect our business.
For more information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulatory Overview—Brazil—Data Protection and Privacy” and “Item 16K. Cybersecurity.”
Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer information or our failure or the perception by our customers that we failed to comply with privacy laws or properly address privacy concerns could harm our business and standing with our customers.
We collect, store, handle, transmit, use and otherwise process certain personal data and other user data in our business. A significant risk associated with our operations is the secure transmission of confidential information over public networks. The perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our business and results of operations. We must ensure that all collection, use, storage, dissemination, transfer, disposal and any other processing activity involving personal data for which we are responsible comply with relevant data protection and privacy laws. The protection of our customer, employee and company data is critical to us. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential customer information, such as credit card and other personal data. Despite the security measures we have in place, our facilities and systems, and those of our third-party service providers, may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors or other similar events. Any security breach, or any perceived failure involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, as well as any failure or perceived failure to comply with laws, policies, legal obligations or industry standards regarding data privacy and protection, whether by us or our vendors, could damage our reputation, expose us to administrative procedures and litigation risk and liability, subject us to negative publicity, disrupt our operations and harm our business. Our security measures may fail to prevent security breaches, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Unauthorized disclosure of, improper access to, or destruction or modification of data, through cybersecurity breaches, computer viruses or otherwise, or disruptions to our systems or services could expose us to liability, protracted and costly litigation and damage our reputation.
An increasing number of organizations, including large clients and businesses, large technology companies, financial institutions and government institutions have disclosed breaches of their information security systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks, including on portions of their websites, networks or infrastructure, or those of third parties who provide services to them. Information security risks for companies with e-commerce operations in particular have significantly increased recently, in part because of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists and other external parties. Because of our position in the payments value chain, we believe that we are likely to continue to be a target of such threats and attacks. In addition, due to the growing size and complexity of our services, the amount of personal data and other data that we store and the number of customers, employees and third-party providers with access to personal data and other data, we are potentially vulnerable to a variety of intentional and inadvertent cybersecurity attacks and other security-related incidents and threats, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
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The techniques used to obtain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to our systems, our data or our customers’ data, to disable or degrade service, or to sabotage systems are constantly evolving may be difficult to detect quickly and often are not recognized until launched against a target. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities through various means, including, among others, hacking into our systems or those of our customers, partners or vendors, attempting to fraudulently induce our employees, customers, partners, vendors or other users of our systems into disclosing user names, passwords, payment card information or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information technology systems, or installing malicious software. Certain efforts may be supported by significant financial and technological resources, making them even more sophisticated and difficult to detect.
Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect our networks, applications, bank accounts and the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and customer data and our information technology systems and to prevent data loss and other security breaches, and expect to continue to expend significant additional resources to bolster these protections, these security measures cannot provide absolute security and there can be no assurance that our safety and security measures (and those of our third-party providers) will prevent damage to, or interruption or breach of, our information systems and operations. Our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to cyberattacks or security breaches, and third parties may be able to access our customers’ personal or proprietary information and card data that are stored on or accessible through those systems. In addition to traditional computer “hackers,” malicious code (such as viruses and worms), phishing, ransomware, social engineering attacks, unauthorized access or misuse and denial-of-service attacks, sophisticated criminal networks as well as nation-state and nation-state supported actors now engage in attacks, including advanced persistent threat intrusions. Our security measures may also be breached due to human error, malfeasance, fraud or malice on the part of employees, accidental technological failures, system errors or vulnerabilities, or other irregularities.
Any actual or perceived cybersecurity attacks, security breaches, phishing attacks, ransomware attacks, computer malware, computer viruses, computer hacking attacks, unauthorized access, coding or configuration errors or similar incidents experienced by us or our third-party service providers could interrupt our operations, result in our systems or services being unavailable, result in the loss, compromise corruption or improper disclosure of data or personal data, subject us to regulatory or administrative investigations and orders, litigation, disputes, sanctions, indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach or penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, impair our ability to provide our solutions and meet our customers’ requirements, materially harm our reputation and brand, result in significant legal and financial exposure (including customer claims), lead to loss of customer confidence in, or decreased use of, our products and services, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any breaches of network or data security at our customers, partners or third-party service provides (including data center and cloud computing providers) could have similar negative effects.
We could be forced to expend significant financial and operational resources in response to a security breach, including repairing system damage, increasing security protection costs by deploying additional personnel and modifying or enhancing our protection technologies, investigating and remediating any information security vulnerabilities and defending against and resolving legal and regulatory claims, all of which could divert resources and the attention of our management and key personnel and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Specifically, because we leverage third-party providers, including cloud, software, data center and other critical technology vendors to deliver our solutions to our customers, we rely heavily on the data security technology practices and policies adopted by these third-party providers. Such third-party providers have access to personal data and other data about our customers and employees, and some of these providers in turn may subcontract with other third-party providers. Our ability to monitor our third-party providers’ data security is limited. A vulnerability in a third-party provider’s software or systems, a failure of our third-party providers’ safeguards, policies or procedures, or a breach of a third-party provider’s software or systems could result in the compromise of the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our systems or the data housed in our third-party solutions.
Many jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and others of security breaches involving certain types of data or information technology systems. Security compromises experienced by others in our industry, our customers, our third-party service providers or us may lead to public disclosures and widespread negative publicity. Any security compromise in our industry, whether actual or perceived, could erode customer confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures, negatively impact our ability to attract new customers, cause existing customers to elect not to renew or expand their use of our platform, services and products or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or other actions or liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, while we maintain insurance policies, we do not maintain insurance policies specifically for cyber-attacks and our current insurance policies may not be adequate to reimburse us for losses caused by security breaches, and we may not be able to collect fully, if at all, under these insurance policies. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases in or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
For information on the data protection and privacy laws and regulations to which we are subject and the risks associated therewith, see the section titled “—We are subject to costs and risks associated with increased or changing laws and regulations affecting our business, including those relating to data privacy, security and protection.”
Interruption or failure of our infrastructure, information technology and communications systems could impair our operations, which could also damage our reputation and harm our results of operations.
Our operations are dependent on our ability to protect the continuity of our infrastructure against damage from catastrophe or natural disaster, breach of security, cyber-attack, loss of power, telecommunications failure or other natural or man-made events. A catastrophic event could have a direct negative impact on us by adversely affecting our customers, partners, third-party service providers, employees or facilities, or an indirect impact on us by adversely affecting the agricultural market, payment processing services or the overall economy. In the event of a catastrophe, we could experience a material adverse interruption of our operations.
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We serve our customers using third-party data centers and cloud services. While we have electronic access to the infrastructure and components of our platform that are hosted by third parties, we do not control the operation of these facilities. Consequently, we may be subject to service disruptions as well as failures to provide adequate support for reasons that are outside of our direct control. These data centers and cloud services are vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, system failures, cyber-attacks, physical or electronic break-ins, human error or interference (including by employees, former employees or contractors), and other catastrophic events. Our data centers may also be subject to local administrative actions, changes to legal or permitting requirements and litigation to stop, limit or delay operations. Despite precautions taken at these facilities, such as disaster recovery and business continuity arrangements, the occurrence of a natural disaster or an act of terrorism, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems at these facilities could result in interruptions or delays in our services, impede our ability to scale our operations or have other adverse impacts upon our business. See “—We depend on data centers operated by third parties and third-party Internet hosting providers, and any disruption in the operation of these facilities or access to the Internet could adversely affect our business.”
We depend on data centers operated by third parties and third-party Internet hosting providers, and any disruption in the operation of these facilities or access to the Internet could adversely affect our business.
Our business requires ongoing availability and uninterrupted operation of internal and external transaction processing systems and services. While we maintain oversight of our third-party providers of transaction processing and IT-related functions, such third parties are ultimately responsible for maintaining their own network security, disaster recovery and system management procedures. We primarily serve our customers from third-party data center hosting facilities, and we rely on cloud infrastructure to operate certain aspects of our solutions. Any disruption of or interference with our use of our ERP and other core systems could impair our ability to deliver our solutions to our customers, resulting in customer dissatisfaction, damage to our reputation, loss of customers and harm to our business.
Moreover, we have architected our solutions and computer systems to use data processing, storage capabilities and other services provided by specific providers. Given this, we cannot easily switch our ERP and other core systems operations to another cloud provider, so any disruption of or interference with our use of cloud/hosting services could increase our operating costs and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and we might not be able to secure service from an alternative provider on similar terms or at all.
The owners and operators of our current hosting facilities have a contract guaranteeing 99% availability and qualified professionals to keep the systems operating. However, such third-party providers may experience website disruptions, outages and other performance problems. These problems may be caused by a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, viruses, security attacks, fraud, spikes in customer usage and denial of service issues. In some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time. We do not control the operation of these data center facilities, and such facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, power loss, hardware failures, telecommunications failures, improper operation, unauthorized entry, data loss, power loss, cyberattacks, fires, wars, terrorist attacks, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, natural disasters or similar catastrophic events. They also could be subject to break-ins, computer viruses, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and other misconduct. The occurrence of a natural disaster or an act of terrorism, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice or terminate our hosting arrangement or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in the delivery of our solutions, cause system interruptions, prevent our customers from accessing their accounts online, reputational harm and loss of critical data, prevent us from supporting our solutions or cause us to incur additional expense in arranging for new facilities and support.
We also depend on third-party Internet-hosting providers and continuous and uninterrupted access to the Internet through third-party bandwidth providers to operate our business. If we lose the services of one or more of our Internet-hosting or bandwidth providers for any reason or if their services are disrupted, for example, due to viruses or denial of service or other attacks on their systems, or due to human error, intentional bad acts, power loss, hardware failures, telecommunications failures, fires, wars, terrorist attacks, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes or similar catastrophic events, we could experience disruption in our ability to offer our solutions and adverse perception of our solutions’ reliability, or we could be required to retain the services of replacement providers, which could increase our operating costs and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Furthermore, prolonged interruption in the availability, or reduction in the speed or other functionality, of our products or services could materially harm our reputation and business. Frequent or persistent interruptions in our products and services could cause customers to believe that our products and services are unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors or to avoid our products and services, and could permanently harm our reputation and business.
We are subject to risks relating to our significant presence in Latin American countries, which have experienced, and may continue to experience, adverse economic or political conditions that may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations are based in Latin America. For the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, 78.5%, 87.3% and 87.1%, respectively, of our revenues were attributable to our Brazilian operations. Our business is dependent to a significant extent upon the economic conditions prevalent in Brazil, as well as the other Latin American countries in which we currently operate, including Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay, and in which we may seek to expand operations in the future, such as Peru, Chile, Paraguay and other countries in South and Central America.
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Fluctuations in the economy of Brazil and Latin American countries have historically experienced uneven periods of economic growth, recessions, periods of high inflation and economic instability, including as a result of actions adopted by the governments of Latin American countries have had and may continue to have a significant impact on our subsidiaries operating in those countries. Recently, the economic growth rates of the economies of many Latin American countries have slowed and some have entered mild recessions. Additionally, economic and political developments in Latin America, including future economic changes or crises (such as inflation, currency devaluation or recession), government deadlock, political instability, terrorism, civil strife, changes in laws and regulations, restrictions on the repatriation of dividends or profits, expropriation or nationalization of property, restrictions on currency convertibility, volatility of the foreign exchange market and exchange controls could impact our operations and/or the market value of our Ordinary Shares and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we may encounter the following difficulties, among others, related to the foreign markets in which we currently operate or will operate in the future:
unforeseen regulatory changes;
our inability to attract personnel and generate business outside of the Latin American countries in which we currently operate;
changes in tax law;
changes in trade and investment policies and regulations;
difficulties in registering and protecting trademarks and software;
nationalization, expropriation, price controls and other restrictive governmental actions;
adoption of governmental measures that protect, subsidize or otherwise favor competitors native to such
markets; and
cultural and linguistic barriers.
If one or more of these risks materialize, and we are not able to overcome these difficulties, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
Developments and the perceptions of risks in other countries, including other emerging markets, the United States and Europe, may harm the economy of Latin American countries and the price of our Ordinary Shares.
The market for securities offered by companies such as ours is influenced by economic and market conditions in Brazil and emerging markets, as well as the United States, Europe and other countries. To the extent the conditions of the global markets or economy deteriorate, our business may be adversely affected. The weakness in the global economy has been marked by, among other adverse factors, lower levels of consumer and corporate confidence, decreased business investment and consumer spending, increased unemployment, reduced income and asset values in many areas, reduction of China’s growth rate, currency volatility and limited availability of credit and access to capital. Developments or economic conditions in other emerging countries have at times significantly affected the availability of credit to companies with significant operations in Latin America and resulted in considerable outflows of funds from Latin America, decreasing the amount of foreign investments in America, impacting overall growth expectations for the economy.
Crises and political instability in other emerging market countries, the United States, Europe or other countries, including increased international trade tensions and protectionist policies, could decrease investor demand for securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil, such as our Ordinary Shares. These developments, as well as potential crises and forms of political instability arising therefrom or any other as of yet unforeseen development, may harm our business and the price of our Ordinary Shares. These developments, as well as potential crises and forms of political instability arising therefrom or any other as of yet unforeseen development, may adversely affect the United States and global economies and capital markets, which may, in turn, materially adversely affect the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
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Governments in Latin America have exercised, and continue to exercise, significant influence over their national economies. This influence, as well as political and economic conditions in the region, could harm us and the price of our Ordinary Shares.
Governments in Latin America, including the Brazilian federal government, frequently exercise significant influence over their economies and occasionally make significant changes in policy and regulations. These actions to control inflation and manage economic conditions have often involved, among other measures, increases or decreases in interest rates, changes in fiscal policies, wage and price controls, foreign exchange rate controls, blocking access to bank accounts, currency devaluations, capital controls, and import and export restrictions. We have no control over and cannot predict what measures or policies governments in Latin America may take in the future. Our business and the market price of our Ordinary Shares may be harmed by changes in government policies in Latin America, as well as general economic factors, including, without limitation:
growth or downturn of the economy of Latin American countries;
interest rates and monetary policies;
exchange rates and currency fluctuations;
inflation;
liquidity of the domestic capital and lending markets;
import and export controls;
exchange controls and restrictions on remittances abroad and payments of dividends;
modifications to laws and regulations according to political, social and economic interests;
fiscal policy, monetary policy and changes in tax laws and related interpretations by tax authorities;
economic, political and social instability, including general strikes and mass demonstrations;
labor and social security regulations;
energy and water shortages and rationing;
public health crises;
commodity prices; and
other political, diplomatic, social and economic developments in or affecting Latin America.
Uncertainty over whether governments in Latin America will implement reforms or changes in policy or regulation affecting these or other factors in the future may affect economic performance and contribute to economic uncertainty in the region, which may have an adverse effect on our activities and consequently our results of operations, and may also adversely affect the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. This scenario is further aggravated when analyzed together with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may adversely affect our business, operations, results and share price.
Brazil’s political environment has historically influenced, and continues to influence, the performance of the country’s economy. The recent economic instability in Brazil has contributed to a decline in market confidence in the Brazilian economy as well as to a deteriorating political environment. In addition, various investigations into allegations of money laundering and corruption being conducted by the Office of the Brazilian Federal Prosecutor have negatively impacted the Brazilian economy and political environment. The potential outcome of these investigations is uncertain, but they have already had an adverse impact on the image and reputation of the implicated companies, and on the general market perception of the Brazilian economy. In addition, the Brazilian Supreme Court is currently investigating Brazil’s current President in connection with allegations made by the former Minister of Justice. We cannot predict whether the ongoing investigations will result in further political and economic instability, or if new allegations against government officials or executives of private companies will arise in the future or will result in additional investigations.
Colombia’s political and economic environment remains marked by uncertainty amid ongoing reforms and security challenges. Since taking office in 2022, President Gustavo Petro’s administration has pursued an ambitious reform agenda aimed at overhauling the country’s health, labor, and pension systems. While elements of these reforms have gained legislative traction, others have faced significant resistance in Congress and from private sector stakeholders, leading to a contentious and uncertain policymaking environment. Presidential and congressional elections scheduled for 2026 could further shape the policy outlook and impact ongoing reform efforts. In addition, recent changes in cabinet leadership and political tensions between the executive and legislative branches have contributed to institutional volatility. Security concerns persist in several regions, where the presence of armed groups, drug trafficking, and efforts to negotiate peace have had mixed results, impacting investor sentiment and economic stability. Colombia’s economic performance has also been affected by inflationary pressures, tight monetary policy, and external vulnerabilities linked to commodity prices and global financial conditions. These factors, along with the risk of further political fragmentation or policy reversals, could undermine investor confidence, affect the regulatory landscape, and negatively impact our operations, financial condition, and the market for our securities.
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Finally, Uruguay’s heavy reliance on exports, particularly in the agricultural, forestry, and energy sectors, makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices and demand from key trading partners, including China, Brazil, and Argentina. Additionally, the outcome of the 2024 Uruguayan general elections could introduce policy shifts affecting labor laws, taxation, and regulatory frameworks. Regional instability, particularly economic crises in neighboring Argentina and Brazil, could lead to capital flow disruptions, currency volatility, and trade imbalances, which may in turn affect Uruguay’s economic growth and investor confidence.
As has been true in the past, the current political and economic environment in Brazil has and is continuing to affect the confidence of investors and the general public, which has historically resulted in economic deceleration and heightened volatility in the securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil, which may adversely affect us and our Ordinary Shares.
Any credit rating downgrade of Brazil or any other Latin American country in which we operate could reduce the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
We may be harmed by investors’ perceptions of risks related to the sovereign debt credit rating of Brazil and the other Latin American countries in which we operate. Sovereign credit ratings affect the cost and other terms upon which we are able to obtain funding. Rating agencies regularly evaluate such countries and their respective sovereign credit ratings, which are based on a number of factors including macroeconomic trends, fiscal and budgetary conditions, indebtedness metrics and the perspective of changes in any of these factors. The following is a summary of recent credit rating trends across our principal markets:
Brazil’s sovereign credit rating has experienced multiple downgrades since 2015, with all three major rating agencies having stripped the country of its investment-grade status. However, recent actions suggest a more stable or improving outlook. As of the most recent updates, Standard & Poor’s upgraded Brazil’s rating to BB with a stable outlook in December 2023; Moody’s raised Brazil’s rating to Ba1 with a positive outlook in October 2024; and Fitch affirmed Brazil’s rating at BB with a stable outlook in July 2024, following an upgrade from BB- in 2023. These revisions reflect improved fiscal management and macroeconomic stability, though Brazil remains below investment grade and subject to ongoing political and economic risks.
Uruguay holds investment-grade ratings across all three agencies. As of March 2025, S&P rates Uruguay at BBB+, Moody’s at Baa1, and Fitch at BBB, all with stable outlooks. These ratings reflect relative macroeconomic stability and institutional strength; however, Uruguay remains exposed to external shocks, including commodity price volatility and regional economic disruptions, which could adversely affect its fiscal position and economic performance.
Colombia’s credit ratings have weakened in recent years, falling below investment grade at two of the three major agencies. As of March 2025, S&P and Fitch rate Colombia at BB+ with negative outlooks, while Moody’s maintains an investment-grade rating of Baa2 with a negative outlook. The negative outlooks reflect rising fiscal pressures, weaker-than-expected growth, and concerns about policy effectiveness, which could lead to further downgrades if not addressed.
The sovereign credit ratings of certain Latin American countries where we operate, including Brazil, are currently rated below investment grade by the major credit rating agencies. As a result, the prices of securities offered by companies with significant operations in these jurisdictions have been negatively affected. A prolongation or worsening of low economic growth, political uncertainty, or fiscal instability in one or more of these countries could lead to further sovereign ratings downgrades. Any such downgrade could increase investors’ perception of risk and, in turn, adversely affect the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
Inflation and certain measures to curb inflation have historically harmed the emerging economies and capital markets, and high levels of inflation in the future would harm our business and the price of our Ordinary Shares.
In the past, several Latin American countries have experienced extremely high rates of inflation. Inflation and measures taken by governments in the region to control it have often had significant negative effects on their economies. Policies implemented to curb inflationary pressures, along with uncertainty regarding potential future government interventions, have contributed to economic instability and increased volatility in Latin American capital markets. Latin American countries may continue to experience high levels of inflation in the future and inflationary pressures may lead to their governments intervening in the economy and introducing policies that could harm our business and the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
In Brazil, according to the IPCA, Brazilian inflation rates were 4.8%, 4.6% and 5.8%, respectively, as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Brazil may continue to experience high levels of inflation in the future and inflationary pressures may continue to lead to the Brazilian government intervening in the economy and introducing policies that could harm our business and the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. In the past, the Brazilian government’s interventions included the maintenance of a restrictive monetary policy with high interest rates that restricted credit availability and reduced economic growth, causing volatility in interest rates. For example, the SELIC was unstable during the past three years, reaching 12.25% per annum as of December 31, 2024, and 11.75% and 13.75%, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. However, future measures taken by the Brazilian government to control inflation could include higher interest rates, and the SELIC rate has in fact since risen to 14.74% as of the date of this annual report. Conversely, more lenient government and Central Bank policies and interest rate decreases have triggered and may continue to trigger increases in inflation, and, consequently, growth volatility and the need for sudden and significant interest rate increases, which could negatively affect us, increase our indebtedness and, consequently, adversely affect the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
In Colombia, inflation has been elevated in recent years due to a combination of domestic and external factors, including currency depreciation, supply chain disruptions, and rising food and energy prices. According to Colombia’s National Administrative Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística), or DANE, inflation stood at 13.1% in 2022, 9.3% in 2023, and 5.2% in 2024, reflecting a gradual deceleration following aggressive monetary tightening by the Central Bank of Colombia (Banco de la República). While inflation has begun to moderate, cost pressures remain, particularly in labor-intensive sectors, as wage expectations continue to rise in line with inflation and legally mandated annual adjustments. Given that labor represents a significant portion of our operational expenses in Colombia, continued inflation or wage indexation could adversely impact our cost structure and profitability. Additionally, monetary policy uncertainty, exchange rate volatility, and inflation-linked social demands could further affect Colombia’s macroeconomic environment and negatively influence our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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In Uruguay, inflation has remained relatively moderate compared to some of its regional peers, though it continues to be influenced by external shocks, exchange rate fluctuations, and wage indexation policies. According to the National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística), Uruguay’s annual inflation rate was 9.1% in 2022, 5.1% in 2023, and 5.5% in 2024, reflecting a gradual decline due to the Central Bank of Uruguay’s (Banco Central del Uruguay), or the BCU’s, tight monetary policy. The BCU maintained high interest rates throughout 2023 to curb inflationary pressures, particularly as the Uruguayan peso appreciated against regional currencies, impacting export competitiveness. However, inflationary risks remain due to Uruguay’s reliance on imported goods, exposure to global commodity price fluctuations, and potential wage adjustments under collective bargaining agreements. Any resurgence of inflationary pressures or shifts in monetary policy could lead to higher interest rates, reduced consumer spending, and increased financing costs, which may negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Persistent inflation in several of the jurisdictions where we operate has contributed to rising operational costs, particularly with respect to labor, which represents one of our most significant cost components. As inflationary pressures increase the cost of living, wage demands tend to rise in both unionized and non-unionized environments, leading to higher payroll expenses. In some countries, local labor laws and collective bargaining agreements also tie wage adjustments to inflation indices, further amplifying cost pressures. These dynamics may be exacerbated by currency depreciation, especially where salaries are paid in local currency, but revenues or debt obligations are denominated in foreign currency. Sustained or accelerating inflation could therefore adversely affect our cost structure, profitability and cash flow.
Exchange rate instability may impact our ability to hedge exchange rate risk, which may lead to interest rate volatility and have a material adverse effect on the price of our Ordinary Shares.
The Brazilian currency has experienced frequent and substantial variations in relation to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies. The Brazilian government has implemented various economic plans and used various exchange rate policies to stabilize the real, including sudden devaluations, periodic mini-devaluations (during which the frequency of adjustments has ranged from daily to monthly), exchange controls, dual exchange rate markets and a floating exchange rate system, which plans and policies have had varying degrees of success. Exchange rate volatility could make our foreign-currency-linked obligations, purchases and funding more expensive in the event of depreciation of the real and, resulting in exchange rate exposure that may lead to losses in the event we fail to adequately manage exchange rate risk. Although long-term depreciation of the real is generally linked to the rate of inflation in Brazil, depreciation of the real occurring over shorter periods of time has resulted in significant variations in the exchange rate among the real, the U.S. dollar and other currencies.
For example, the real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank of Brazil was R$5.2177 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2022, which reflected a 6.5% appreciation in the real against the U.S. dollar since December 31, 2021. The real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank of Brazil was R$4.8413 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2023, which reflected a 7.8% appreciation in the real against the U.S. dollar since December 31, 2022. The real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank of Brazil was R$6.192 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2024, which reflected a 27.9% depreciation in the real against the U.S. dollar during the year ended December 31, 2024. The real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank of Brazil was R$5.4571 per US$1.00 on June 30, 2025, which reflected an 11.9% appreciation in the real against the U.S. dollar since December 31, 2024. There can be no assurance that the real will not depreciate or appreciate further against the U.S. dollar.
Similar trends of exchange rate volatility have been observed in other Latin American countries, where currency fluctuations are influenced by a combination of domestic economic policies, political developments, and global market conditions. Below is a discussion of exchange rate movements and associated risks in key jurisdictions where we operate:
In Colombia, the exchange rate of the Colombian peso against the U.S. dollar has exhibited significant volatility in recent years, influenced by both domestic and international factors. Key drivers of currency fluctuations have included global commodity price swings—particularly in oil and coal, which are major Colombian exports—shifts in U.S. interest rates, and domestic political developments, including uncertainty surrounding proposed economic reforms. In 2024, the peso experienced a notable depreciation of over 15%, reflecting concerns over fiscal stability and investor reactions to policy initiatives under President Gustavo Petro’s administration. While the Central Bank of Colombia has intervened at times to smooth excessive volatility, external shocks and continued uncertainty regarding fiscal and regulatory policy could put renewed pressure on the peso. Any substantial devaluation or sustained exchange rate instability could increase inflationary pressures, raise the cost of servicing U.S. dollar-denominated obligations, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In Uruguay, the Uruguayan peso has experienced moderate exchange rate fluctuations in recent years, influenced by regional economic conditions, global financial market trends, and the monetary policy of the BCU. However, in 2024, the peso depreciated sharply as regional economic slowdowns and lower demand for Uruguay’s exports put pressure on the currency. While Uruguay’s economy has been relatively stable compared to its regional peers, it remains exposed to external risks, including fluctuations in global commodity prices, economic instability in neighboring Argentina and Brazil, and shifts in international interest rates.
Devaluation of local currencies relative to the U.S. dollar could create inflationary pressures in Latin American countries and lead governments in the region to, among other measures, further increase interest rates. Any depreciation of local currencies may generally restrict access to international capital markets and reduce the U.S. dollar value of our results of operations. Restrictive macroeconomic policies could reduce economic stability and harm our results of operations and profitability. In addition, domestic and international reactions to restrictive economic policies could have a negative impact on economies across Latin America. These policies and any reactions to them may harm us by curtailing access to foreign financial markets and prompting further government intervention. A devaluation of local currencies relative to the U.S. dollar may also, particularly during periods of economic slowdown, decrease consumer spending, increase deflationary pressures, and reduce economic growth.
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On the other hand, an appreciation of local currencies relative to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies may worsen current account balances in Latin American countries. We and certain of our suppliers purchase services from countries outside the region, and thus changes in the value of the U.S. dollar compared to other currencies may affect the costs of services that we purchase. Depending on the circumstances, either devaluation or appreciation of local currencies relative to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies could restrict economic growth in Latin America, as well as our business, results of operations, and profitability.
Disruption or volatility in global financial and credit markets could have a material adverse effect on us.
The global financial and credit markets are currently, and have from time to time experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, rising interest and inflation rates, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. Such volatility and uncertainty in global financial and credit markets have also generally led to an increase in the cost of funding for Latin American and international issuers and borrowers. Moreover, uncertainty remains over liquidity concerns in the financial services industry and potential impacts on the broader economy, and our business, our business partners, and/or industry as a whole may be adversely impacted in ways that we cannot predict at this time.
Such conditions may adversely affect our ability to access capital and liquidity on financial terms acceptable, if at all. If we are unable to access capital and liquidity on financial terms acceptable to us or at all, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, the economic and market conditions of other countries, including the United States, countries in the European Union and emerging markets, may affect the volume of foreign investments in Latin America. If the level of foreign investment declines, our access to capital may likewise decline, which could negatively affect our business, ability to take advantage of strategic opportunities and, ultimately, the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
Moreover, the United States and China have long been involved in controversies related to trade barriers that have periodically escalated tensions between the two countries, including the imposition of tariffs on certain imported products. Sustained friction between the United States and its trading partners, including China, continues to pose risks to the stability of the global economy. For example, discussions around the imposition or increase of tariffs on products imported into the United States have been ongoing since the election campaign of President Donald Trump. Following his inauguration, President Trump raised trade tariffs on key U.S. trade partners—including Mexico—and imposed significant tariffs on a wide range of imports, including certain goods from China, as well as steel and aluminum products from various countries. Certain of the tariffs have been targeted at specific countries, including Brazil. These measures may invite retaliatory actions and create further economic uncertainty. While the potential impact of such tariffs on our operations remains uncertain, broad trade restrictions on emerging market imports into the United States could disrupt the economies of the countries in which we operate and, as a result, adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Further, the demand for agricultural products and services is directly impacted by macroeconomic variables, such as economic growth, income, unemployment rate, inflation and fluctuations in interest and foreign exchange rates. Disruptions and volatility in the global financial markets may have significant consequences in the countries in which we operate, such as volatility in the prices of securities, interest rates and foreign exchange rates. Higher uncertainty and volatility may result in a slowdown in the credit market and the economy, which, in turn, could lead to higher unemployment rates and a reduction in the purchasing power of consumers. In addition, such events may significantly impair our customers’ ability to perform their obligations and increase overdue accounts payable, resulting in an increase in the risk associated with our business.
Infrastructure and workforce deficiency in Latin America may impact economic growth and have a material adverse effect on us.
Our performance is closely tied to the overall health, stability, and growth of economies across Latin America. The Brazilian GDP growth has fluctuated over the past years, with a contraction of 4.1% in 2020 followed by expansions of 4.6% in 2021, 2.9% in 2022, 2.5% in 2023 and 3.4% in 2024. Colombia’s economy grew by 7.5% in 2022, slowed sharply to 0.7% in 2023, and modestly rebounded with 1.7% growth in 2024. Uruguay’s GDP increased by 4.5% in 2022, rose just 0.7% in 2023 due to drought-related impacts, and recovered to 3.1% growth in 2024. Ecuador’s economy expanded by 6.2% in 2022, grew 2.4% in 2023, and contracted by 2.0% in 2024 amid political and fiscal pressures.
In general, GDP growth across Latin America is constrained by structural challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, persistent energy shortages, and deficiencies in transportation, logistics, and telecommunications. Many countries in the region struggle with underinvestment in critical sectors, leading to inefficiencies that hinder economic expansion. Additionally, labor market challenges, such as skills shortages, informal employment, and rigid labor regulations, can limit workforce productivity and drive volatility in employment rates. Periodic general strikes, social unrest, and political uncertainty further contribute to economic instability, impacting business confidence and investment flows. These factors, combined with fluctuating public and private sector investments, can reduce productivity, constrain income growth, and weaken purchasing power, ultimately limiting overall economic expansion and potentially having a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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The listing of our securities on Nasdaq did not benefit from the process customarily undertaken in connection with an underwritten initial public offering, which could result in diminished investor demand, inefficiencies in pricing and a more volatile public price for our securities.
Unlike an underwritten initial public offering of our securities, the initial listing of our securities as a result of the Business Combination did not benefit from the following:
the book-building process undertaken by underwriters that helps to inform efficient price discovery with respect to opening trades of newly listed securities;
underwriter support to help stabilize, maintain or affect the public price of the new issue immediately after listing; and
underwriter due diligence review of the offering and potential liability for material misstatements or omissions of fact in a prospectus used in connection with the securities being offered or for statements made by its securities analysts or other personnel.
The lack of such a process in connection with the listing of our securities could result in diminished investor demand, inefficiencies in pricing and a more volatile public price for our securities during the period immediately following the listing than in connection with an underwritten initial public offering.
We incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company.
We are a public company and incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and Nasdaq. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives and may not effectively or efficiently manage the transition into a public company. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits or incur substantially higher costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs it may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, its board committees or as executive officers.
Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies in the United States. The additional demands associated with being a public company may disrupt regular operations of our business by diverting the attention of some of our senior management team away from revenue producing activities to management and administrative oversight, adversely affecting our ability to attract and complete business opportunities and increasing the difficulty in both retaining professionals and managing and growing our businesses. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors.
In addition, the public reporting obligations associated with being a public company in the United States may subject us to litigation as a result of increased scrutiny of our financial reporting. If we are involved in litigation regarding our public reporting obligations, this could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and management attention from our business and seriously undermine our business.
Any of these effects could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition, results of operations and share price, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.
We may be forced to write-down or write-off assets, restructure our operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in us reporting losses. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, the fact that charges of this nature are reported could contribute to negative market perceptions about us or our securities. In addition, charges of this nature may cause us to violate covenants to which we may be subject. Accordingly, any of our shareholders could suffer a reduction in the value of their Ordinary Shares as a result of the foregoing factors and would be unlikely to have a remedy for such reduction in value.
The Lavoro Original Shareholders beneficially own approximately 86.3% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares, and control certain matters requiring shareholder approval. This concentration of ownership and voting power will limit your ability to influence corporate matters.
The Lavoro Original Shareholders control us through their beneficial ownership of approximately 86.3% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares (including 3,006,049 Vesting Founder Shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025). As a result, the Lavoro Original Shareholders are able to effectively control our decisions and are able to elect a majority of the members of our board of directors. The Lavoro Original Shareholders are also able to direct our actions in areas such as business strategy, financing, distributions, acquisitions and dispositions of assets or businesses, and may cause us to make acquisitions that increase the amount of our indebtedness or outstanding ordinary shares, sell revenue-generating assets or inhibit change of control transactions that may benefit other shareholders. The decisions of the Lavoro Original Shareholders on these matters may be contrary to your expectations or preferences, and they may take actions that could be contrary to your interests.
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As a foreign private issuer, we have different disclosure, Nasdaq corporate governance standards and other requirements than U.S. domestic registrants.
As a foreign private issuer, we are subject to different disclosure and other requirements than domestic U.S. registrants. For example, as a foreign private issuer, in the United States, we are not subject to the same disclosure requirements as a domestic U.S. registrant under the Exchange Act, including the requirements to prepare and issue quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or to file current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events, the proxy rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 14 of the Exchange Act or the insider reporting and short-swing profit rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we rely on exemptions from certain U.S. corporate governance-related rules that permit us to follow Cayman Islands legal requirements rather than certain of the requirements that are applicable to U.S. domestic registrants. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Foreign Private Issuer Status” and “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Principal Differences between Cayman Islands and U.S. Corporate Law” for more information.
We follow certain Cayman Islands laws and regulations that are applicable to Cayman Islands companies. However, such laws and regulations may not contain any provisions comparable to the U.S. rules relating to the filing of reports on Form 10-Q or 8-K, the U.S. proxy rules, or the U.S. rules relating to liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time, as referred to above.
Furthermore, foreign private issuers are required to file their annual report on Form 20-F within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information, although we are subject to Cayman Islands laws and regulations having substantially the same effect as Regulation Fair Disclosure. As a result of the above, even though we are required to file reports on Form 6-K disclosing the limited information that we have made or are required to make public pursuant to Cayman Islands law, or are required to distribute to shareholders generally, and that are material to us, you may not receive information of the same type or amount that is required to be disclosed to shareholders of a U.S. company.
Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or within the same time frames as U.S. companies with securities registered under the Exchange Act. We currently prepare our financial statements in accordance with IFRS. We will not be required to file financial statements prepared in accordance with or reconciled to U.S. GAAP so long as our financial statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB.
We cannot predict if investors will find our Ordinary Shares less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Ordinary Shares and our share price may be more volatile.
We may lose our foreign private issuer status which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.
In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) more than 50% of the voting power of all our outstanding classes of voting securities (on a combined basis) must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(1) a majority of our executive officers or directors must not be U.S. citizens or residents; (2) more than 50% of our assets cannot be located in the United States; and (3) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. We intend to monitor the composition of our shareholder base to determine whether we meet these criteria. If we lose this status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules, and report our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which may differ materially from IFRS, all of which may involve time, effort and additional costs to implement. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs we incur as a foreign private issuer.
As a foreign private issuer, we rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, including the requirement that a majority of an issuer’s directors consist of independent directors. This may afford less protection to holders of our Ordinary Shares.
Section 5605 of Nasdaq equity rules requires listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of their board members be independent, and to have independent director oversight of executive compensation, nomination of directors and corporate governance matters. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to follow, and we do follow, home country practice in lieu of the above requirements. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Foreign Private Issuer Status” and “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Principal Differences between Cayman Islands and U.S. Corporate Law” for more information.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our Ordinary Shares and our trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Ordinary Shares depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our Ordinary Shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Ordinary Shares could decrease, which might cause the price of our Ordinary Shares and trading volume to decline. Moreover, if our financial results fail to meet, or significantly exceed, our announced guidance or the expectations of analysts or public investors, analysts could downgrade our securities or publish unfavorable research about it. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, our visibility in the financial markets could decrease, which in turn could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.
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The Ordinary Shares registered for resale represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding Ordinary Shares and the sale of such securities could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline significantly.
On June 11, 2024, we filed a registration statement on Form F-3, which registration statement, as amended, was declared effective by the SEC on July 29, 2024, or the Resale Registration Statement. The Resale Registration Statement relates, among other things, to the offer and sale from time to time by certain selling securityholders named therein, or the Selling Securityholders, of (i) up to 10,000,000 Ordinary Shares purchased by The Production Board in a private placement under the TPB PIPE Investment consummated in connection with the Business Combination at a purchase price of US$10.00 per Ordinary Share; and (ii) up to 98,726,401 Ordinary Shares issued to the Lavoro Original Shareholders in exchange for securities of Lavoro Agro Limited based on a value of US$10.00 per Ordinary Share, however, these shares were issued in exchange for securities of Lavoro Agro Limited that were acquired by the Lavoro Original Shareholders at prices that equate to purchase prices of less than US$10.00 per share. In addition, the Resale Registration Statement relates to the issuance by us of up to 10,083,592 Ordinary Shares that are issuable by us upon the exercise of Warrants (including Warrants issued in exchange for SPAC Private Warrants and Warrants issued in exchange for SPAC Public Warrants).
Due to the significant number of SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares that were redeemed in connection with the Business Combination, the number of Ordinary Shares that the Selling Securityholders can sell into the public markets pursuant to the Resale Registration Statement may exceed our public float. In addition, the Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by the Lavoro Original Shareholders represent 86.3% of our total outstanding Ordinary Shares (including 3,006,049 Vesting Founder Shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025) and, subject to the lock-up restrictions described herein, these holders have the ability to sell all of their Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Resale Registration Statement so long as it is available for use. Given the substantial number of Ordinary Shares registered for potential resale by Selling Securityholders pursuant to the Resale Registration Statement (and the concentration of such Ordinary Shares among the Lavoro Original Shareholders in particular), the sale of Ordinary Shares by the Selling Securityholders, or the perception in the market that the Selling Securityholders of a large number of Ordinary Shares intend to sell Ordinary Shares, particularly the Lavoro Original Shareholders, could increase the volatility of the market price of our Ordinary Shares or result in a significant decline in the public trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
In addition, some of the Ordinary Shares that have been registered for resale were acquired by the Selling Securityholders at prices that were historically below the market price of our Ordinary Shares. On June 30, 2025, the closing price of our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq was US$2.20 per share. While this price is significantly below the price at the time of the initial public offering of TPB SPAC and the closing of the Business Combination (approximately US$10.00 per share), certain Selling Securityholders historically acquired their shares at even lower prices, which may result in differing return profiles. For example, the Lavoro Original Shareholders were issued 98,726,401 Ordinary Shares in exchange for securities of Lavoro Agro Limited based on a value of US$10.00 per Ordinary Share; however, those securities were originally acquired by the Lavoro Original Shareholders in various capital increase rounds at purchase prices as low as approximately US$3.47 per share. While the current market price of US$2.20 per share is below that level, if the market price were to recover to the Business Combination price of approximately US$10.00, the Lavoro Original Shareholders may experience a significant positive return on their original investment. By contrast, other Selling Securityholders—including The Production Board (in respect of their TPB PIPE Investment shares), who acquired Ordinary Shares at an original purchase price of US$10.00 per share—would not earn a profit based on the current trading price of our Ordinary Shares. Similarly, public holders of our securities, including those who acquired shares in the PIPE or in the public markets near the Business Combination price, may not experience a positive return unless the market price increases significantly. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2025, based on the closing price of US$2.20 per share, neither The Production Board nor the Lavoro Original Shareholders would experience a profit if they were to sell their Ordinary Shares (including Ordinary Shares issued upon the exercise of Warrants), although they may in the future if the market price appreciates.
As such, public shareholders of the Ordinary Shares have likely paid significantly more than certain of the Selling Securityholders, in particular the Lavoro Original Shareholders, for their Ordinary Shares, and should not expect to see a positive return unless the price of the Ordinary Shares appreciates above the price at which such shareholders purchased their Ordinary Shares. For example, investors who purchased SPAC Shares or SPAC Warrants in the initial public offering of TPB SPAC at a price of US$10.00 per unit, or investors who purchase the Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq following the Business Combination at prices above US$2.20 per Ordinary Share would not, as of June 30, 2025, have experienced a similar rate of return on the Ordinary Shares they purchased due to differences in the purchase prices and the current trading price. In addition, sales by the Selling Securityholders may cause the trading prices of our securities to experience a decline. As a result, the Selling Securityholders may effect sales of Ordinary Shares at prices significantly below the current market price, which could cause market prices to decline further.
The limited public float and trading volume for our Ordinary Shares may make it difficult to sell your shares and may cause volatility in the price of our securities.
Historically, ownership of a significant portion of our outstanding Ordinary Shares has been concentrated in a small number of shareholders. The Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by the Lavoro Original Shareholders represent 86.3% of our total outstanding Ordinary Shares (including 3,006,049 Vesting Founder Shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025). Consequently, our Ordinary Shares have a relatively small float and low average daily trading volume, which could affect a shareholder’s ability to sell our Ordinary Shares or the price at which it can be sold.
As of the effectiveness date of the Resale Registration Statement, the Lavoro Original Shareholders have the ability to sell all of their Ordinary Shares so long as it is available for use. Given the substantial number of Ordinary Shares registered for potential resale by Selling Securityholders pursuant to the Resale Registration Statement (and the concentration of such Ordinary Shares among the Lavoro Original Shareholders in particular), the sale of Ordinary Shares by the Selling Securityholders, or the perception in the market that the Selling Securityholders of a large number of Ordinary Shares intend to sell Ordinary Shares, particularly the Lavoro Original Shareholders, may adversely impact the market price of our Ordinary Shares and result in increased volatility in the trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
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Sales of our Ordinary Shares or the perception of such sales, by the Selling Securityholders, in the public market or otherwise, could cause the market price for our securities to decline, even if our business is doing well.
We filed the Resale Registration Statement in order to register the resale under the Securities Act of the Ordinary Shares (including Ordinary Shares exercisable upon the issuance of Warrants) by the Selling Securityholders set forth herein. All of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares are eligible for resale for so long as the Resale Registration Statement is in effect, and such Selling Securityholders hold a disproportionately large portion of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. We will not receive any of the proceeds from such sales, and, based on the current trading price of our Ordinary Shares, we do not currently expect to receive any proceeds from the exercise of Warrants. The market price of our Ordinary Shares could decline as a result of substantial sales of our Ordinary Shares, particularly sales by the Selling Securityholders. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate and cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.
Sales of a substantial number of our Ordinary Shares, including as a result of the effectiveness of the Resale Registration Statement or upon expiration of the lock-up agreements, the perception that such sales may occur, could cause the trading price of our Ordinary Shares to fall or make it more difficult for you to sell your our Ordinary Shares at a time and price that you deem appropriate. For more information, see “—The Ordinary Shares registered for resale represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding Ordinary Shares and the sale of such securities could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline significantly.”
In addition, in September 2025, one of the Investment Funds pledged up to 8,269,453 of our Ordinary Shares to secure certain obligations, which Ordinary Shares represent 7.2% of our outstanding share capital. If enforcement action is taken by or on behalf of the entities that have the benefit of the share pledges, or if our Ordinary Shares are otherwise transferred in satisfaction of obligations, such enforcement action or transfers could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline as a result of substantial sales of our Ordinary Shares.
An active trading market for our securities may not be sustained, and investors may not be able to resell their Ordinary Shares and Warrants at or above the price for which they purchased such securities.
An active trading market for the Ordinary Shares and Warrants may not be sustained. In the absence of an active trading market for our Ordinary Shares and/or Warrants, investors may not be able to sell their Ordinary Shares or Warrants, respectively, at or above the price they paid at the time that they would like to sell. If either none or only a limited number of securities or industry analysts maintain coverage, or if these securities or industry analysts are not widely respected within the general investment community, the demand for our Ordinary Shares could decrease, which might cause our share price and trading volume to decline significantly. In addition, an inactive market may impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares or equity securities and may impair our ability to acquire business partners by using Ordinary Shares as consideration, which, in turn, could harm our business.
If we fail to satisfy all applicable requirements of Nasdaq and it determines to delist our Ordinary Shares, the delisting could adversely affect the market liquidity of our Ordinary Shares and the market price of our Ordinary Shares could decrease.
Our Ordinary Shares are currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “LVRO.” To maintain the listing of our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq, we are required to meet certain listing requirements, including, to make certain periodic filings, such as our six-month interim financial information and our annual report on Form 20-F, and maintaining a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share.
For instance, on July 10, 2025, we received a notice of non-compliance from Nasdaq Stock Market LLC stating that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(2) as a result of the delayed filing of our Form 6-K reporting interim financial information for the six-month period ended December 31, 2024. On November 19, 2025, we received a further notice stating that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) as a result of the delayed filing of our Form 20-F for the year ended June 30, 2025. In response to the non-compliance notices from Nasdaq, we submitted a plan to Nasdaq to regain compliance with the listing rules. Nasdaq accepted our plan, requiring that we file both our interim financial information for the six-month period ended December 31, 2024 and our Form 20-F by no later than December 29, 2025.
Furthermore, as of the date of this annual report, the minimum closing bid price for our Ordinary Shares is less than $1.00 per share. Unless our share price improves, we may receive a notice from Nasdaq stating that we are not in compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rules pertaining to maintaining a minimum closing bid price.
Even if our share price increases and we regain compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rules, there can be no assurance that we will maintain compliance with the requirements for listing our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq going forward. If we are unable to satisfy the Nasdaq criteria for continued listing, our Ordinary Shares would be subject to delisting. A delisting of our Ordinary Shares could negatively impact us by, among other things, reducing the liquidity and market price of our Ordinary Shares; reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our Ordinary Shares, which could negatively impact our ability to raise equity financing; decreasing the amount of news of us; and limiting our ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future. In addition, delisting from Nasdaq may negatively impact our reputation and, consequently, our business.
You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we conduct substantially all of our operations, and a majority of our directors and executive officers reside, outside of the United States.
We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and we conduct a majority of our operations through our subsidiaries, outside the United States. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States, primarily in Brazil. A majority of our officers and directors reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it could be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals outside of the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed upon under the applicable securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the jurisdictions that comprise the Latin American region could render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.
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Our corporate affairs are governed by our governing documents, the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as that from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less exhaustive body of securities laws than the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fulsome and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands.
As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.
While Cayman Islands law allows a dissenting shareholder to express the shareholder’s view that a court sanctioned reorganization of a Cayman Islands company would not provide fair value for the shareholder’s shares, Cayman Islands statutory law does not specifically provide for shareholder appraisal rights in connection with a court sanctioned reorganization (by way of a scheme of arrangement). This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in a merger or consolidation (by way of a scheme of arrangement) or to require that the acquirer gives you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient. However, Cayman Islands statutory law provides a mechanism for a dissenting shareholder in a merger or consolidation that does not take place by way of a scheme of arrangement to apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for a determination of the fair value of the dissenter’s shares if it is not possible for the company and the dissenter to agree on a fair price within the time limits prescribed.
Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies (such as the Company) have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders. Our directors have discretion under our governing documents to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.
Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors. Class actions are not recognized in the Cayman Islands, but groups of shareholders with identical interests may bring representative proceedings, which are similar.
We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.
It is expected that we will retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, it is not expected that we will pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future for Lavoro Limited shareholders.
Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if the board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on the future results of operations and cash flow, capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by the board of directors. There is no guarantee that our Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value or that the trading price of the Ordinary Shares will not decline.
Our governing documents contain anti-takeover provisions that may discourage a third party from acquiring us and adversely affect the rights of holders of our Ordinary Shares.
Our governing documents contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company, including provisions that:
authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by our shareholders, undesignated preferred shares with terms, rights and preferences determined by its board of directors that may be senior to our Ordinary Shares;
impose advance notice requirements for shareholder proposals;
limit our shareholders’ ability to call special meetings; and
require approval from the holders of at least two-thirds in voting power of all outstanding shares who attend and voted at a general meeting of our shareholders to amend certain provisions of our governing documents.
These anti-takeover defenses could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in our control.
These provisions could also make it more difficult for you and our other shareholders to elect directors of your choosing and cause us to take other corporate actions than you desire.
We have granted in the past, and intend to grant in the future, share incentives, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.
On the Closing Date, our board of directors adopted, and our shareholders approved the assumption of the Lavoro Share Plan. As a result, we reserved for issuance the number of Ordinary Shares equal to the number of Lavoro Share Plan Shares under the Lavoro Share Plan, as adjusted in accordance with the Business Combination Agreement. In addition, on August 16, 2023 and September 27, 2023 our board of directors approved and adopted the Lavoro Equity Plan, which provides for the grant of restricted stock units to participants identified by our board. We believe the granting of share-based compensation is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and as such, we can also grant share-based compensation and incur share-based compensation expenses. As a result, expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share-Based Compensation.”
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We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq listing standards and, as a result, qualify for, and intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. You will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.
The Lavoro Original Shareholders control a majority of the voting power of our Ordinary Shares. As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq listing standards. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, a group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq, including (1) the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors, (2) the requirement that we have a nominating and corporate governance committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities and (3) the requirement that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities. We rely on some or all of these exemptions. As a result, we currently do not have a majority of independent directors, we do not have a nominating or a corporate governance committee, and our compensation committee is not composed entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, our shareholders do not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.
We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. The rights of our shareholders, including with respect to fiduciary duties and corporate opportunities, may be different from the rights of shareholders governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions.
We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed, by our governing documents and by the laws of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of our board of directors may be different from the rights of shareholders and responsibilities of directors in companies governed by the laws of U.S. jurisdictions. In particular, as a matter of Cayman Islands law, directors of a Cayman Islands company owe fiduciary duties to the company and separately a duty of care, diligence and skill to the company. Under Cayman Islands law, directors and officers owe the following fiduciary duties: (1) duty to act in good faith in what the director or officer believes to be in the best interests of the company as a whole; (2) duty to exercise powers for the purposes for which those powers were conferred and not for a collateral purpose; (3) directors should not properly fetter the exercise of future discretion; (4) duty to exercise powers fairly as between different sections of shareholders; (5) duty to exercise independent judgment; and (6) duty not to put themselves in a position in which there is a conflict between their duty to the company and their personal interests. Our governing documents have varied this last obligation by providing that a director must disclose the nature and extent of his or her interest in any contract or arrangement, and following such disclosure and subject to any separate requirement under applicable law or the listing rules of Nasdaq, and unless disqualified by the chairman of the relevant meeting, such director may vote in respect of any transaction or arrangement in which he or she is interested and may be counted in the quorum at the meeting. Conversely, under Delaware corporate law, a director has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders (made up of two components) and the director’s duties prohibit self-dealing by a director and mandate that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Principal Differences between Cayman Islands and U.S. Corporate Law.”
United States civil liabilities and certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.
We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, the majority of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of these persons is located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors who are not resident in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States.
Further, it is unclear if original actions predicated on civil liabilities based solely upon U.S. federal securities laws are enforceable in courts outside the United States, including in the Cayman Islands and Brazil. Courts of the Cayman Islands may not, in an original action in the Cayman Islands, recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state of the United States on the grounds that such provisions are penal in nature. Although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction if such judgment is final, for a liquidated sum, provided it is not in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, is not inconsistent with a Cayman Islands’ judgment in respect of the same matters, and was not obtained in a manner which is contrary to the public policy of the Cayman Islands. In addition, a Cayman Islands court may stay proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.
Judgments of Brazilian courts to enforce our obligations with respect to our Ordinary Shares will be payable only in reais.
Most of our assets are located in Brazil. If proceedings are brought in the courts of Brazil seeking to enforce our obligations in respect of our Ordinary Shares, we will not be required to discharge our obligations in a currency other than the real. Under Brazilian exchange control laws, an obligation in Brazil to pay amounts denominated in a currency other than the real will only be satisfied in Brazilian currency at the exchange rate, typically as determined by the Central Bank, in effect on the date (i) of actual payment, (ii) on which such judgment is rendered, or (iii) on which collection or enforcement proceedings are started against us, and such amounts are then adjusted to reflect exchange rate variations through the effective payment date. The then-prevailing exchange rate may not afford non-Brazilian investors with full compensation for any claim arising out of or related to our obligations under our Ordinary Shares.
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We may be unable to satisfy listing requirements in the future, which could limit investors’ ability to effect transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.
If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq such as any applicable corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our securities. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our securities and would impair your ability to sell or purchase the securities when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our securities to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our securities, prevent our securities from dropping below Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements. If we are delisted, there could be significant material adverse consequences, including:
a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;
a limited amount of news and analyst coverage for us; and
a decreased ability to obtain capital or pursue acquisitions by issuing additional equity or convertible securities.
Additionally, if our securities are not listed on, or become delisted from, Nasdaq for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if our securities were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained. We may be unable to maintain the listing of our securities in the future.
The market price of our equity securities may be volatile, and your investment could suffer or decline in value.
The stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, on which certain of our securities are listed as described elsewhere herein, may from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if an active, liquid and orderly trading market is sustained for our Ordinary Shares and Warrants, the market price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants may be volatile and could decline significantly. Given the recent price volatility of our Ordinary Shares and relative lack of liquidity therein, there is no certainty that warrantholders will exercise their Warrants and, accordingly, we may not receive any proceeds in relation to our outstanding Warrants. In addition, the trading volume in our Ordinary Shares and Warrants may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to continue to occur. We cannot assure you that the market price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants will not continue to fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:
certain of the Selling Securityholders purchased the securities registered for resale under the Resale Registration Statement at prices that are lower than the current market prices for such securities and, accordingly, may be or are incentivized to sell them under the Resale Registration Statement (for example, the Sponsor acquired its SPAC Private Warrants for US$1.50 per warrant, and each Warrant is exercisable for one Ordinary Share at an exercise price of US$11.50 per share);
the Ordinary Shares (including Ordinary Shares underlying Warrants) offered under the Resale Registration Statement exceeded the total number of outstanding Ordinary Shares as of June 30, 2025, and sales of a significant number of such Ordinary Shares could materially adversely affect the trading prices of our securities;
failure to comply with the requirements of Nasdaq;
failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or other laws or regulations; and
failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow us or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors.
In addition, if our performance does not meet market expectations, the price of our securities may decline. Fluctuations in the price of our securities could contribute to the loss of all or part of your investment. Factors affecting the trading price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants may also include:
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;
changes in the market’s expectations about operating results;
our operating results failing to meet market expectations in a particular period;
operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;
changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;
commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;
changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of debt;
any significant change in our board or management;
sales of substantial amounts of our Ordinary Shares by our directors, executive officers or significant shareholders or the perception that such sales could occur; and
general economic and political conditions such as recessions, interest rates, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations and acts of war or terrorism.
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Broad market and industry factors may depress the market price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants irrespective of our operating performance. The stock market in general has experienced price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of our securities, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for companies engaging in the agricultural industry or the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to us could depress the price of our Ordinary Shares regardless of our business, prospects, financial conditions or results of operations. A decline in the market price of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.
Moreover, in the past, following periods of volatility in the trading price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company. If we were to be involved in any similar litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our management’s attention and resources could be diverted, which would have a material adverse effect on us.
The exercise of our Warrants for our Ordinary Shares would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders.
Our Warrants to purchase our Ordinary Shares became exercisable in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement on March 30, 2023, which was 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination. The exercise price of our Warrants is US$11.50 per share. Therefore, as from when our Warrants became exercisable, if and when the trading price of the Ordinary Shares is less than US$11.50, we expect that warrantholders would not exercise their Warrants. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional Ordinary Shares will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Ordinary Shares and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of our Ordinary Shares. However, there is no guarantee that our Warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the Warrants may expire worthless.
We may redeem your unexpired Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your Warrants worthless.
We have the ability to redeem our outstanding Public Warrants at any time prior to their expiration at a price of US$0.01 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of our Ordinary Shares is equal to or exceeds US$18.00 per share (as adjusted for share sub divisions, share capitalizations, rights issuances, subdivisions, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date they send the notice of redemption to the warrantholders (the price for such period, the “Reference Value”). If and when the Public Warrants become redeemable by us, we may not exercise our redemption right if the issuance of shares upon exercise of the Public Warrants is not exempt from registration or qualification under applicable state blue sky laws or if we are unable to effect such registration or qualification. We will use our best efforts to register or qualify such shares under the blue sky laws of the state of residence in those states in which the Warrants were offered by us. Redemption of the outstanding Public Warrants could force you (i) to exercise your Public Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (ii) to sell your Public Warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your Public Warrants or (iii) to accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Public Warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your Public Warrants.
In addition, we may redeem your Public Warrants at any time prior to their expiration at a price of US$0.10 per warrant if, among other things, the Reference Value equals or exceeds US$10.00 per share (as adjusted for share sub-divisions, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like). The value received upon exercise of the Public Warrants (1) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their Public Warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (2) may not compensate the holders for the value of the Public Warrants, including because the number of shares received is capped at 0.361 of our Ordinary Shares per warrant (subject to adjustment) irrespective of the remaining life of the Public Warrants.
In the event that we elect to redeem all of the outstanding Public Warrants, we would only be required to have the notice of redemption mailed by first class mail, postage prepaid by us not less than 30 days prior to the redemption date to registered holders of the outstanding Public Warrants to be redeemed at their last address as they shall appear on the registration books.
Our management has the ability to require holders of our Warrants to exercise such Warrants on a cashless basis, which will cause holders to receive fewer Ordinary Shares upon their exercise of the Warrants than they would have received had they been able to exercise their Warrants for cash.
If we call our Warrants for redemption after the redemption criteria have been satisfied, our management will have the option to require any holder that wishes to exercise their Warrant (including any Warrants held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees) to do so on a “cashless basis.” If our management chooses to require holders to exercise their Warrants on a cashless basis, the number of Ordinary Shares received by a holder upon exercise will be fewer than it would have been had such holder exercised his Warrant for cash. This will have the effect of reducing the potential “upside” of the holder’s investment in us.
The Warrant Agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of our warrants, which could limit the ability of warrant holders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with our company.
The Warrant Agreement provides that, subject to applicable law, (i) any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the each such agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and (ii) that the parties thereto irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. The parties also agreed to waive any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction or that such courts represent an inconvenient forum.
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Notwithstanding the foregoing, these provisions of the Warrant Agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States are the sole and exclusive forum. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our warrants will be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the forum provisions in the applicable agreement. If any action, the subject matter of which is within the scope the forum provisions of the Warrant Agreement, is filed in a court other than a court of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (a “foreign action”) in the name of any holder of our warrants, such holder shall be deemed to have consented to: (x) the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the State of New York in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the forum provisions (an “enforcement action”), and (y) having service of process made upon such warrant holder in any such enforcement action by service upon such warrant holder’s counsel in the foreign action as agent for such warrant holder.
This choice-of-forum provision may limit a warrant holder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find this provision of the Warrant Agreement inapplicable or unenforceable with respect to one or more actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Relating to Taxation
The Registrant may be or become a PFIC, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares or Warrants.
In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which (i) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income, or (ii) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, certain royalties and rents, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. Cash and cash equivalents are passive assets.
Based on the expected composition of the Registrant’s income and assets and the estimated value of the Registrant’s assets, the Registrant does not believe they were a PFIC for the taxable year ending June 30, 2025. However, because the Registrant’s PFIC status for any taxable year is an annual determination that can be made only after the end of that year and will depend on the composition of the Registrant’s income and assets and the value of its assets from time to time (including the value of its goodwill, which may be determined in large part by reference to the market price of the Ordinary Shares from time to time, which could be volatile), there can be no assurances the Registrant will not be a PFIC for its taxable year ending June 30, 2025, or any future taxable year.
If the Registrant is a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns Ordinary Shares, the U.S. Holder generally will be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including increased tax liability on disposition gains and certain “excess distributions” and additional reporting requirements. Prospective holders of Ordinary Shares and Warrants should consult their tax advisers regarding the application of the PFIC rules to the Registrant and the risks of owning equity securities in a company that may be a PFIC. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”
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A. History and Development of the Company
The Registrant is an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands on August 25, 2022. The Registrant owns no material assets other than its direct equity interests in its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Second Merger Sub and Lavoro Agro Limited. In addition, the Registrant does not operate any business other than through its subsidiaries.
Business Combination
On the Closing Date, we consummated the previously announced Business Combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, by and among us, TPB SPAC, First Merger Sub, Second Merger Sub, Third Merger Sub and Lavoro Agro Limited.
Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, on the date immediately prior to the date on which the Third Merger took place, substantially concurrently with and immediately after the closing of the TPB PIPE Investment, (i) First Merger Sub merged with and into TPB SPAC, with TPB SPAC surviving as a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Registrant, and (ii) immediately following the First Merger, TPB SPAC, as successor in the First Merger, merged with and into Second Merger Sub, with Second Merger Sub surviving as a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Registrant. On the Closing Date, Third Merger Sub merged with and into Lavoro Agro Limited, with Lavoro Agro Limited surviving as a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Registrant.
The Business Combination was unanimously approved by TPB SPAC’s board of directors and at the extraordinary general meeting of TPB SPAC’s shareholders held on February 22, 2023 (the “Extraordinary General Meeting”). TPB SPAC’s shareholders also voted to approve all other proposals presented at the Extraordinary General Meeting. Prior to the Closing Date, TPB SPAC public shareholders exercised their redemption rights in respect of 14,663,445 SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares. As a result, immediately prior to the Closing Date, there were 3,372,854 SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding.
As a result of the SPAC Mergers, (i) each SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares and SPAC Class B Ordinary Share, other than SPAC Ordinary Shares that were owned by TPB SPAC, First Merger Sub or any wholly owned subsidiary of TPB SPAC, were exchanged for Ordinary Shares, at a one-to-one ratio, and (ii) each SPAC Public Warrant and SPAC Private Warrant, each exercisable at US$11.50 per one SPAC Class A Ordinary Share, became a Public Warrant and Private Warrant, respectively, at a one-to-one ratio, on the same terms and conditions prior to such conversion.
As a result of the Third Merger, among other things, (i) each Lavoro Agro Limited Share owned by Lavoro Agro Limited, Third Merger Sub or any wholly owned subsidiary of Lavoro Agro Limited immediately prior to the Third Merger was automatically cancelled, and (ii) each Lavoro Agro Limited Share that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Third Effective Time (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) was exchanged into and for all purposes represented only the right to receive a number of validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable Ordinary Shares equal to the Per Share Stock Consideration (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement).
Concurrently with the execution and delivery of the Business Combination Agreement, The Production Board entered into a subscription agreement pursuant to which The Production Board subscribed for and purchased 10,000,000 SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares at US$10.00 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of US$100,000,000. Moreover, certain other related agreements were executed in connection with the Business Combination, including the Voting and Support Agreement, the Lock-up Agreement, the Subscription Agreement, the Sponsor Letter Agreement and the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, each as described in “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transactions Related to the Business Combination” included elsewhere in this annual report.
As a result of the Business Combination, Lavoro Agro Limited has become a wholly owned direct subsidiary of the Registrant. On March 1, 2023, our Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants commenced trading on Nasdaq under the symbols “LVRO” and “LVROW,” respectively.
Due to the significant number of SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares that were redeemed in connection with the Business Combination, the number of Ordinary Shares that the Selling Securityholders can sell into the public markets pursuant to the Resale Registration Statement may exceed our public float. In addition, the Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by the Lavoro Original Shareholders represent 86.3% of our total outstanding Ordinary Shares (including 3,006,049 Vesting Founder Shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025), these holders have the ability to sell all of their Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Resale Registration Statement so long as it is available for use. Given the substantial number of Ordinary Shares registered for potential resale by Selling Securityholders pursuant to the Resale Registration Statement (and the concentration of such Ordinary Shares among the Lavoro Original Shareholders in particular), the sale of Ordinary Shares by the Selling Securityholders, or the perception in the market that the Selling Securityholders of a large number of Ordinary Shares intend to sell Ordinary Shares, particularly the Lavoro Original Shareholders, could increase the volatility of the market price of our Ordinary Shares or result in a significant decline in the public trading price of our Ordinary Shares.
In addition, some of the Ordinary Shares being registered for resale were acquired by the Selling Securityholders for prices considerably below the historical market price of the Ordinary Shares. Even if the current market price is significantly below the price at the time of the initial public offering of TPB SPAC (as defined herein), certain Selling Securityholders may have an incentive to sell because they have purchased their Ordinary Shares at prices significantly lower than our public investors or the historical trading price of the Ordinary Shares and may profit significantly so even under circumstances in which our public shareholders or certain other Selling Securityholders would experience losses in connection with their investment. For additional information, see “Selling Securityholders” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and Warrants—The Ordinary Shares being registered for resale in this annual report represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding Ordinary Shares and the sale of such securities could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline significantly.”
Corporate Information
Our registered office is c/o Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands, and our principal executive office is Av. Dr. Cardoso de Melo, 1450, 4th floor, office 401, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 04548-005. Our principal website address is www.lavoroagro.com/en/. We do not incorporate the information contained on, or accessible through, our websites into this annual report, and you should not consider it a part of this annual report. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s website is http://www.sec.gov.
Recent Developments
Court Ratification of Out-of-Court Restructuring Plan
On June 18, 2025, Lavoro Brazil, our wholly owned subsidiary and the operating entity of our Brazil Ag Retail segment, submitted our EJ Plan to the commercial courts of São Paulo, Brazil. The EJ Plan was filed in connection with a previously negotiated out-of-court restructuring agreement with certain of Lavoro Brazil’s principal agricultural input suppliers. The agreement provides for an extension of payment terms and the establishment of a multi-year inventory supply and financing framework.
The EJ Plan was structured under the provisions of the Brazilian Bankruptcy Law (Law No. 11,101/2005), which permits out-of-court restructuring plans to be negotiated with specific creditor classes and subsequently submitted for judicial confirmation. Upon judicial confirmation, the EJ Plan will become binding on all creditors within the relevant classes, including those who did not participate in the initial agreement. The EJ Plan applies solely to Lavoro Brazil and does not extend to any of the Company’s other operating subsidiaries within the Latam Ag Retail or Crop Care segments (excluding Perterra, which is consolidated within Lavoro Brazil). The EJ Plan does not affect the rights or obligations of financial creditors, employees, contractors, or service providers.
As of the filing date, approximately R$2.5 billion of trade payables owed by Lavoro Brazil to its suppliers are subject to restructuring under the EJ Plan. The plan classifies affected suppliers into distinct creditor classes, each of which is subject to tailored repayment terms. These include:
General Supporting Creditors—full repayment of principal plus interest indexed to the IPCA rate, with a portion of claims (up to 10%) to be settled through in-kind deliveries of previously purchased inventory. The remaining balance is to be repaid in 10 equal semiannual installments beginning in September 2025;
Seed Supporting Creditors—full repayment of principal with IPCA-indexed interest, to be repaid in five equal semiannual installments beginning in October 2025;
Special Supporting Creditors—full repayment of principal plus IPCA-indexed interest, with up to 20% of claims (or 40% in the case of U.S. dollar-denominated claims) settled in kind, and the remaining balance payable in eight equal semiannual installments beginning in September 2025;
Small Supporting Creditors—lump-sum cash payments of up to R$50,000, with any balance discharged;
Non-Supporting Creditors—a single lump-sum payment of 50% of the outstanding claim on June 30, 2032, with IPCA-indexed interest accrued until the payment date.
In parallel with the restructuring of existing obligations, the EJ Plan includes a multi-year framework with certain supporting creditor classes to govern ongoing inventory supply and financing arrangements. This framework establishes standardized commercial terms intended to ensure continuity of supply and mitigate disruptions resulting from adverse changes in market credit conditions.
On September 9, 2025, Lavoro Brazil obtained the statutory majority support from affected supplier creditors required for court confirmation of the EJ Plan under Brazilian law.
On November 25, 2025, the EJ Plan was ratified by the 2nd Court of Bankruptcies and Judicial Reorganizations of the Central District of the City of São Paulo, Brazil. Court ratification grants binding effect to the EJ Plan’s terms with respect to all eligible supplier creditors, including those that did not adhere voluntarily, and represents the culmination of the restructuring process.
The EJ Plan will result in the novation of affected obligations, the termination of any related judicial proceedings, the release of collateral and guarantees, and the regularization of Lavoro Brazil’s credit profile before Brazilian credit protection agencies. We believe that the EJ Plan provides a sustainable framework for the recovery of Lavoro Brazil’s commercial operations and financial position by improving cash flow visibility and operational planning, while preserving key supplier relationships and ensuring stable product availability.
Tax Assessment Notices
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, we were notified of new tax assessment notices totaling approximately R$ 97 million, classified as possible loss, as well as new labor claims totaling approximately R$ 10 million, also classified as possible loss.
New Financing Transactions
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, through the date of this annual report, certain subsidiaries entered into a number of financing agreements totaling an aggregate principal amount of R$376 million. These financings were entered into at interest rates ranging from the CDI rate plus 2.60% to 7.50% and fixed interest rates ranging from 8.90% to 115.08%, with maturities ranging from August 2025 to May 2030.
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Non-Compliance Notices from Nasdaq
On July 10, 2025, we received a notice of non-compliance from Nasdaq Stock Market LLC stating that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(2) as a result of the delayed filing of our Form 6-K reporting interim financial information for the six-month period ended December 31, 2024. On November 19, 2025, we received a further notice stating that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) as a result of the delayed filing of our Form 20-F for the year ended June 30, 2025. In response to the non-compliance notices from Nasdaq, we submitted a plan to Nasdaq to regain compliance with the listing rules. Nasdaq accepted our plan, requiring that we file both our interim financial information for the six-month period ended December 31, 2024 and our Form 20-F by no later than December 29, 2025. As the Company previously announced, including on the Form 12b-25 filed on November 3, 2025, the delay in the filing of the Company’s 20-F is due to the complexities associated with the EJ Plan announced in June 2025.
Related party transactions – Agricultural Inputs
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, we entered into a new transaction related to the acquisition of agricultural inputs from related parties controlled by funds managed by Patria Investments Ltd, in the amount of R$165 million.
Waiver of the right to declare early maturity – Agribusiness Receivables Certificate (CRA)
On July 30, 2025, a meeting of the holders of the Agribusiness Receivables Certificate (“CRA”) was held, during which the waiver of the right to declare acceleration of the Commercial Notes (“waiver”) — and consequently of the CRA itself — was approved, due to the non-compliance with certain financial covenants, as described in Note 20 to our audited consolidated financial statements.
As consideration for the waiver, we undertook to deposit, into an escrow account held by the securitization company, an amount equivalent to four subsequent monthly installments, as established in the issuance deed. This amount shall be used monthly to settle upcoming obligations and, until the final maturity date or any potential early settlement, a balance equivalent to one monthly remuneration installment must be maintained in the aforementioned account.
Additionally, beginning in October 2025 and every six months thereafter, we are required to make an additional deposit equivalent to six monthly remuneration installments, intended for the settlement of future obligations. As a result of the waiver granted, the outstanding balance of this debt was reclassified to non-current liabilities as from July 2025.
Change in Executive Leadership
On November 30, 2025, Ruy Cunha stepped down as our Chief Executive Officer, having served in the role since February 2022. The Board of Directors appointed Marcelo Pessanha to succeed Mr. Cunha as Chief Executive Officer, effective December 1, 2025. Prior to the appointment, Mr. Pessanha served as Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Lavoro Limited since July 2024 and leads commercial operations for Lavoro Brazil. Previously, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Crop Care from April 2022 to July 2024.
Corporate Reorganization and Disposal of Equity Interest
After June 30, 2025, Lavoro completed a corporate reorganization whereby Crop Care transferred, its equity interests in its specialty products subsidiaries — Union Agro S.A., Agrobiológica Sustentabilidade S.A., Agrobiológica Soluções Naturais Ltda. and Cromo Indústria Química Ltda. — to a newly incorporated entity, Triagro Participações S.A. (“Triagro”) Following the reorganization, Crop Care retained a single subsidiary, Perterra.
On December 15, 2025, Lavoro Uruguay S.A., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Lavoro, sold a 53.3% equity interest in Triagro Participações S.A. Under the terms of transaction, a majority stake in Triagro Participações S.A.has been acquired by certain funds managed by Patria Investments Limited, therefore a related party. The transaction was structured as an all-cash sale for approximately R$400 million, payable at closing. Lavoro has retained the remaining minority equity interest in the Triagro Participações S.A.
Following the separation from Lavoro’s business and sale of the majority stake, we intend for the commercial relationship between Lavoro and Crop Care to remain substantially unchanged.
Closure of North GCU Operations
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, we approved the closure of retail operations comprising the North CGU, in our Brazil Ag Retail segment. The closure is in line with the going concern strategies described in Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. As of the date of this annual report, the closure process was already in progress.
B. Business Overview
We believe we are a leading player in the Latin America agricultural inputs retail market, with operations spread across Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador, and an agricultural inputs trading company in Uruguay.
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We have three reportable segments: (1) Brazil Ag Retail, which comprises companies dedicated to the distribution of agricultural inputs such as crop protection, seeds, fertilizers and specialty products, in Brazil; (2) Latam Ag Retail, which includes companies dedicated to the distribution of agricultural inputs outside Brazil (primarily in Colombia); and (3) Crop Care, which includes companies that manufacture and distribute our own portfolio of private label specialty products (i.e., biologicals, adjuvants, specialty fertilizers, and other specialty products), and import and distribute off-patent crop protection products.
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, on December 15, 2025, we completed the sale of a majority equity interest in Triagro, which owns Union Agro S.A., Agrobiológica Sustentabilidade S.A., Agrobiológica Soluções Naturais Ltda. and Cromo Indústria Química Ltda. (the “Crop Care Companies”) which in turn own and operate businesses in our Crop Care segment, to funds managed by Patria Investments Limited for approximately R$400 million. Following this transaction, we retained (i) Perterra, which is part of our Crop Care segment, and imports and distributes off-patent crop protection products, and (ii) a minority equity interest in the Crop Care Companies via our 46.7% ownership of Triagro. For more information, see "—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Sale of a Majority Equity Interest in Crop Care."
As a result of our scale, differentiated business model and private label specialty products, we offer farmers a comprehensive portfolio of products and services. Our goal is to support our farmer clients across the crop cycle through our RTVs (Representante Técnico de Vendas), which are our technical sales representatives. We have a highly skilled and technical salesforce that provides high quality agronomic advisory services, generating value for farmers and, in turn, gaining their trust. We leverage proprietary data analysis to understand each client's unique circumstances, enabling us to tailor our product and service offerings and cultivate lasting relationships built on trust.
We occupy a central role in the agribusiness chain: providing small and medium-sized farmers the most suitable agricultural inputs and services to grow their crops at higher yields, which in turn improves their profitability. These small and medium-sized farmers ranging between 100 and 10,000 hectares in planted acreage are typically not serviced directly by agricultural inputs suppliers. In Brazil, this segment of the market represents 65% of the cultivated land, whereas large farmers (owning more than 10,000 hectares) and micro farmers (owning less than 100 hectares) represent 15% and 20%, respectively, according to a 2017 census by IBGE. Our agricultural inputs retail operations focus on small and medium-sized farmers, as large farmers, given their sizeable purchase volumes, are typically directly serviced by agricultural inputs suppliers.
We have a broad geographical footprint in the countries where we operate. In Brazil, we operate in several states, with meaningful presence in the states of Paraná, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, and São Paulo, key agriculture centers in the country. In Colombia, our operations cover a wide range of regions, where we believe we are a leading distributor of agricultural inputs. In May 2024, we entered the Ecuadorian inputs market by opening our first store under our Agrointegral brand. Our geographic diversification across the continent serves as a critical risk mitigant for our operations, particularly in relation to adverse weather events and the seasonality of specific crops. For more information, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Seasonality”.
As of June 30, 2025, we operated 169 physical stores, 135 in Brazil, 33 in Colombia and 1 in Ecuador, located in core crop regions where we maintain established customer and supplier relationships. As we refine our retail footprint and service model, we aim to enhance service quality and support deeper customer engagement, while maintaining coverage in selected strategic markets. Our employed RTVs are dedicated to regularly visiting farmers, we monitor crop progress and provide a broad spectrum of advisory services, including crop planning, planting guidance, input selection, and product application recommendations. Lavoro considers these services crucial for driving sales conversion and building lasting client loyalty.
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Understanding our customer needs and providing first rate agronomic and other services is a critical element to our strategy. By focusing on strengthening loyalty and trust with small and medium-sized farmers, we seek customer retention, and greater share of wallet and market share over time. Our goal is to consistently remain a leader in client satisfaction and market share in the regions that we operate. To achieve this will require us to (1) continue to recruit and retain high performing RTVs, and continuously train them to operate at the highest level in terms of their technical and agronomic knowledge, (2) provide our RTVs with the requisite Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and business intelligence tools to improve their productivity and effectiveness of their client interactions, (3) retain our reputation as a reliable distributor of the most in-demand agricultural inputs at competitive prices.
Our plans of adding new differentiated services and providing value-add agricultural technology to small and medium-sized farmers, which are underserved at present, will further bolster our reputation as a “one-stop-shop” go- to retailer and improve our wallet share over time. As part of our comprehensive agronomic services, we also offer crop insurance to Brazilian farmers through partnerships with three insurance companies. The product we offer, Agrícola Flex, provides productivity coverage for soybean, corn, and wheat crops.
Maintaining a strong relationship with input suppliers is critical to the success of any agricultural inputs retailer in Latin America. In that respect, we have developed long-lasting relationships with the major agricultural inputs suppliers in the region. During 2025, we and other industry participants faced significant challenges as suppliers rapidly tightened inventory financing terms in response to broader market conditions. In June 2025, our Brazilian operations filed an out-of-court restructuring plan under Brazil's Extrajudicial Reorganization framework with a group of key agricultural input suppliers. The plan addresses certain trade payables to these suppliers and establishes multi-year supply and inventory financing arrangements intended to enhance continuity and predictability of product availability. More than 60% of eligible suppliers elected to participate in the plan, reflecting their continued commitment to our commercial partnership. On November 25, 2025, the plan was ratified by the court and is now binding on all eligible suppliers. We believe our scale and market position make us a valued partner to suppliers, and the majority support for the restructuring plan demonstrates the strength of these relationships. For additional information, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Out-of-Court Restructuring Agreement and Plan."
In addition to distributing agricultural inputs from third-party suppliers, through our Crop Care segment and minority equity stake in Crop Care Companies we offer a portfolio of private-label specialty products and off-patent crop protection products.
In the fiscal year 2025, our product category mix as a percentage of agricultural inputs revenue across Brazil Ag Retail and Latam Ag Retail was 50% for crop protection products, 21% for fertilizers, 19% for seeds and 10% for specialty products.
Source: Company analysis for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.
(1) Inputs revenue mix.
In addition to personalized agronomic support and agricultural inputs, we offer clients flexible payment options. In Brazil, the majority of our revenue is generated by selling inputs on credit, with payments due at harvest in either local currency or through the delivery of grains and oilseeds. Contracts settling through future grain or oilseed deliveries are referred to as barter transactions. Barter transactions are important to our clients as a form of financing and risk management, as it allows them to use their future production output as currency to purchase agricultural inputs at planting. This barter contract financing method is a distinct feature of agribusiness in Brazil, especially within row crop farming, and has been prevalent in the region for over two decades.
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The mechanics for these barter transactions are as follows. A contract (grain purchase agreement) is signed prior to the start of the crop planting season between us and our client. The contract stipulates the volume of the commodity to be delivered at harvest in exchange for Lavoro delivery of our input products during the planting period (the credit term is typically 7-9 months). The volume in this contract is determined such as to be equivalent to the negotiated value of the input products to be delivered by Lavoro, and is calculated based on the prevailing future price of that commodity on the signing date of that contract. The client’s main obligation is to deliver the agreed upon volume of commodities as a payment at a future date, and this obligation becomes our collateral in this transaction. Contemporaneously, we enter into a future commodity sale agreement with a commodity trading company, pursuant to which we agree to deliver the commodity to be received from our farmer client under the inputs sale transaction. This agreement is entered into for the same quantity and under the same terms as the contract between us and our client. Since we swap out the liability in-kind with trading houses, our exposure to commodity prices is limited. We also simultaneously fully hedge our foreign exchange exposure via futures and other derivative positions. In cases where this physical sale of the grains is not concluded with trading companies, we may enter into a derivative contract on commodity and futures exchanges such as CBOT, ICE, or B3, in an equivalent term associated with the physical grain purchases. This aims to mitigate our exposure to commodity price fluctuations.
Consequently, we maintain these derivative contracts to naturally hedge against market volatility. As soon as the physical sale of the grains is concluded, the derivative contracts are promptly liquidated to realize the hedging gains or losses.
Barter transactions mitigate customer default risk by securing direct access to farmers' harvests as collateral.
Clients engaging in this business model with Lavoro undergo a rigorous socio-environmental compliance verification process, aimed to ensure 100% adherence to our standards. This process occurs both during the pre-planting annual credit limit approval and at post-harvest grain delivery, following 20 criteria based on national laws and voluntary agreements. A digital platform cross-references hundreds of public databases, including georeferenced data, with information on farmers and farms.
Currently, 30,000 farmers and over 100,000 rural properties are monitored, with at least one verification per year. The primary goal is to prevent illegal deforestation within our supply chain and ensure that all commodities that we sell are legally sourced. This compliance aligns our operations with the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), enhancing confidence among business partners and investors.
Barter transactions also function as a key commercial strategy, fostering client loyalty while enabling us to provide a wider range of high-quality products. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, barter transactions accounted for 10.0% of our revenue, up from 11.2% in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.
We may incur losses if our farmer clients do not meet their obligations under the barter transactions entered into with trading companies, in which case we would need to purchase certain grains in the open market at our expense to close outstanding obligations with trading companies. Moreover, we may incur losses if our farmer clients default on their obligations. In addition to the future grain/oilseed harvest serving as a collateral in these barter contracts, we have an internal credit team leveraging our proprietary credit scoring systems to help us manage and mitigate our credit risk.
The prices of agricultural inputs and crop prices (such as soybean and corn) are subject to volatility resulting from weather conditions, crop yield, transportation costs, storage costs, the Brazilian government agricultural policy, exchange rates and demand for these commodities in the international market, among other factors. If we are unable to pass rising costs on to our farmer clients, or the farmer barter exchange ratios for our clients worsen over time, the demand for our products and our margins may be affected, and we may face significant losses in our operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our operating results are highly dependent upon and fluctuate based upon business and economic conditions and governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry in which we or our customers operate. These factors are outside of our control and may significantly affect our profitability” and “—We may be adversely affected by the ongoing wars between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East.”
Our History
We first began operations in August 2017 with the acquisition of the Gral Group based in Colombia, which positioned us as a leading retailer of agricultural inputs in the country. In December of the same year, we entered the market in Brazil, with the acquisition of Lavoro Agrocomercial, a prominent player in the agricultural inputs sales industry located in Mato Grosso. In aggregate, as of the date of this annual report, we have completed a total of 27 M&A transactions in the agricultural inputs market in Colombia and Brazil.
In 2019, we began our verticalization strategy by developing and acquiring input suppliers that distribute products to Lavoro’s agricultural retail channel, as well as to third-party agricultural retailers and directly to large-scale farmers. Collectively, this business is called Crop Care. It began with the creation of Perterra, our own line of off-patent crop protection products. We further strengthened our vertical integration strategy by acquiring Agrobiológica Soluções Naturais Ltda., or Agrobiológica, an agricultural biological player, in 2020; Union Agro, a specialty fertilizer manufacturer and supplier, in 2021; and Cromo Química, a company specialized in the production of high-performance adjuvants, in 2023. As a result of these acquisitions, Crop Care has become one of the leading agricultural specialty inputs players in Brazil in a short period of time.
On December 15, 2025, we completed the sale of a majority equity interest in Triagro, which owns the Crop Care Companies, to funds managed by Patria Investments Limited for approximately R$400 million. Following this transaction, we retained (i) Perterra, which is part of our Crop Care segment, and imports and distributes off-patent crop protection products, and (ii) a minority equity interest in the Crop Care Companies via our 46.7% ownership of Triagro. For more information, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Sale of a Majority Equity Interest in Crop Care."
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ESG Agenda: Execution Highlights
Our sustainability policy outlines the shared responsibilities and commitments of our senior leadership, employees, customers, investors, partners, suppliers, and other stakeholders. This policy serves as a guiding document for managing risks and opportunities related to social, environmental, and governance aspects inherent in our corporate, economic, operational, and marketing activities. The governance of sustainability-related matters and ESG performance is under the management of the Strategic Planning department, with a direct reporting line to the CEO and periodic oversight by the Board of Directors.
Our primary ESG focus areas include food security, climate change, promoting sustainable agriculture, controlling deforestation, and upholding human rights within our value chain, including client operations in rural areas. We are dedicated to regenerative and low-carbon agriculture, offering innovative biological solutions, low-carbon inputs, and specialty fertilizers, such as foliar products and micronutrients.
We perform a socio-environmental assessment for operations governed by our Credit Policy, covering 20 environmental and social criteria under a proprietary protocol. The analysis is executed on digital platforms using georeferencing, artificial intelligence, and big-data tools, and is integrated with credit and payment risk evaluations. We currently monitor approximately 30,000 farmers and over 100,000 rural properties, with at least one verification per year, with the objective of preventing illegal deforestation within our value chain and ensuring that commodities we sell are legally sourced. In this context, the EU Deforestation Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1115) requires companies trading with the European Union to demonstrate that covered products are deforestation-free and compliant with local environmental laws, including due diligence with geolocation data and environmental risk assessment. The application deadline is December 2025, and major trading companies operating in Brazil have publicly stated their commitment to compliance.
Separately, we prepare an annual greenhouse gas emissions inventory for our operations, publish a sustainability report following the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework, and, starting in 2021, we have reported to CDP on an annual basis. The 2025 fiscal year will mark our second year of reporting to CDP, reinforcing our commitment to transparency in climate-related disclosures. Over the next two years, we intend to align governance and reporting processes with IFRS S2 – Climate-related Disclosures, issued by the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB), including integration of existing TCFD-aligned practices and expansion of internal controls to support consistent collection and disclosure of climate-related metrics, risks, and opportunities. Although IFRS S2 is not yet mandatory in Brazil, the Brazilian Securities Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários) (CVM) has indicated its intention to progressively adopt ISSB standards (IFRS S1 and IFRS S2), with initial implementation expected as early as 2026. While not a current legal requirement, alignment with these standards is increasingly expected by international investors and issuers listed on global exchanges such as Nasdaq and is intended to enhance comparability and consistency with emerging global practice.
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Key Operating and Financial Information
The metrics below summarize historical results for the periods indicated and are provided for context. They should not be viewed as indicative of current priorities or near-term trends. See Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
Key Financial Metrics
The following table presents certain key financial performance metrics as of the dates and for the years indicated:
As of and For the Fiscal Year Ended
June 30,
2025
2024
2023
(in US$)(1)
(in R$)
(in millions, except as otherwise indicated)
Revenue
1,194.3
6,517.3
9,392.3
9,347.4
Gross margin(2)
13.9%
14.2%
18.5%
Loss for the year
(528.5)
(2,883.9)
(785.0)
(218.7)
Adjusted EBITDA(3)
(86.6)
(472.8)
263.2
787.9
Adjusted EBITDA Margin(3)
-7.3%
2.8%
8.4%
Net Debt(4)
293.2
1,599.9
1,131.1
826.4
Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio(4)
-3.4x
4.3x
1.0x
Working capital/revenue(5)
0.0x
0.1x
0.2x
n.m. = not meaningful
(1) For convenience purposes only, amounts in reais have been translated to U.S. dollars using an exchange rate of R$5.4571 to US$1.00, the commercial selling rate for U.S. dollars as of June 30, 2025, as reported by the Central Bank. These translations should not be considered representations that any such amounts have been, could have been or could be converted at that or any other exchange rate. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Latin America—Exchange rate instability may impact our ability to hedge exchange rate risk, which may lead to interest rate volatility and have a material adverse effect on the price of our Ordinary Shares.”
(2) Gross margin is calculated as gross profit as a percentage of revenue for the year.
(3) Adjusted EBITDA is defined as loss for the year, adjusted for finance income (costs), income taxes current and deferred, depreciation and amortization. We also adjust this measure for certain revenues or expenses that are excluded when management evaluates the performance of our day-to-day operations, namely (i) share of profit of an associate; (ii) impairment losses; (iii) fair value on inventory sold from acquired companies; (iv) M&A expenses that in management’s judgment do not necessarily occur on a regular basis, (v) listing expenses refers to any excess of fair value of our Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of TPB SPAC identifiable net assets acquired, which represents compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for our shares and is expensed as incurred, (vi) share-based compensation expenses, (vii) one-off bonuses paid out to our employees recognized across multiple quarters during the fiscal years, (viii) monitoring expenses, related to expenses paid to Patria in relation to management consultancy services in connection with acquisition transactions; (ix) restructuring expenses related to store closures and other footprint rationalization initiatives carried out under Lavoro’s restructuring plan; and (x) EJ plan expenses, related to professional fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the Company’s extrajudicial restructuring process in Brazil. Adjusted EBITDA Margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by our revenue for the year. For further information on Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin, see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin.” In addition, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for a reconciliation of our Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin to our loss for the year.
(4) Net Debt is calculated as borrowings (current and non-current) plus Agribusiness Receivables Certificates (current and non-current), obligations to FIAGRO quota holders (current) and payables for the acquisition of subsidiaries (current and non-current), less cash equivalents. Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, also a non-IFRS financial measure, is calculated as Net Debt divided by Adjusted EBITDA. For further information on Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures—Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio.” In addition, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for a reconciliation of our Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio to our borrowings.
(5) Working capital/revenue is calculated as working capital divided by our revenue for the year. Working capital is calculated as the sum of the balance (current and non-current) of trade receivables, inventories, advances to suppliers, taxes recoverable, and other assets less the sum of the balance (current and non-current) of trade payables, advances from customers, salaries and social charges, taxes payable and other liabilities.
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Operational Data
The tables below show our main operating indicators as of the dates indicated:
As of June 30,
2025-2024 Variation (%)
2024-2023 Variation (%)
Number of stores
169
223
220
(24.2)%
1.4%
Number of RTVs(1)
935
1,101
1,080
(15.1)%
1.9%
Number of employees(2)
2,975
3,767
3,778
(21.0)%
(0.3)%
Number of active clients(3)
71,818
77,133
74,562
(6.9)%
3.4%
(1) RTVs (Representante Técnico de Vendas) refer to our technical sales representatives for each of our retail stores, and who develop commercial relationships with farmers. Number of RTVs is calculated as the average number across quarters within the fiscal year.
(2) Includes number of RTVs.
(3) Number of active clients refers to the total number of small and medium-sized farmers and retailers, classified as active in our records during the fiscal year, based on our current customer tracking methodology.
Our Strategy
Strategic refocus on core operations
Our strategy has evolved in response to the significant operational and financial challenges we faced during fiscal year 2025. A sudden and severe tightening of supplier inventory financing terms, which impacted Brazil’s agricultural inputs industry broadly, contributed to a decline in our revenue and strained our liquidity position. In light of these conditions, we have reoriented our priorities toward operational efficiency, cost discipline, balance sheet improvement, and a return to profitability.
To achieve these objectives, we are right-sizing our footprint in core Brazilian row-crop regions and concentrating resources where our go-to-market model is most effective. Our near-term priorities include improving store and RTV productivity by reallocating territories to balance coverage and profitability, while continuing to invest in tools and support that enable our RTVs to deliver strong customer service. We believe these initiatives will support healthier unit economics over time by increasing customer penetration and share of wallet in selected markets, while reducing our fixed cost base and improving capital efficiency.
Strengthen operating and commercial capabilities
Our operating model centralizes activities that benefit from scale and standardization, such as supply and operations planning and purchasing, while maintaining regional execution for activities requiring local agility, such as logistics. Since 2020, we have managed supplier negotiations through a centralized purchasing structure staffed by category managers with expertise across our principal agricultural input categories. This structure consolidates purchasing needs and optimizes order timing, generating efficiencies particularly in commoditized and off-patent products while supporting disciplined procurement strategies for patented and branded inputs.
To support commercial execution and supply-chain management, we have implemented Salesforce customer relationship management tools. The CRM platform supports RTV productivity by organizing customer interactions and capturing data that informs planning and agronomic recommendations. We also maintain an internal training platform, AgroSemear, which provides professional development courses to employees. These capabilities are designed to enhance service quality, support operating leverage, and strengthen our value proposition to farmer customers.
Growing private label share of product portfolio
We believe that vertical integration through private label off-patent agrochemicals and specialty products is an important component of our long-term strategy to improve distribution margins. Specialty products, including biologicals, adjuvants, and specialty fertilizers, typically command higher margins than traditional agricultural inputs due to their differentiated performance characteristics and, where we produce or source them directly, our ability to capture manufacturing margin in addition to distribution margin. Similarly, our private label off-patent agrochemicals imported through Perterra generate higher margins than equivalent products sourced from third-party suppliers. As of June 30, 2025, Perterra held over 125 import licenses and more than 35 registered products.
As described elsewhere in this annual report, in December 2025, we completed the sale of a majority equity interest in Triagro, which owns the Crop Care Companies, to funds managed by Patria Investments Limited for approximately R$400 million. Following this transaction, we retained (i) Perterra, which is part of our Crop Care segment, and imports and distributes off-patent crop protection products, and (ii) a minority equity interest in the Crop Care Companies via our 46.7% ownership of Triagro. For more information, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Sale of a Majority Equity Interest in Crop Care."
Notwithstanding the transaction described above, through our full ownership of Perterra and continued distribution arrangement with the Crop Care Companies, we expect to continue growing the private label share of our product portfolio.
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Our Competitive Advantages
Our goal is to transform the Latin American agricultural inputs market through our platform and differentiated business model. We believe that the following competitive advantages set us apart from our competitors, and support our performance over time.
Significant presence and operating scale in core markets
Our scale provides advantages in a market characterized by high fragmentation and a large prevalence of small local retailers. We operate centralized back-office functions in Curitiba, Brazil, integrate planning, logistics and storage activities for our regional network of stores, supported by CRM and planning tools to enhance field execution. While we have optimized our commercial footprint, we retain meaningful scale in selected core regions, supported by centralized operations.
However, we are subject to risks relating to our presence in Latin American countries. Latin America has experienced, and may continue to experience, adverse economic or political conditions that may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations (in particular due to governmental intervention, inflation, exchange rate instability, and disruption or volatility in global financial and credit markets). See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry.”
Diversified customer and crop exposure
Our stores and RTVs are located across Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. We continue to serve core regions in these markets and will selectively evaluate opportunities in other Latin American geographies for the future. We maintain a multi-product and multi-brand approach, which enables us to cater to numerous small and medium-sized farmers across many regions and to have exposure to a wide variety of crops, including soybean, corn, potato, and rice. This broad commercial reach is reflected in our customer segmentation: our top 100 clients represented only 15% of our sales in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 (10% in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024).
Highly trained and engaged sales team
Our highly skilled RTVs play an important role in developing and building close and long-lasting relationships with our farmer clients. Our RTVs are responsible for providing tailored agronomic recommendations to our clients, helping them select the right products given their specific needs throughout the planting and harvest process.
Our RTVs undergo thorough sales training which covers all aspects of the sales process, and are taught by specialists in sales management. Mandatory training also includes modules on credit policies, integrity, compliance, and data protection. Additionally, training can be complemented through our AgroSemear platform, on which our RTVs and employees can complete elective courses on topics such as leadership, innovation, time management, among others. Moreover, RTVs occasionally receive training from suppliers covering specific product characteristics or product application techniques. Our training aims to develop the best RTVs in the market, which translates into satisfied and repeat customers.
Tailored solutions through our vertically integrated Crop Care offerings
Our Crop Care segment, established in 2019, has been a significant contributor to our competitive position. Segment revenue grew from R$632.8 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 to R$852.2 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, representing 23.5% of consolidated gross profit in the latter period. Crop Care's portfolio of specialty products provides differentiated solutions tailored to the unique agricultural challenges of Latin America, including pest resistance, multiple growing cycles, and evolving sustainability requirements.
As described elsewhere in this annual report, in December 2025, we completed the sale of a majority equity interest in Triagro, which owns the Crop Care Companies, which in turn own and operate businesses in our Crop Care segment, to funds managed by Patria Investments Limited for approximately R$400 million. Following this transaction, we retained (i) Perterra, which is part of our Crop Care segment, and imports and distributes off-patent crop protection products, and (ii) a minority equity interest in the Crop Care Companies via our 46.7% ownership of Triagro. For more information, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Sale of a Majority Equity Interest in Crop Care."
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Regulatory Overview
Brazil
Data Protection and Privacy
On September 18, 2020, Brazilian Federal Law No. 13.709/2018, the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais), or LGPD, came into effect to regulate the processing of personal data in Brazil. Administrative sanctions under the LGPD became applicable as of August 1, 2021. The LGPD establishes general principles, obligations and detailed rules to be observed by individuals or public or private companies in operations involving the processing of personal data in Brazil, including the collection, use, processing, storage and any operation carried out with personal data, which affects all economic sectors, including the relationship between customers and suppliers of goods and services, employees and employers and other relationships in which personal data is processed, whether in a digital or physical environment. The LGPD provides for, among others, the rights of data subjects, the legal bases applicable to the processing of personal data, the requisites to obtain consent, the obligations and requisites related to security incidents and leakages and transfers of data, either Brazilian or international, as well as the creation of the National Authority for Data Protection (Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados), or ANPD, responsible for the inspection, promotion, disclosure, regulation, the establishment of guidelines and application of the LGPD.
In case of non-compliance with the LGPD, we can be subject to administrative sanctions applicable by the ANPD on an isolated or cumulative basis, that can range from a warning, obligation to disclose incidents, temporary blocking and/or elimination of personal data related to the infraction, a simple fine of up to 2.0% of our revenue, or revenue of the company or group of companies in Brazil for the last fiscal year, excluding taxes, up to the global amount of R$50 million per violation, a daily fine, up to the aforesaid global limit, suspension of the operation of the database related to the infraction for a maximum period of six months, which can be extended for an equal period, up to the regularization of the processing by the controlling shareholder, suspension of activities related to processing of personal data related to the infraction for a period of six months, which can be extended for an equal period, and partial or total prohibition to exercise activities related to data processing.
The administrative sanctions that are set forth in the LGPD do not prevent the imposition of administrative sanctions set forth by other laws that address issues related to data privacy and protection, such as the Brazilian Code of Consumer Defense and the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet. We can also be subject to civil liabilities for violation of these laws.
In addition to the administrative sanctions due to the non-compliance with the obligations established by the LGPD, we can be held liable for individual or collective material damages, and non-material damages caused to data subjects, including when caused by service providers, including SaaS partners, that serve as processors of personal data on our behalf.
Although we do not believe that compliance with these laws and regulations will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, the enactment of new data protection and privacy laws and regulations may increasingly affect the operation of our business, directly and indirectly, which could result in substantial regulatory compliance costs, litigation expense, adverse publicity, the loss of revenue and decreased profitability. To this end, we took key steps towards compliance with the LGPD through the calendar year ended December 31, 2021, such as approving information security, privacy and cybersecurity policies, creating an online channel for communications with personal data subjects, and training certain of our personnel on the requirements of the LGPD. We have been taking complementary actions toward fully complying with the LGPD. Our LGPD adequacy action plan is based on six pillars: governance, data compliance, risk analysis and management, culture and communication, privacy by design and cybersecurity. Our governance, data compliance, risk analysis and management, culture and communication and privacy by design action plans have already been implemented, while our cybersecurity risk action plan is still in the process of being completed. In particular, in order to be fully compliant with the LGPD, we are required to test and prove the effectiveness of our backup and data recovery plan. As a result, we expect to achieve full compliance with the LGPD once this final step of our action plan is completed.
For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We are subject to costs and risks associated with increased or changing laws and regulations affecting our business, including those relating to data privacy, security and protection.”
Anti-Corruption and Sanctions
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and sanction laws and regulations, including the Brazilian Federal Law No. 12,846/2013, also known as the Clean Company Act. The Clean Company Act prohibits entities from engaging in improper activities to obtain or retain business or to influence a person working in an official capacity. Also prohibits, among other things, providing, directly or indirectly, anything of value to any foreign government official, or any political party or official thereof, or candidate for political influence to improperly influence such a person.
Fertilizers, Agrochemical and Seeds Regulations
Our activities are subject to specific legislation and regulation issued primarily by the Brazilian government, at the federal and local levels, as well as by MAPA, in relation to fertilizers and seeds, and by ANVISA. MAPA and IBAMA for agrochemicals.
Fertilizers, Inoculants, Correctives and Biofertilizers: Companies that perform activities with fertilizers are subject to the requirements provided in Law No. 6,894/1980, Decree No. 4,954/2004 and Normative Instruction No. 53/2013. Establishments that produce, sell, export and/or import fertilizer, inoculant, corrective and biofertilizer products must be registered with MAPA (or its local secretariats) and have a technician duly enrolled with the relevant professional council in charge of its activities. In addition, fertilizers, inoculants, correctives and biofertilizers can only be produced, bought or sold in Brazil upon prior registration with MAPA.
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Agrochemicals and Pesticides: Companies that perform activities with agrochemicals are subject to the requirements provided in Law No. 14,785/2023 and Decree No. 4,074/2002. Establishments that produce, formulate, manipulate, export, import, sell, or provide services in connection with the application of agrochemicals and pesticides must register with the relevant local (state or municipal) agricultural office and must have a technician duly enrolled with the relevant professional council in charge of its activities. In addition, agrochemicals and pesticides can only be produced, manipulated, imported, exported, bought or sold in Brazil upon prior registration with MAPA.
Seeds and Plant Varieties: Companies that perform activities with seeds are subject to Law No. 10,711/2013 and Decree No. 10,586/2020. Establishments that pack, process, store, transport, or sell seeds must register with MAPA and the National Registry of Seeds and Seedlings (Registro Nacional de Sementes e Mudas), or RENASEM, and must have a technician duly enrolled with the relevant professional council in charge of its activities. In addition, any such seeds must be certified by RENASEM. Plant varieties can be protected as intellectual property rights under Law No. 9,456/1997, regulated by Decree No. 2,366/1997. To be eligible for protection, plant varieties must comply with certain specific requirements, which include novelty, distinctiveness, homogeneity, stability and denomination. Under sanitary rules, some states and municipalities require establishments to be licensed with local health sanitary authorities to perform activities involving the aforementioned products. In addition, companies operating in these fields are required to have a responsible technician in charge of their activities and to comply with technical and operational requirements aimed at the protection of agriculture, human health and the environment.
Environmental Regulation
The Brazilian Federal Constitution grants each of the Brazilian federal government, state governments and municipalities the power to enact environmental protection laws, issue regulations under such laws and inspect those pollutant activities that are not fulfilling with such regulations. Since 2011, Federal Supplementary Law No. 140 defines the competent authority for granting the environmental licenses. Prior to this law, such matters were regulated by Resolution No. 237/1997, issued by the National Environmental Council (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, “CONAMA”). While the Brazilian federal government has the power to establish environmental regulations setting forth general standards of environmental protection and broad public environmental policies, state governments have the power to enact more stringent environmental regulations empowered within its own territory. Municipalities may only issue regulations with respect to matters of local interest or that cause local impact.
Each activity undertaken in Brazil considered as potentially polluting must be subject to the environmental licensing. Those activities with a more significant impact must be submitted to a three-phase environmental licensing process:
Preliminary License (Licença Prévia or “LP”) – issued during the preliminary phase of the project or the activity, approving its location and design, certifying the environmental feasibility and establishing the basic requirements and conditions to be met during the subsequent stages of implementation;
Installation License (Licença de Instalação or “LI”) – authorizes the construction of the project or activity in accordance with the specifications set forth in the plans, programs and projects approved by the relevant authority, including environmental control measures and other conditions; and
Operation License (Licença de Operação or “LO”) – authorizes the operation of the activity or project upon verification of compliance with the previous licenses, with environmental control measures and conditions specified for the operation.
The renewal of environmental licenses must generally be requested within 120 days prior to their respective expiration dates. If the renewal of a license is timely requested, its effectiveness is automatically extended until the issuance of a final opinion of the environmental agency on that request. Conversely, if the request is untimely, the license will be deemed to have expired. Moreover, the effectiveness of licenses depends on compliance with the technical conditions established by the competent environmental agency, which are included in the relevant licenses.
In addition, Law No. 9,985/2000 regulates the National System of Conservation Units (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, “SNUC”). According to such law and Federal Decrees No. 4,340/2002 and No. 6,848/2009, certain activities deemed to cause an actual or potential significant environmental impact must pay compensation for damages by paying a certain amount to maintain conservation units that is proportionate to the impact caused by such activity, based on information provided in the Impact Environmental Assessment and the respective Impact Environmental Report (Estudo de Impacto Ambiental e respectivo Relatório de Impacto Ambiental, or EIA/RIMA), which is a complex technical study that is the basis for a request for an LP for such activities. The licensing environmental agency will calculate the compensation and its amount will vary, from 0% to 0.5% of the total cost of the investment made for the installation of the project, not including the amount related to the implementation and adoption of environmental programs and plans necessary to mitigate environmental damage.
The lack of environmental licenses to construct, implement, operate, expand or enlarge an enterprise or activity that causes significant environmental impact subjects the wrongdoers to criminal and administrative sanctions, despite the legal obligation to remedy the eventual damages caused. In the administrative sphere, the legislation in force authorizes the imposition of fines ranging from R$50.00 to R$50 million, among other penalties such as warning, embargo, full or partial suspension of the activities and demolition. Please notice that these sanctions are also applicable in case the entrepreneur fails to comply with the technical conditions established in the related environmental license.
Finally, the activities performed in Brazil are also subject to other several environmental legislations in force regarding the natural resources impact, such as specially protected areas, use of water resources, contamination, regular vegetation removals, biodiversity, solid waste management (including generation, storage, handling, use, transportation and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air and water), among others.
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Soy Moratorium
The Soy Moratorium is a voluntary, sectoral agreement first adopted in 2006 among certain producers, trading companies, civil society organizations and government bodies. It operates as a market standard under which participating buyers commit not to purchase soy produced on lands in the Amazon biome that were deforested after July 2008. While not codified in Brazilian law, the Moratorium is widely used by market participants as a deforestation-free procurement benchmark, relying on satellite-based monitoring and supplier screening mechanisms. Brazilian courts and administrative authorities have, in certain contexts, referenced multi-stakeholder agreements as interpretive aids to environmental and sustainability obligations. At the same time, the Moratorium’s legal status, scope and continuity have been the subject of public debate and legal challenges, and other regimes (including foreign legislation) continue to evolve. As a result, companies exposed to the soybean value chain face compliance and traceability expectations that may change over time and may not fully align across frameworks (e.g., differences in geographic scope, cut-off dates, data standards, or implementation timelines). On September 30, 2025, Brazil’s antitrust authority, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica), or CADE, suspended the Soy Moratorium, effective January 1, 2026.
Extrajudicial Reorganization
Extrajudicial reorganization (recuperação extrajudicial) is a legal mechanism under Brazilian Federal Law No. 11,101/2005 (as amended by Law No. 14,112/2020) that allows a company in financial distress to restructure its obligations through a court-confirmed agreement negotiated directly with its creditors. The plan may address all or part of the company's indebtedness and applies only to the creditor classes explicitly included in the filing. Once the plan is confirmed by a court, it becomes binding on all creditors within each class, including dissenting or non-participating creditors. Creditors outside the scope of the plan remain unaffected.
To be eligible for confirmation, the plan must be supported by creditors representing more than 50% of the value of claims in each affected class. A company may submit a plan with the initial support of at least one-third of the claims in each class, provided the required majority is obtained within 90 days of filing. Upon submission, the court may grant a stay of enforcement proceedings for creditors included in the plan. Claims excluded from extrajudicial reorganization include tax debts, fiduciary liens, certain leasing and retention of title arrangements, and other obligations protected under the law. Labor claims may be included if approved by the relevant union through collective bargaining.
The process does not involve the appointment of a judicial administrator, on a mandatory basis, or the convening of a creditors’ meeting. The debtor retains control of its operations throughout the proceeding, and the court’s role is limited to verifying compliance with legal requirements and confirming the plan. Once approved, the restructured obligations are novated and become legally enforceable under the new terms. If the debtor fails to comply with the plan, creditors may pursue judicial remedies. A company that completes an extrajudicial reorganization is restricted from initiating another proceeding of the same type for a defined statutory period.
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Colombia
In Colombia, our activities are subject to laws issued by the Colombian government; to regulations enacted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural), or the MADR, through the Colombian Agricultural Institute (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario), or the ICA, and by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible), or the MADS, among other relevant governmental authorities; and to Andean Community regulations (Communidad Andina), or the CAN.
For purposes of article 4 of CAN Decision No. 804/2015, the MADR, through the ICA, is the Colombian authority responsible for keeping a record of and controlling the use chemical pesticides for agricultural use. Likewise, it is the ICA’s responsibility to grant registration for the sale, and exercise legal and technical control, of fertilizers and soil conditioners, genetic material, and seeds in Colombia. In turn, the Colombian Environmental Licensing Authority (Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales), or ANLA, is the entity that controls and monitors technical environmental reports (such as licenses or technical environmental opinion) relating to the import or marketing of products. In addition, the Colombia Institute of Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud), or the INS, is the entity that issues the opinion and toxicological technical report for pesticides according to the toxicity of the product.
Since 2006, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural) (MADR) has implemented a supervised price freedom policy in the agricultural inputs sector, initially covering certain products. Over time, however, the list of products subject to this policy has expanded. Beginning in March 2025, through Resolution No. 000058 of the same year issued by the MADR, the Colombian government subjected a prioritized basket of agricultural products—including fertilizers, soil amendments, regulators, pesticides, adjuvants, and animal feed—to the supervised price freedom regime. The purpose of this measure is to monitor the market and strengthen price traceability, without, in itself, affecting margins or contractual freedom. Therefore, the supervised companies must report information on prices, sales volumes, and inventories of the list of products through the Agricultural Inputs Information Reporting System (SIRIIAGRO).
Regulation of Chemical Pesticides
The following are among the resolutions that govern chemical pesticides for agricultural use in Colombia:
MADS Resolution N°. 1,675/2013: lists the requirements for management plans for the return of post-consumer pesticide products;
CAN Decision N°. 804/2015: the Andean Community standard for the registration and control of chemical pesticides for agricultural use;
MADR Decree N° 1,071/2015: a regulatory decree that governs the Colombian administrative, agricultural and rural development sector;
MADR Decree N°. 780/2024: adds 26 section to segment 14 of the 2nd book of the decree No. 1071/2015;
ICA Resolution N° 2,075/2019: enacts an Andean Community technical manual for the registration and control of chemical pesticides for agricultural use;
MADS Decree 1076/2019 – VII Title: establishes environmental measures for chemicals usage, as well as related hazardous waste and its disposal, to protect human health and environment;
ICA Resolution N° 75486/2020: establishes requirements and procedures for the registry or expansion of chemicals and biologicals for agricultural usage through the historical mechanism of usage;
ICA Resolution N° 17822/2022: modifies #1 annex of the ICA Resolution 75486/2020;
ICA Resolution N° 75,487/2020: governs the gradual implementation of the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals;
ICA-ANLA-INS Joint External Circular N° 2/2020: joint guidelines for modification of registrations of chemical pesticides for agricultural use; and
ICA Resolution N° 76510/2020: Establishes requisites for technical departments’ registration for agricultural inputs (chemicals, biologicals, adjuvants, fertilizers and soil amendments) efficiency trials execution.
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Regulation of Fertilizers
The following are among the resolutions that govern fertilizers for agricultural use in Colombia:
ICA Resolution N°. 150/2003: enacts technical regulations for fertilizers and soil conditioners;
ICA Resolution N° 0968/2010: modifies resolution 150/2003. Modifies articles 14, 26, 29 and 33, as well as annexes 8 and 10;
ICA Resolution N° 68,370/2020: sets forth the requirements for the registration of producers, packers, importers and technical departments of biological agricultural input agronomic efficacy tests for agricultural use, as well as the requirements for the registration of biological agricultural inputs for agricultural use;
ICA Resolution N° 24516/2022: modifies article N° 29 on ICA Resolution 68370/2020;
ICA Resolution N° 76510/2020: establishes requisites for technical departments registration for agricultural inputs (chemicals, biologicals, adjuvants, fertilizers and soil amendments) efficiency trials execution; and
ICA External Circular N° 4/2020: sets forth procedures to update company and product registration for all holders of current registrations of biological agricultural inputs for agricultural use.
Regulation of Seeds
The following are among the resolutions that govern seeds for agricultural use in Colombia:
ICA Resolution N° 3,168/2015: regulates the production, import, sale and export of genetically modified seeds in Colombia, and the registration of agronomic evaluation and research units relating to plant breeding;
ICA Resolution N°. 3,888/2015: amends the foregoing resolution; and
ICA Resolution 40207/2018: extends ICA Resolution N° 3,168/2015.
Supplementary Standards
INS Resolution N° 10,834/1992: broadens the categories and criteria for the toxicological classification of pesticides;
Law N°. 253/1996 and Law N°. 1,623/2012: enacts and modifies, respectively, the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous waste and its disposal, which includes ordinary waste resulting from the production and use of biocides and phytopharmaceutical products;
Presidential Decree N°. 1,609/2002: establishes technical and safety requirements for the handling and motorway transportation of dangerous products in Colombia;
Law N°. 822/2003: establishes the requirements and procedures for the registration, control and sale of generic agrochemicals in Colombia, including their technical grade active ingredients and their formulations, to minimize the risks of contamination, to human health and to the environment;
MADR Decree N°. 1,071/2015: a regulatory decree that governs the Colombian administrative, agricultural and rural development sector;
ICA External Circular N°. 1/2019: sets forth measures for the import of raw materials and finished products;
ICA Resolution N°. 11,768/2019: governs the reentry period following the application of chemical pesticides for agricultural use in Colombia; and
ICA Resolution N°. 2,039/2020: sets forth the rates and formulas for the calculation of environmental management evaluation and monitoring services, and details the ANLA’s purview and monitoring instruments.
Industry Overview
We currently have distribution operations in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador, and have an agricultural inputs trading company in Uruguay. Brazil is a world powerhouse in agriculture that produced 350 million tonnes of grains in the 2024/25 harvest (according to Conab, September 2025). Colombia, with its significant local market, is renowned as a global leader in flower and coffee production, while Ecuador is notable for its strong position in the global flower industry, particularly roses, and has a growing sector for bananas and other tropical crops. The combined planted area across these countries totals approximately 76 million hectares, reflecting a consistent growth trajectory in the agricultural sector.
We seek further growth opportunities in other countries in South and Central America, such as Chile, Peru, and Paraguay, as well as Uruguay, where we currently have an emergent company. These countries, which together account for 14.0 million hectares of arable land according to the World Bank, have important local agricultural markets.
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Brazil’s Agricultural Sector in a Global and Local Context Overview
The Brazilian agricultural sector has experienced significant growth in the past decade, with the total grain planted area growing by 3.9% per year during the 2015-2025 period, reaching 81.7 million hectares in 2025, according to Conab. This total planted area in Brazil is approximately 80% of that of the United States, with 95 million hectares in 2024/25 harvest according to the USDA. This places Brazil among the top nations globally in terms of harvested area.
Harvested Area by Country (Top Countries), Millions of Hectares
Source: USDA (24/25 Harvest).
Note: The agricultural commodities included in the calculation are barley, corn, cotton, millet, mixed grain, oats, palm kernel, cottonseed, peanut rapeseed, soybean, sunflower seed, rice, rye, sorghum and wheat.
Exports of Row Crops (M tons)
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Source: USDA.
Note: The agricultural commodities included in the calculation are barley, corn, cotton, millet, mixed grain, oats, oil, palm kernel, cottonseed, peanut, rapeseed, soybean, sunflower seed, milled rice, rye, sorghum and wheat.
According to the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária), a Brazilian state-run agricultural research agency, Brazil accounted for 8% of global grain production in 2020, while the country’s exports of grains and oilseeds fed approximately 9% of the world’s population in 2020.
According to the FAO, Brazil holds the largest available freshwater reserve at 8,233 km3 per year in the world, almost the amount twice that of the second largest, Russia. Additionally, Brazil’s favorable climatic conditions, which includes a relatively stable temperature and the availability of rainfall throughout the year, together with a relatively flat topography, give it an important competitive advantage for agricultural production.
Source: FAO (2020).
Geographically, the main areas of agricultural activity in Brazil are located in the states of Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás and São Paulo. Together, these five states comprise approximately two-thirds of Brazil’s planted area. Together with planted areas located in six additional states, these areas comprise approximately 91% of agricultural activity in the country, as shown in the table below.
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Total Planted Area for All Brazilian Agricultural Production, Millions of Hectares by State, 2024
State
Planted Area
Share of Country-wide Planted Area
(in millions of hectares)
(%)
Mato Grosso (MT)
21.5
24%
Paraná (PR)
11.2
12%
Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
10.2
11%
Goiás (GO)
8.9
10%
São Paulo (SP)
8.2
9%
Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
7.2
8%
Minas Gerais (MG)
5.4
6%
Bahia (BA)
3.5
4%
Tocantins (TO)
2.2
2%
Pará (PA)
2.1
Maranhão (MA)
All other states
8.1
Total
90.8
100%
Source: IBGE (2024).
Corn and soybean are the country’s two principal crops and accounted for 69.2 million hectares, or 85%, of grain planted area in Brazil during the 2024/25 harvest, according to Conab. The planted area devoted to these two crops has grown at a rate of 3.8% and 4.4% per year, respectively, between 2015 and 2025, according to Conab, faster than the pace of broader agricultural expansion in Brazil. The 2024/25 Brazilian grain harvest reflected a total volume of 350 million tonnes, setting a record for the biggest crop Brazil has ever had, according to Conab. This reflects positively on the economics of farmers, which supports the growth in demand for agricultural inputs.
In the 2024/25 harvest, 47.4 million hectares of soybeans were planted, generating 171.5 million tonnes of soybean grain, according to Conab. States with the largest soy output consist of Mato Grosso (30%); Paraná (12%); Goiás (12%), Rio Grande do Sul (10%), and Mato Grosso do Sul (8%), according to Conab (as of September 2025).
In the same year, 21.9 million hectares of corn were planted in Brazil, with production amounting to 139.7 million tonnes (of which 80% were produced in the second harvest, known as the safrinha). Five Brazilian states contributed with approximately 108.7 million tonnes volume: Mato Grosso (39%); Paraná (15%); Goiás (10%); Mato Grosso do Sul (9%); and Minas Gerais (5%), according to Conab (as of September 2025).
Farmers’ Economics and Profitability
Farmers’ profitability is a critical determinant of demand for our products and services, and therefore a metric that we track closely. The financial condition of farmers impacts the production decisions they make, which, in turn, influences the quantity and quality of agricultural inputs they purchase. There are two elements to this position: the health of the farmers’ balance sheets (driven by profits and losses accumulated from past years) and future profitability expectations.
Farmers’ perceptions of agricultural commodity price trends, production costs, credit availability, and level of competition with other major global row crop exporters all factor into the perceived profitability of planting a given crop. All else equal, at the start of a crop cycle, if our farmer clients are more optimistic of their profitability for the upcoming season, based on the relative spread of prevailing crop future prices and their projected inputs spend and operating expenses, they will purchase higher volumes of inputs with a higher mix towards premium products (i.e., higher average selling price) as they aim to maximize their crop yields. Examples of this may include purchasing high performance seeds, selecting biologicals, specialty fertilizers and premium forms of crop protection chemicals, or more intensive application of fertilizers to their land. Conversely, a less favorable financial standing or projected profitability may lead farmers to lower their spend on inputs, both in terms of volume and average mix of premium products. These purchasing decisions, in turn, impact the financial performance of agricultural inputs retailers. This is primarily expressed in terms of total revenues and gross profit collected over a given season, while product mix also has a significant impact on gross margin generated.
Farmer profitability in Mato Grosso and Paraná, two key states for Lavoro in Brazil, has rebounded in 2024/25 following a difficult 2023/24 season marked by declining commodity prices and adverse growing conditions, including severe drought in Mato Grosso.
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Farmer Profitability (R$ / hectare) in Key Brazilian States for Lavoro, 2025E
Source: Company analysis based on data from Veeries (September 2025).
Barter Transactions
Barter is a common form of short-term operational financing for Brazilian farmers, especially in circumstances where financial credit is limited or unavailable. Farmers pledge a portion of their future crop as payment to input suppliers, who in turn provide the seeds, crop protection, fertilizers and specialty products needed at the start of the planting season. Suppliers can choose to take actual delivery of the agricultural products at the end of the season and resell or process them further down the value chain, or to immediately swap the liability with a grain trader and eliminate exposure to commodity prices at harvest time. Barter most commonly occurs with soybeans and corn. The easier it is for farmers to engage in low-risk bartering as a way to finance the current year’s production, the more likely it is that farmers will choose to buy more and better quality of products.
The barter exchange ratio (relações de troca) measures the quantity of crop required to acquire a given set of agricultural inputs. For example, the data below shows the number of bags of soybeans needed to obtain a standard package of inputs. The ratio is calculated by dividing input prices by crop prices; a lower ratio indicates stronger farmer purchasing power and greater willingness to invest in inputs.
The soybean barter exchange ratio for Mato Grosso improved in 2024/25, driven primarily by a decline in the prices of agrochemicals.
Source: Veeries (September 2025).
Despite these variations, the barter exchange rate has remained comparatively stable until the 2019/20 harvest year. After the pandemic period commodities prices increased and the barter exchange fell more than 20% in the 2020/21 and the 2021/22 season. The normalization of grain prices in 2022/23 brought the barter ratio to the ‘normal’ level. Furthermore, inflation in Brazil has declined from the peaks it had reached during the COVID-19 pandemic. For more information on the accounting policy underlying our barter transactions, see notes 8(g) and 11 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
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Growth in Agricultural Production
The table below shows the projected growth of the planted area and production volume of all grains in Brazil, according to a 2024 study by MAPA. As we mainly serve grain farmers, the outlook provides an important indication of the trends in our addressable market. The projections for the 2033/2034 harvest are for a grain harvest of 379.0 million tonnes, an increase of 27.0% (from 298.4 million tonnes in 2023/24 harvest), and implying an annual growth rate of 2.4%. The projected improvement of production yields can be supported by the use of better quality seeds, crop protection products, and specialty products, which are more valuable and generate higher margins for agricultural inputs retailers.
Evolution of Grains Planted Area in Brazil
Harvest Area
CAGR
2023/ 2024
2024/ 2025
2025/ 2026
2026/ 2027
2027/ 2028
2028/ 2029
2030/ 2031
2031/ 2032
2032/ 2033
2033/ 2034
‘23/’24-’33/ ’34
(millions of hectares)
79.8
80.5
81.6
82.9
84.2
85.6
86.9
88.2
89.5
90.9
92.2
1.5%
Total Production
(millions of tonnes)
298.4
319.8
317.2
329.9
334.0
343.1
349.4
357.3
364.3
371.7
379.0
2.4%
Production Yield
(tonnes per hectare)
3.7
4.0
3.9
4.1
1.0%
Source: MAPA (Agribusiness Projections – Brazil 2023/2024 to 2033/2034).
According to this MAPA study, soybean production and area are expected to grow at an average annual rate of 3.1% and 2.3%, respectively, between the 2023/24 and the 2033/34 harvests, with production expected to reach 199.5 million tonnes by the latter. This growth is supported by the increased use of soybeans as an ingredient in domestic animal feed, higher overall crop yields, and greater production of biodiesel.
The MAPA study also forecasts corn production in Brazil is projected to grow at an average annual rate of 2.8% until the 2033/34 harvest, with production reaching 153.1 million tonnes. The growing corn exports, the emerging use of corn as an ethanol feedstock, and a major increase in second corn crop planting are expected to drive this increase, according to the study. The growth of the planted area for corn is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 0.9% during this period.
Corn and soybean production grows at a faster pace than that of its planted area, which could result in better technologies being used in the crop. In fact, according to McKinsey (2020), over 30% of farmers consider input quality the second major attribute after price, 36% of farmers buy equipment/machinery based on performance (compared to 24% based on price), and 47% of farmers use at least one precision agriculture technology. This behavior is also reflected in the better use of products, such as fertilizer use, as shown in the table above.
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Farm Size
We focus on serving small and medium-sized farmers in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. According to Brazil’s National Farm Census of 2017 conducted by IBGE, the small and medium-sized segment (i.e., farms size between 100 and 10,000 hectares) represent approximately 65% of all agricultural land in the country, providing a large addressable market for us to serve, whereas large farmers (owning more than 10,000 hectares) and micro farmers (owning less than 100 hectares) represent 15% and 20%, respectively. Usually, these small and medium-sized farmers do not have the scale to buy directly from agricultural inputs retailers and need additional technical, logistics, and financial support to have a successful crop and harvest.
Source: IBGE (2017).
Agricultural Inputs Sales Channels
Several different retail channels are available to provide farmers with the necessary products to plant and grow their crops and to improve their efficiency and production yields. These products include seeds, fertilizers, crop protection, and specialty products such as biologicals and specialty fertilizers
Farmers can access agricultural inputs from three different channels. They can buy directly from agricultural inputs manufacturers, though this is usually reserved for large farmers (10,000 hectares or more). They can also buy products via a cooperative, provided that they are a member of such cooperative, or they can buy from independent retailers.
Brazilian Agricultural Inputs Market Size by Retail Channel Sales (in R$ billions)
2020
2021
2022
Independent Retailers
79.3
102.5
140.2
113.0
15.7%
Cooperatives
56.8
71.3
100.1
68.2
9.8%
Direct Sales
58.3
70.4
88.4
124.1
109.2
17.0%
168.2
206.5
262.1
364.4
290.4
14.6%
Source: Company.
Since 2020, independent retailers have maintained a stable share of approximately 38% of the total market. In 2024, the independent retail segment sales were an estimated R$113.0 billion, based on Company analysis of third-party data.
There are two segments among independent retailers: large, organized retailers, and small to medium-sized independent retailers, as described below:
Small Independent Retailers. Small independent retailers are dominated by thousands of small, family-owned retailers. This is illustrated by a 2025 survey conducted by ANDAV, which found that 86% of retailers participating in the survey were owned by their founders. Many founders have expressed an interest in receiving M&A offers. Small-scale independent operations generally have a very limited geographic sales range and work with only a few suppliers; and
Large Independent Retailers. Some large independent retailers are focused only on a particular region, while others have a broader geographical footprint. They generally carry a full product range of seeds, fertilizers, crop protection, and specialty products, and offer products from a wide variety of manufacturers. In addition, some large agricultural inputs retail chains offer ancillary services, including technical assistance, logistic solutions, precision agronomy, grain trading, seed production, and downstream processing, among others.
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Individual cooperatives are usually focused on serving local clients. For large cooperatives, their product offering can be wide and include a full range of inputs as well as barter services and grain origination. Cooperatives are especially prevalent in the south of Brazil due to historical immigration in this region.
Since 2020, cooperatives have maintained a stable share of approximately 27% of the total market. In 2024, the cooperative segment was an estimated R$68.2 billion, based on Company analysis of third-party data.
Through the direct sales channel, suppliers and importers of agricultural inputs sell directly to the consumer, bypassing an intermediary supply chain. Usually, only larger farmers can access agricultural inputs directly from agricultural input suppliers. The major disadvantage to farmers of direct sales is the lack of brand variety offered by an individual seller and more limited logistics and delivery services. As opposed to stores or cooperatives, which stock a variety of goods from different manufacturers, the direct sales option generally offers only a limited range of products that are made or imported by a specific company.
Since 2020, the market share of direct sales channels has remained stable over time at approximately 35% of the total market. In 2024, the direct sales channel segment was an estimated R$109.2 billion, based on Company analysis of third-party data.
Major Agricultural Inputs Lines in Brazil
The following table sets forth actual and estimated information regarding the major agricultural inputs retail lines in terms of sales as of the dates presented:
Brazilian Major Agricultural Input Lines Market Size by Sales (in R$ billions)
Crop Protection
52.6
68.1
84.1
119.5
100.5
17.6%
NPK
78.3
89.9
115.5
165.6
114.5
10.0%
Specialties
14.3
20.8
27.8
26.2
15.0%
Seeds
22.3
34.2
41.6
51.4
49.3
21.9%
Crop protection chemicals are applied to both crops and the nearby soil to prevent damage to crops while they are growing. There are three major forms of crop protection chemicals: insecticides, which reduce threats from insects and pests, fungicides, which protect against mold and fungi, and herbicides, which eliminate weeds that compete for space and soil nutrients with the planted crops.
The application of crop protection chemicals varies from year to year, depending on the type of crop planted, and ambient soil and weather conditions.
In addition to function, crop protection products can be separated between patented and generic forms of products. Global companies such as Bayer, BASF, Syngenta, and Corteva invest significant resources in research and development to create new substances that combat plant diseases and threats. This results in the generation of new branded products that are protected by patents for a given period of time. After the patents expire, these chemicals are sold in the generic form of the compound at a discount to the branded price. In addition, some generics-producing companies seek to mix different types of chemicals together, creating unique formulations and functions based on off-patent products.
The crop protection market revenues have grown at an average of 17.6% a year during the 2020-2024 period, based on Company analysis of third-party data.
Fertilizers
Nutrients are added to the soil to boost the growth and yield of crops. There are three major forms of fertilizer: nitrogen (commonly applied to the soil as urea); phosphate (commonly applied to the soil as MAP); and potassium (commonly applied to the soil as “MOP”. Collectively, these are also known by the acronym NPK. These products can each be applied individually, or as a compound blend of the three nutrients, in varying concentrations. The application of such products is linked to specific crops, each of which has its specific fertilizer requirements.
Maintaining good soil nutrient levels over time is required to maintain high output yields.
Revenues of the NPK market have grown at an average of 10% a year during 2020-2024, based on Company analysis of third-party data.
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Specialty Products
The specialty products market contains a diverse group of smaller products that enhance and augment the crop-growing process. These include foliar fertilizer, which are nutrients applied to and absorbed by plant leaves (as opposed to standard fertilizer application on the ground); adjuvants, which improve the effectiveness of crop protection chemicals in penetrating their target; and organominerals and soil correctives, in which trace amounts of certain minerals such as sulphur, magnesium, or boron are applied to improve the chemical balance and fertility of the soil.
The size of the specialty products market has grown at an average of 15% a year during 2020-2024, based on Company analysis of third-party data.
Soybean and corn comprise a large portion of the planted area in Brazil, and are the most important varieties of seeds sold in the Brazilian market. There are two principal factors impacting seed demand: planted area and technological advancement. As the planted area for these two grain crops is forecasted to grow 1.9% per year between the 2023/24 and the 2033/34 harvests, according to a 2024 study by MAPA, the advances in seed technology will drive the increase in overall market size.
For soybean, yield is the main criterion for a farmer’s seed purchase, followed by the choice of the desired plant traits and ascertaining the adaptability of the crop to the farmer’s land, according to our internal analysis. Therefore, a close relationship with farmers and strong branding is key to educating and informing them about the particular characteristics of seeds being offered for sale. In the Cerrado region of Brazil, approximately half of soybean seed volumes are sold directly by suppliers, and the other half is marketed via retailers and cooperatives. In the south of Brazil, sales are mainly conducted through cooperatives and retailers, according to our internal analysis.
Brazilian soybean seeds are almost entirely based on genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, with non-modified products having less than 3% of the market share in 2017, as compared to 12% in 2012, according to our internal analysis. Monsanto had been the dominant supplier in the past. However, due to the expiration of its patents and resistance to glyphosate (RoundUp), other foreign suppliers such as Corteva, Syngenta and BASF have been introducing GMO seeds with different traits and characteristics. Local independent suppliers such as Don Mario and TMG also participate in this market. As soybeans can propagate further generations of crops from the same base seed, soybean harvests are genetically tested and cross-checked with the farmer’s identity to ensure that the required royalty has been paid for use of GMOs in the current season.
Corn, in turn, is sowed twice a year in Brazil, in both the summer and winter. During most of the last decade, the demand growth for winter corn seeds has been approximately double the demand for summer corn seeds, according to our internal analysis. The price of corn seeds is correlated with the real/U.S. dollar exchange rate.
The dynamics of the supply of corn seed differ from that of soybeans. Unlike soy, corn seed manufacturing is concentrated in the hands of select companies such as Corteva, Monsanto Bayer, and Syngenta. The corn plant does not re-propagate, so no genetic monitoring is required to ensure royalties are paid. Finally, the GMO product itself has already fragmented into several different traits, providing a much broader selection of characteristics to farmers, according to our internal analysis. This implies that future growth could be slower compared to the soybean seed, as there are fewer new technological factors to drive the expansion of market value.
The total Brazilian seed market has been growing at an average of 21.9% per year between 2020 and 2024, based on Company analysis of third-party data.
Colombia’s Agricultural Sector Overview
Colombia’s agricultural sector is smaller and more diverse than that of Brazil. The focus is on more intensive production of various cash crops, as opposed to the expansive planting of grains as is common in Brazil. Colombia had 5,558 million hectares of planted area in 2024, an increase of 11.4% from planted area in 2021, according to our internal analysis. Moreover, agricultural activity in Colombia is expanding, but at a relatively slow pace. According to our internal analysis, farmed area is forecasted to increase by 5.2% between 2023 and 2027, representing an annual average growth of 1.3%.
Evolution of Planted Area in Colombia
2025E
2026E
2027E
2028E
Planted Area in Colombia (thousands of hectares)
4,990
5,012
5,050
5,558
5,596
5,661
5,755
5,846
Source: Company; Federación Nacional de Cafeteros; Federación Nacional de Arroceros; Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística; Agronet (Ministerio de Agricultura).
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Geographically, the main areas of agricultural activity are spread relatively evenly around Colombia, with the top five producing states of Meta, Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Tolima, and Santander representing 39% of Colombia’s farming activity in 2024, as shown in the table and illustration below:
Planted Area by Colombian State
Planted Area (in thousands of hectares)
Proportion of National Planted Area (%)
Meta
569.1
Antioquia
517.0
Valle del Cauca
381.6
7%
Tolima
356.2
Santander
331.8
Casanare
302.9
5%
Huila
291.6
Bolivar
251.7
Cundinamarca
244.9
Nariño
231.2
Cauca
228.8
Cesar
228.2
Cordoba
218.1
Magdalena
190.6
3%
Norte de Santander
162.5
Caldas
155.9
Vichada
138.2
Boyacá
134.6
All others
623.2
5,558.3
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The table below shows the breakdown of major agricultural crops grown in Colombia’s planted areas:
Planted Area by Major Agricultural Crops in Colombia
Crop
Coffee
842.6
15%
Rice
692.3
Oil Palm
669.8
Corn
534.0
Plantain
486.8
2,332.7
42%
Coffee, rice, oil palm, corn and plantain are Colombia’s principal crops, representing 3,294 million hectares (59.3% of the country’s planted area in 2024). Area devoted to these crops remained relatively stable compared to 2021, even as the overall farmed land in Colombia has expanded, which points to the continued diversification of country’s crop profile. Nonetheless, these crops are forecasted to maintain their top five ranking through 2028 according to our internal analysis of data from Federación Nacional de Cafeteros, Federación Nacional de Arroceros; Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, and Agronet (Ministerio de Agricultura).
Colombian Agricultural Inputs Market
Total sales for the Colombian agricultural inputs market reached COP$10,410 billion in 2024. This included COP$6,172 billion in fertilizer sales, COP$2,902 billion in the sale of crop protection products, COP$452 billion in the sale of specialty products and COP$884 billion in seed sales. The most important purchasing geographies were the states of Antioquia, Cundinamarca, and Nariño, which accounted for one-third of all sales during the year. From an individual crop point of view, inputs for coffee, rice and potatoes represented 40% of the agricultural inputs spending in Colombia in 2024.
Looking forward through 2028, the market is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 4.9%, according to our internal analysis. This growth is explained by the fact that 2024 was a year of price normalization after relevant prices volatility during 2022 and 2023, which would normalize growth trends from 2024 onwards.
Market Size for Major Agricultural Inputs Retail Lines
CAGR 2023-2028E
(in millions of COP$)
6,172
7,348
4.5%
2,902
3,686
6.2%
452
564
6.4%
884
1,026
3.8%
10,410
12,624
4.9%
Agricultural Sector in Other Latin American Countries
We believe Chile, Peru, Uruguay and Paraguay are important avenues for diversification and growth given their combined size and the synergies that they have with our current operations in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador.
Chile is among the top 10 agricultural exporters in the world. Its main exports include wine, fresh fruit, dairy, meat, and fishery products, according to the International Trade Administration, or the ITA. The agriculture industry, including agricultural-related products, is responsible for 28% of Chile’s overall trade, 11% of its total gross domestic product, and around 10% of the country’s national workforce, as reported by the ITA. According to our internal analysis, planted area in Chile has been declining over the past few years, shrinking by 0.7% per year between 2016 and 2020 to 1.23 million hectares. Despite this overall decline, the orchard fruit and nut market is still showing growth, with its planted area expanding by 2.8% per year during the same period and reaching 362,000 hectares in 2020. This category includes products such as apples, cherries, avocados, and walnuts, which are grown mainly for export. Chile’s agricultural inputs market grew at an average of 2.1% per year between 2016 and 2020.
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Peruvian agriculture represented 6.8% of its gross domestic product in 2020, according to EMIS. That year, Peru’s agricultural exports reached US$7.8 billion, according to the American International Trade Administration. Peru’s harvested area totals 3.4 million hectares, and in 2020, cereal production totaled 5.3 million tonnes according to the FAO. According to our internal analysis, planted area has increased slightly over the past few years, growing by 0.8% per year between 2016 and 2020 to 3.33 million hectares. The fruit market is showing better growth, with its planted area expanding by 2.2% per year during the same period and reaching 440,000 hectares in 2020. This category includes products such as blueberries, avocados, and bananas. The increase in fruit planting has been driven by the completion of irrigation projects and a governmental focus on the conversion of land use for agricultural export products. Peru’s agricultural inputs market grew at an average of 7.2% per year between 2016 and 2020.
Uruguay’s agriculture accounts for approximately 12% of the country’s gross domestic product and 70% of its total exports, according to the ITA. Its main crops are soybean, rice, wheat and grapes. Uruguay’s harvested area amounts to 1.8 million hectares, as reported by the FAO, and in 2020, cereal production totaled 3.9 million tonnes according to the FAO.
Paraguayan agriculture, together with the forestry and fishing sectors, accounted for approximately 11.0% of the country’s gross domestic product in 2020, according to the World Bank. Harvested area in Paraguay amounts to 6.1 million hectares, according to the most recent FAO data. Further, Paraguay produced 3.8 million tonnes of corn and cereal production in the 2019-20 harvest, according to the International Grains Council.
C. Organizational Structure
The following diagram depicts a simplified organizational structure of the Company as of the date hereof.
For more information, see note 2(b) to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
D. Property, Plants and Equipment
Our corporate headquarters are located in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo State, and our executive offices, which include the majority of our product development, sales, marketing, and business operations, are located in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Goiás, and Paraná, and in Colombia. We rely on lease agreements for all our properties. The lease for our corporate headquarters and principal executive office in São Paulo has been renewed for an indefinite term, and can be terminated upon 30 days’ notice. We also have offices in several other locations, including offshore in the Cayman Islands and in Uruguay, and believe our facilities are sufficient for our current needs.
The table below lists the types and number of properties we lease or own as June 30, 2025:
Type of Property
Number
% of Total
Administrative Offices
4.3%
Silos
1.6%
Stores
93.9%
180
We believe that our facilities are suitable and adequate for our business as presently conducted, however, we periodically review our facility requirements and may acquire new space to meet the needs of our business or consolidate and dispose of facilities that are no longer required.
A. Operating Results
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in ”Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk factors.”
We are a retailer of agricultural inputs serving small and medium-sized farmers in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Uruguay. As of June 30, 2025, we operated through 169 physical stores across our core agricultural regions and employed an average of 935 RTVs during the fiscal year. For a description of our business, products, and services, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview."
On December 15, 2025, subsequent to the fiscal year end, we completed the sale of a majority equity interest in Triagro, which owns the Crop Care Companies, which in turn own and operate businesses in our Crop Care segment, to funds managed by Patria Investments Limited for approximately R$400 million. Following this transaction, we retained (i) Perterra, which is part of our Crop Care segment, and imports and distributes off-patent crop protection products, and (ii) a minority equity interest in the Crop Care Companies via our 46.7% ownership of Triagro. For more information, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Sale of a Majority Equity Interest in Crop Care."
Our financial condition and results of operations have been, or are expected to be, impacted by several significant trends, uncertainties and certain other factors, which primarily include:
Farmers’ financial condition, including their ability to purchase our goods and services and our use of barter transactions with farmers as a way of providing them with credit, which we believe is a fundamental aspect of our operational strategy as it helps us manage and mitigate risks relating to farmers’ financial condition.
Climatic conditions, as changes in temperature can directly impact crop yields and therefore farmers’ financial condition, which may lead them to reconsider their procurement strategy, including the terms and conditions of their arrangements with us, or change their product purchase mix. We believe that the effects of climatic conditions on our results can be partially mitigated given our broad geographical exposure and continental footprint, in addition to our expertise with different types of crops.
Seasonality, as the sale of our products is dependent upon planting and growing seasons, which vary from year to year, and are expected to result in both highly seasonal patterns and substantial fluctuations in quarterly sales and profitability. The seasonality of agricultural inputs demand results in our sales volumes and net sales typically being the highest during the South American spring and summer seasons and our working capital requirements typically being the highest just after the end of the spring season.
Macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, as supply and demand dynamics globally can affect our results. The level of demand for our products, exchange rate fluctuations, inflation, interest rates and the occurrence of significant geopolitical events, can all impact both our costs and our revenues. Demand for our products can benefit or be negatively impacted by the global performance of soft commodities (in our case, especially corn and soy), which is one of the most important drivers for the financial condition of farmers in the countries in which we operate. Moreover, changes in the prices of certain commodity products could result in higher overall costs along the agricultural supply chain, which may negatively affect our ability to commercialize our products due to a reduction in demand by our clients. In addition, the occurrence of significant geopolitical developments, such as the ongoing armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, can adversely affect the global supply chain, with negative implications on the availability and prices of agricultural commodities and raw materials (including petrol, which would affect the price of agricultural inputs), energy prices, and our customers, as well as the global financial markets and financial services industry and the global supply chain in general. In particular, as a result of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, the availability and pricing of fertilizers for the 2025/2026 soy harvest is subject to significant continuing uncertainty in Brazil, which may adversely affect our results of operations, in particular if we are unable to mitigate any relevant reduction in fertilizer sales volumes through measures such as price increases of other products.
Acquisitions have historically been an important lever for building our platform and expanding into new markets and capabilities. In the current environment, inorganic growth is not a priority; however, we may evaluate selective opportunities that meet clear operational and financial criteria and demonstrate integration feasibility, with potential efficiencies in procurement, logistics, and working capital. We remain focused on integrating prior acquisitions and optimizing our portfolio to preserve margin quality. We may face challenges in identifying suitable acquisition targets or integrating acquired operations, and the size and timing of significant transactions may increase the unpredictability of our operating results.
These factors are discussed in greater detail below under “—Significant Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations.” We expect that these factors will continue to impact our results of operations, cash flows, and financial position.
Key Financial and Operating Metrics
We review a number of key financial and operating performance metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, and make strategic decisions. These supplemental business metrics are presented to assist investors to better understand our business and how it operates.
This annual report uses the terms gross margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Net Debt, Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, and working capital/revenue, for which definitions are presented below. We strongly advise that these measures may differ from the calculations of other companies, and as a result, may not be comparable.
n.m. = not meaningful.
(2) Gross margin is calculated as gross profit divided by our revenue for the year.
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Gross Margin
Gross margin is calculated as gross profit as a percentage of revenue for the year. This financial ratio evaluates our ability to sell inputs above our purchasing cost. Gross margins are affected by our ability to use our scale to negotiate better terms with our suppliers, close strategic alliances to obtain better rates long-term, purchase products upfront (see also “—Working Capital as a Percentage of Revenue”) and negotiate better prices for our products with our customers.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin, which are non-IFRS measures, are among the measures used by our management team to evaluate our financial and operating performance and make day-to-day financial and operating decisions and are presented in this annual report to provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results. We also believe that Adjusted EBITDA is helpful to investors because it provides additional information about trends in our operating performance prior to considering the impact of capital structure, depreciation, amortization and taxation on our results, as well as the effects of certain items or events that may be non-cash, and/or non-operational, which management considers may hinder period-to-period comparability and obscure underlying performance of the company.
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as loss for the year, adjusted for finance income (costs), income taxes current and deferred, depreciation and amortization. We also adjust this measure for certain revenues or expenses that are excluded when management evaluates the performance of our day-to-day operations, namely (i) share of profit of an associate; (ii) impairment losses; (iii) fair value on inventory sold from acquired companies; (iv) M&A expenses that in management’s judgment do not necessarily occur on a regular basis, (v) listing expenses refers to any excess of fair value of our Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of TPB SPAC identifiable net assets acquired, which represents compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for our shares and is expensed as incurred, (vi) share-based compensation expenses, (vii) one-off bonuses paid out to our employees recognized across multiple quarters during the fiscal years, (viii) monitoring expenses, related to expenses paid to Patria in relation to management consultancy services in connection with acquisition transactions; (ix) restructuring expenses related to store closures and other footprint rationalization initiatives carried out under Lavoro’s restructuring plan; and (x) EJ plan expenses, related to professional fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the Company’s extrajudicial restructuring process in Brazil. Adjusted EBITDA Margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by our revenue for the year. By monitoring and controlling our Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin, we can gauge the overall profitability of our Company. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin are not measurements of financial performance under IFRS and should not be considered an alternative to cash flow from operating activities or as a measure of liquidity or an alternative to loss for the year as indicators of operating performance or any other measures of performance derived in accordance with IFRS. For further information on Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin, see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin.” See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for a reconciliation of our Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin to our loss for the year.
Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio are not measurements of indebtedness under IFRS and should not be considered an alternative to borrowings or cash equivalents as indicators of our financial condition or any other measures of performance derived in accordance with IFRS. For further information on Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures—Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio.” See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for a reconciliation of our Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio to our borrowings.
Working Capital as a Percentage of Revenue
Evaluating working capital as a percentage of revenue enables a status check of several aspects of our retail operations, offering important insights into our financing, profitability, pace of sales and receivables health. Generally, an increase in this percentage indicates that a larger share of sales is being allocated toward generating short-term assets or covering liabilities. However, importantly, working capital is also closely linked to the prices we pay for inputs and, therefore, our inputs margins. To the extent we purchase inputs paying up-front with cash on hand, rather than relying on credit, we generally can obtain better prices, lowering our costs and improving our gross margins. However, this approach increases our working capital requirements. Similarly, selling to our clients in harvest terms (i.e., by granting credit to our clients until they collect their harvest) enables us to finance our clients, sell at better prices and improve our margins, at the cost of increased working capital needs.
Accordingly, an increase in working capital as a percentage of revenues does not necessarily imply a deterioration in operations; this metric must be evaluated in conjunction with gross margin evolution rather than viewed in isolation.
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Key Operating Metrics
The following table presents certain key operating performance metrics as of the dates indicated:
-24.2%
-15.1%
-21.0%
-0.3%
-6.9%
(3) Number of active clients refers to the total number of farmers and resellers classified as active in our records during the fiscal year, based on our current customer tracking methodology.
Total Number of RTVs
RTV is our designation for our technical sales representatives, which are supported by a particular retail store and the principal point of contact with customers in the field. They are responsible for developing commercial relationships with farmers, within their designated regions, and serving our clients on site or at our stores. Each RTV works in association with a given store to generate revenues and expand our retail presence in a particular region.
Thus, the number of RTVs represents a measure of our sales operation footprint and sales potential. With more RTVs, we are able to cover more planted area and clients, and generate additional revenue. However, the average number of hectares covered by each RTV varies depending on their region of operation and average farm size; the northern area of Brazil, for example, has a greater average farm size relative to the southern region of Brazil.
Total Number of Stores
Our stores provide a location for the storage and distribution of products and offer administrative support to our RTVs. While most of our actual sales transactions occur in person on a client’s farm through our RTVs, our stores function as the regional base for customer outreach, and help build our brand awareness in a specific region. In addition, as we continue to consolidate the agricultural inputs sector in Latin America, our number of stores provides an indication of both the activity levels of our retail business, as well as our progress towards implementing our consolidation strategy.
Total Number of Employees
Total number of employees reflects our total administrative and operational headcount and includes RTVs. We grow our total number of employees as needed in order to accommodate the administrative and operational requirements associated with our growth and consolidation strategy in Latin America. The total number of employees therefore is helpful to understand our efficiency in scaling up our operations.
Total Number of Active Clients
Small and medium-sized farmers represent our key target market and main source of revenue. We grow our client base through organic and inorganic measures. The number of clients therefore reflects the success in the implementation of our overall growth strategy, and is a proxy for our ability to decrease client concentration and de-risk our operations. Total number of clients represents the total number of active clients in our records for each fiscal year presented, in line with our current client tracking methodology.
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Significant Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
Farmers’ Financial Condition
Farmers’ financial condition measures the capacity of our farmer clients to purchase our goods and services and pay for them accordingly. From a farmer clients’ perspective, these relate to decisions of when, what, how much, and where to buy a product. Ultimately, for the farmers, these decisions are with their balance sheet strength, the future price of the commodities they will sell at harvest and the price of the inputs they will acquire for their crops.
The financial position or availability of credit to farmers affects their total purchasing power and willingness to invest in their coming harvest. With more money at their disposal (either in the form of cash or commercial credit), farmers can spend more, boosting purchasing power and increasing our addressable market. Expected soft commodity prices play an important role in the planning decisions of farmers, including planted/harvested acreage of crops and willingness to invest in better agricultural inputs to obtain higher yield production. Sustained periods of low soft commodity prices increase food security for consumers but also reduce farm revenue. This causes farmers to increasingly rely on credit, making them vulnerable to changing economic conditions, such as interest rate increases. Periods of sustained high soft commodity prices, on the other hand, contribute to increases in farm revenues and farmer resilience to changes in economic conditions.
Agricultural input prices represent the main variable in a farmer’s cost base. Lower agricultural input costs increase farmers’ propensity to increase usage in volume terms, or to trade-up for a more sophisticated and high-end agricultural input product. However, agricultural input costs can be impacted by global commodity prices.
Therefore, a key metric tracked by farmers, especially by soybean and corn farmers, is the barter exchange rate for the agricultural input products they purchase. In a barter transaction, farmers pledge a portion of their future crop production as payment to input suppliers or input distributors, which, in turn, provide the seeds, crop protection, and fertilizers needed at the start of the harvest season. Suppliers or agricultural inputs distributors can take physical delivery of the crops at the end of the harvest season, with the corresponding commodity risk, or immediately swap the future receivable with a grain trader. In the latter case, the receivables in the form of “bags of grain” are exchanged with a pre-determined cash payment. We generally take the latter course of action and avoid incurring exposure to commodity trading risk. We also guarantee purchases from farmers and act as an intermediary between agricultural inputs suppliers and trading companies.
In the event of a significant appreciation of the price of the commodity provided for in the barter agreement, at the time of settlement of such agreement, farmers may consider diverting their production to other trading companies or customers, hence failing to deliver grains to us. In this case, we are required to purchase the commodity in the spot market and deliver it to the commodity trading company, or pay compensation to the commodity trading company in an amount equal to the difference between the commodity price between the time of delivery and the time of closing of the agreement (the so-called “washout risk”). Pursuant to the contractual arrangements governing these transactions, we may charge our customers for any losses we might incur in the case of such events. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We may incur significant losses if our customers do not meet their obligations under the barter transactions entered into with trading companies.”
Barter transactions are common in soybean and corn due to the availability of future prices, enabling farmers to close future purchase contracts. Farmers use this information to evaluate the “barter exchange rate” (relação de troca), i.e., the number of bags of grain it would take to purchase agricultural inputs such as crop protection products and fertilizers. This ratio has been relatively stable over time, but a decrease in the barter rate would mean that inputs are relatively less expensive to purchase.
Bartering is an important tool for farmers and distributors to manage risk, and, with the restricted availability of credit in Brazil, we believe it is a fundamental aspect of our operational strategy. Bartering enables farmers to reduce their reliance on bank loans to finance the crop as well as to hedge part of their commodity exposure. At the same time, bartering is a currency that farmers can use to purchase agricultural inputs from us. For distributors, it is a way to provide credit using a farmer’s most liquid asset as collateral: their future production. Whereas credit lines for Brazilian farmers have historically been scarce, we use barter transactions to facilitate agricultural inputs sales. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, we bartered 276,558 tonnes of soybean, 95,618 tonnes of corn and 13,879 tonnes of wheat, which represented 10.8% of our total sales in the same period (464,805 tonnes of soybean and 303,365 tonnes of corn in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, which represented 10.8% of our total sales in the period). For more information on the accounting policy underlying our barter transactions, see notes 8(g) and 11 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. See also “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Commodity Price Risk in Barter Transactions.”
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Climatic Conditions
Agriculture is highly dependent on the climate, as changes in climate conditions can increase or decrease crop yields. Positive or negative impacts on agricultural productivity resulting from climate change may directly affect our results of operations by impacting the financial condition of farmers, which, as our customers, may lead them to reconsider their procurement strategy, including the terms and conditions of their arrangements with us, or change their product purchase mix. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our business is highly seasonal and affected by adverse weather conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may cause our sales and operating results to fluctuate significantly” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Climate change may have an adverse effect on agribusiness in Latin America and on us.”
We plan to develop an appropriate climate management strategy within the next two years by adopting the TCFD (Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures) framework. This will allow us to identify dependencies, impacts, risks, and opportunities, effectively linking our environmental and social performance to financial performance across our operations and value chain.
However, based on our product portfolio, which includes private label brands, we believe we have the ability to adapt to situations arising from climatic conditions. Our geographical diversity also serves as a risk mitigation factor, alongside our expertise in managing different types of crops. Our RTVs are trained to understand the new conditions farmers will face due to climate change and assist them by offering the most suitable products, considering both historical climate data and available weather forecasts for each region in which we operate.
Seasonality
Seasonality is an important factor for companies that commercialize agricultural products, such as Lavoro. Seasonal supply and demand levels in agricultural product markets are important considerations in making negotiation decisions. Standardized trading months for corn, soybean and wheat futures reflect the seasonal patterns in the sowing, harvesting and marketing of each respective crop. During the sowing months (spring for corn and soybean and fall for wheat in the southern hemisphere), grains from the previous year’s harvest are available for sale to or for purchase by customers. On the other hand, during the harvest months, the recent harvest reaches the market and supply is increased.
Brazil has unique climatic and geographic conditions compared to most other countries producing agricultural commodities. These conditions enable farmers to plant two crops per year in a given area. The second crop is usually planted after a first, early soybean harvest, a practice that is most common in the South-Central region of Brazil given its more favorable climate. It is common to intercrop soybean and corn plantations, resulting in what is known as safrinha corn. Below is a simplified chart of changes in product offering mix for different crop periods throughout the year:
Accordingly, the sale of our products is dependent upon planting and growing seasons, which vary from year to year, and are expected to result in both highly seasonal patterns and substantial fluctuations in quarterly sales and profitability. Our sales typically track the seasonality of agricultural planting, with stronger sales of agricultural inputs in the months preceding the sowing of a certain crop. In particular, demand for our products is typically strongest between October and December, with a second period of strong demand between January and March. The seasonality of agricultural inputs demand results in our sales volumes and net sales typically being the highest during the South American spring season and our working capital requirements typically being the highest just after the end of the spring season. Additionally, the delay or deferral of use of our agricultural products and services and the fiscal or quarterly budget cycles of our direct customers and end users may also impact the seasonality of our results. Customers may purchase large quantities of our products in a particular quarter to store and use over long periods of time or time their purchases to manage their inventories, which may cause significant fluctuations in our operating results for a particular quarter or year.
The overall level of seasonality in our business is difficult to evaluate as a result of our expansion into new geographical territories, the introduction of new products and the timing of introductions of new products. It is possible that our business may be more seasonal or experience seasonality in different periods than anticipated. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our business is highly seasonal and affected by adverse weather conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may cause our sales and operating results to fluctuate significantly.”
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Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Environment
Our results of operations are impacted, to a large extent, by the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. Supply and demand dynamics globally, as well as the occurrence of geopolitical events affecting global supply and demand dynamics, as in any other business, can affect our results. The level of demand for our products, exchange rate fluctuations, inflation, interest rates and the occurrence of significant geopolitical events, can all impact both our costs and our revenues. Demand for our products can benefit or be negatively impacted by the global performance of soft commodities (in our case, especially corn and soybean), which is one of the most important drivers for the financial condition of farmers in the countries in which we operate. Changes in the prices of certain commodity products could result in higher overall costs along the agricultural supply chain, which may negatively affect our ability to commercialize our products due to a reduction in demand by our clients. Additionally, negative fluctuations in commodity prices could have an impact on growers’ purchasing decisions and negatively affect their ability and decisions to purchase our agricultural input products and services. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We may be adversely affected by global market and economic conditions” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our operating results are highly dependent upon and fluctuate based upon business and economic conditions and governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry in which we or our customers operate. These factors are outside of our control and may significantly affect our profitability.”
In addition, we monitor and believe that the growth of the agriculture sector is a key macroeconomic variable, which can be estimated by population or GDP growth ratios. Currently, we face a positive outlook for food demand, which is expected to rise by 1.3% per year between 2021 and 2030, according to a 2021 OECD/FAO report, with growth expected to come largely from the developing economies of China, India, other Asian countries, and the continent of Africa. The growth of population and GDP in these economies should have a positive impact on global demand for grains and, consequently, lead to higher prices. Given that Brazil is a major exporting hub, grain prices in Brazil (in particular soybean and corn prices) are directly influenced by these positive global trends.
Moreover, given that agricultural products in Latin America are mostly exported, their prices are denominated in U.S. dollars. Therefore, with the local currency depreciation of the local currency in Latin American countries, the volume of grain sales tends to increase, as Latin American farmers become more competitive in comparison to other markets (they incur at least a portion of their costs in local currency while receiving almost the entirety of their revenues in U.S. dollars). To this extent, a depreciated exchange rate favors exports from these countries and may have a positive impact on our sales.
Given our strong footprint in Brazil and Colombia, our results are largely affected by the financial conditions of Brazilian and Colombian farmers, which, in turn, are also exposed to these countries internal economic variables. For example, our customers may experience deterioration of their businesses, cash flow shortages or difficulties obtaining financing, which could adversely affect the demand for our agricultural products and services. As a result, our revenues and profitability are, to some extent, subject to political and economic developments in Brazil and Colombia and the effect that these factors have on the availability of credit and interest rates in both countries. Our operations, and the industry in general, may be affected by changes in economic conditions. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Latin America—Latin America has experienced, and may continue to experience, adverse economic or political conditions that may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
The following table shows data for local inflation (which affects our costs, in particular, the cost of labor), interest rates in Brazil and in Colombia, and the respective U.S. dollar exchange rates at the dates and for the years indicated:
Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
(inter-annual data)
(in percentages, except as otherwise indicated)
Inflation (IGP-M)
4.4
3.2
(7.0)
Inflation (IPCA)
5.3
CDI Rate (average)(1)
12.1
11.8
13.6
Period-end exchange rate—R$ per US$1.00
5.4571
5.5589
4.8192
Average exchange rate—R$ per US$1.00(2)
5.7224
5.0003
5.1636
Appreciation (depreciation) of the real vs. US$ in the period(3)
(1.8)
(15.3)
11.1
Inflation (CPI)
5.0
6.6
TIB Rate (average)
9.3
12.8
Period-end exchange rate—COP$ per US$1.00
4,070
4,148
4,176
Average exchange rate—COP$ per US$1.00(2)
4,250
3,990
4,596
Appreciation (depreciation) of the COP$ vs. US$ in the period(4)
(1.9)
1.0
(0.7)
Sources: FGV, IBGE, Central Bank, Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica) and Banco de la República.
(1) Average of annualized daily rates during the period indicated.
(2) Average of the exchange rate on each business day of the period.
(3) Comparing the US$ closing selling exchange rate as reported by the Central Bank at the end of the period’s last day with the day immediately prior to the first day of the period discussed.
(4) Comparing the Representative Market Rate (Tasa Representativa del Mercado), or TRM, exchange rate as reported by the Banco de la República at the end of the period’s last day with the day immediately prior to the first day of the period discussed.
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Interest Rates
Our financial performance can also be influenced by fluctuations in interest rates, such as the CDI Rate. Such fluctuations affect our finance income from our cash equivalents, which generally bear interest based on the CDI Rate, as well as our finance costs, as our loans and borrowings generally bear interest based on the CDI Rate. Even though we have historically made a series of acquisitions and will continue with our M&A strategy, our acquisitions have historically been funded with cash generated by our operations or equity issuances to acquire our targets, which typically represents a small portion of our source of funds.
The indirect impact of interest rates fluctuations can have a material impact on us as a result of our customers and suppliers’ decisions. As in most sectors, when interest rates rise, borrowers are less likely to borrow money from lenders, postponing or decreasing the purchase of goods. On the other hand, when interest rates decrease, customers tend to anticipate their purchasing decisions. The agricultural input value chain indebtedness is heavily based on supply finance provided by the large multi-national inputs suppliers, and is an important source of working capital for farmers and distributors alike.
Exchange Rates
Foreign exchange variations impact our financial performance primarily due to the impact on the prices of agricultural commodities, which are generally indexed to the U.S. dollar and affect the final price of our products.
Given that we also operate with foreign exchange-indexed trade receivables and payables (originated from our barter operations) and given that these could be affected by fair value differences in derivative financial instruments and result in potential foreign exchange differences and impacts on our results, we have a strict hedging policy in place. Whenever we make a transaction in a currency other than Brazilian reais or Colombian pesos, we seek to hedge our position to zero net our foreign exchange exposure. This hedging strategy allows us to stabilize our operational margins and mitigate our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, which is key for our business given that our core activity is the resale and distribution of inputs.
In 2021 and 2020, the Brazilian real faced a strong devaluation in relation to the U.S. dollar, which caused an increase in the cost of fertilizers, chemicals and seeds. Such impacts are typical and easily reflected in market prices, and we believe we have a strong pass-through ability in terms of foreign exchange changes given that our customers have their revenue linked to the U.S. dollar. A devaluation of the Brazilian real is beneficial to our grain-exporting customers due to other factors, such as labor costs, denominated in local currency. Therefore, with lower local costs and higher export revenues, farmers’ margins generally expand when local currencies depreciate relative to the U.S. dollar. We do not expect exchange rate variation to significantly impact our cash flow and cash position, as our outstanding foreign currency indebtedness is not material. As a result, we understand that exchange rates did not have a material impact on our financial condition for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024.
Inflation
Global inflation tends to affect the prices of the goods we sell given that variables such as global energy prices, oil prices, salaries, and supply imbalances are directly linked with the production of agricultural inputs. On the other hand, our customers’ revenues benefit from a natural hedge against global inflation, as soft commodities (in our case, mainly soybean and corn) follow international prices and are correlated with global inflation indexes, which enables us to more easily pass cost increases in our products arising from inflation onto our customers.
Local inflation also has an impact on our operations. Inflation can impact our sales, general and administrative expenses and our cost of goods sold primarily through logistics costs and wages, rents, and marketing expenses. As opposed to global inflation, local inflation is not necessarily linked to commodity prices, but we have been able to counterbalance the potential negative effects from a rise in local inflation by either improving our efficiency or adjusting prices without compromising our volume of goods sold and maintaining stable margins.
Geopolitical Developments - Impact of the Ongoing Armed Conflict between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East
As a result of the current geopolitical tensions and armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and the recent recognition by Russia of the independence of the self-proclaimed republics of Donetsk and Luhansk in the Donbas region of Ukraine, the governments of the United States, the European Union, Japan and other jurisdictions have announced the imposition of sanctions on certain industry sectors and parties in Russia, Belarus and the regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, as well as enhanced export controls on certain products and industries. These and any additional sanctions and export controls, as well as any counter responses by the governments of Russia or other jurisdictions, could adversely affect, directly or indirectly, the global supply chain, with negative implications on the availability and prices of agricultural commodities and raw materials (including petrol, which would affect the price of agricultural inputs), energy prices, and our customers, as well as the global financial markets and financial services industry and the global supply chain in general, which has also been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
From a supply point of view, Brazil is highly dependent on fertilizers imports, and Russia holds a market share in Brazilian soil fertilizer imports of approximately 26%, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Industry, Foreign Trade and Services. We currently buy all of our fertilizers from suppliers based in Brazil, but most of our fertilizer suppliers conduct or have conducted imports, to some degree, from sources in Russia. Fertilizers represented approximately 21% of our revenues in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, compared to 22% of our revenues in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, following the increase in the total volume of fertilizers sold in Brazil in the 2023/2024 harvest when compared to the 2022/2023 harvest.
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Description of Principal Line Items
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of the goods or services is transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue from the sale of agricultural inputs is recognized at the point in time when control of the product is transferred to the customer, as follows:
retail sales: sale of products at retail locations or delivered to customers, including crop protection products, fertilizers, seeds and specialty inputs;
grains: sale of grains as a result of barter transactions; and
private label products: products delivered to the client, such as biologicals, specialty fertilizers and off-patent crop-protection products.
Revenue is recognized when our customer receives the product at a specified location. We engage third party freight and logistics service providers to deliver products to our clients. In addition, we provide pulverization services and recognize revenues from these services when the customer receives and consumes the benefits provided to them, at the time the pulverization services take place.
In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, only 0.4% of our revenues were derived from the provision of services rendered by Lavoro, as reported in note 29 to our audited consolidated financial statements (R$28.7 million out of a total of R$6,517.3 million) (0.4% in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 and R$35.4 million out of a total of R$9,392.3 million).
We generally act as a principal as we have primary responsibility for delivering the contracted goods, bear the inventory risk, and have discretion to establish the price.
Sales prices are substantially based on international benchmark market prices, which are variable and subject to global supply and demand, and other market factors. There are no general warranties to the customers. Returns and incentives are estimated based on historical and forecasted data, contractual terms, and current conditions. Transportation costs are generally recovered from the customer through sales pricing and is included in cost of goods sold.
Trade receivables usually include a significant financing component. As such, the transaction price is discounted, using the interest rate implicit in the contract (i.e., the interest rate that discounts the trade receivable amount to the cash selling price) and revenue is recognized for such amount. A significant financing component is recognized as financial income under the amortized cost method.
The average monthly interest rate applied was 1.12% and 0.9% for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Moreover, we receive grains from certain customers in exchange to the product sold. The fair value of such non-cash consideration received from the customer is included in the transaction price and measured when we obtain control of the grains. We estimate the fair value of the non-cash consideration by reference to its market price. For more information, see note 11 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Cost of Goods Sold
Our cost of goods sold comprises the cost of purchases, net of rebates, discounts and commercial agreements received from suppliers, variations in inventories and logistics costs (inbound and outbound). The cost of goods sold includes the cost of the logistics operations managed or outsourced by us, including storage, handling and freight costs incurred until goods are ready to be sold. For cost of grains see note 11 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Trade payables include a significant financing component. As such, trade payables are discounted, using the interest rate implicit in the contract (i.e., the interest rate that discounts the trade payable amount to the purchase paid in cash) and inventory is recorded at such amount. A significant financing component is recognized as financial expense under the amortized cost method. The average monthly interest rate applied was 1.71% and 1.55% for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Gross Profit
Our gross profit consists of our revenue minus our cost of goods sold.
Operating Expenses
Our operating expenses consist of our sales, general and administrative expenses, other operating (expenses) income, net, and share of profit of an associate, as described below.
Sales, General and Administrative Expenses
Sales, general and administrative expenses refer to indirect expenses and the cost of the corporate departments, information technology, treasury, salesforce personnel and marketing and advertising expenses.
Other Operating (Expenses) Income, Net
Our other operating (expenses) income, net consists of recovery of expenses, awards and incentives, insurance indemnities, income from the sale of fixed assets (e.g., vehicles), bonuses, donations, and other items.
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Operating Profit
Our operating profit consists of our gross profit minus our operating expenses.
Finance Income
Our finance income comprises interest from cash equivalents, interest arising from revenue contracts, interest from tax benefit and other. Interest income is recognized using the effective interest rate method, which reflects the discount rate applied to expected future cash flows over the financial instrument's expected useful life, or a shorter period as appropriate, based on the net carrying amount of the asset. Cash equivalents consist of cash, demand deposits, and highly liquid securities with maturities of less than 90 days, ensuring availability and liquidity for operational needs.
Finance Costs
Our finance costs primarily reflect interest on borrowings, interest on Agribusiness Receivables Certificates, interest on payables for the acquisitions of subsidiary, interest on obligations to FIAGRO and other quota holders, interest on leases, financial interest on related parties transactions, interest on trade payables and other. It also encompasses interest on trade payables and leases, financial charges related to legal proceedings, taxes, and the cost of selling receivables.as well as adjustments related to discounts.
Other Financial Income (Costs)
Other financial income (costs) primarily reflects loss on fair value of commodity forward contracts, gain on changes in fair value of derivative instruments, loss on changes in fair value of derivative instruments, foreign exchange differences on cash equivalents, foreign exchange difference on trade receivables and trade payables, net, foreign exchange differences on borrowings and gain on changes in fair value of warrants. Additionally, gains related to the revaluation of warrants are recognized under this line, capturing adjustments to their fair market value.
Loss Before Income Taxes
Our loss before income taxes consists of our operating (loss) profit minus our finance income (costs).
Current and Deferred Income Taxes
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to tax authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where we operate and generate taxable income. Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit or loss.
Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions, where appropriate. Income taxes in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador are paid by each legal entity on a standalone basis.
Deferred taxes are calculated using the liability method on temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:
when the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss; or
with respect to taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint arrangements, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:
when the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss; or
in respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered. In assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets, we rely on the same forecast assumptions used elsewhere in the financial statements and in other management reports. The benefits of uncertain tax positions are recorded only after determining, based on the position of its internal and external legal advisors, a more-likely-than-not probability that the uncertain tax positions will withstand challenge, if any, from taxing authorities.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset where there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and where the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority.
Loss for the Year
Our loss for the year consists of our loss before income taxes minus our income taxes (current and deferred).
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Historical Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss
Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2024
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of profit or loss data for the year indicated.
For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
Variation (%)
(in US$ millions)(1)
(in R$ millions, except as otherwise indicated)
-30.6%
Cost of goods sold
(1,028.2)
(5,610.9)
(8,054.8)
-30.3%
Gross profit
166.1
906.4
1,337.5
-32.2%
Operating expenses:
Sales, general and administrative expenses
(445.8)
(2,433.0)
(1,364.6)
78.3%
Other operating (expenses) income, net
12.0
37.6
-68.1%
Share of profit of an associate
0.2
1.3
1.5
-13.3%
Operating (loss) profit
(277.3)
(1,513.3)
11.9
n.m.
Finance income (costs):
Finance income
59.3
323.6
402.1
-19.5%
Finance costs
(231.2)
(1,261.8)
(1,123.2)
12.3%
Other Finance Income (Cost)
(18.8)
(102.4)
(101.4)
Loss before income taxes
(468.0)
(2,553.9)
(810.6)
215.1%
Income taxes:
Current
(8.4)
(45.9)
14.7
Deferred
(52.1)
(284.2)
10.9
267.4%
Revenue for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 was R$6,517.3 million, a decrease of R$2,875.0 million, or 30.6%, from R$9,392.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributable to:
i. a decrease of R$3,218.3 million, or 40.9% in revenue from Brazil Ag Retail, to R$4,651.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. This decrease was primarily driven by a sudden and significant tightening of inventory financing conditions, which resulted in inventory shortages throughout the year and limited our ability to fulfill farmer purchase orders. Revenue for this segment is presented before intersegment eliminations related to sales between Brazil Ag Retail and Crop Care, as described in Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements;
ii. an increase of R$103.0 million, or 13.7% in revenue from Crop Care to R$852.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, reflecting higher sales of specialty fertilizers and adjuvants from Union Agro and off-patent agrochemicals from Perterra, partially offset by lower sales of biologicals from Agrobiológica. Revenue for this segment is presented before intersegment eliminations related to sales between Brazil Ag Retail and Crop Care; and
iii. an increase of R$209.2 million, or 17.6% in revenue from Latam Ag Retail, to R$1,399.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, primarily driven by higher input sales volumes.
Cost of goods sold for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 was R$5,610.9 million, a decrease of R$2,443.9 million, or 30.3%, from R$8,054.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily attributable to:
i. a decrease of R$2,757.9 million, or 39.6% in cost of goods sold for Brazil Ag Retail, to R$4,201.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, primarily driven by lower sales volumes. The amount of cost of goods sold disregards intersegment elimination related to sales between Brazil Ag Retail and Crop Care, as outlined in explanatory note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this annual report;
ii. an increase of R$168.6 million, or 35.8% in cost of goods sold for Crop Care to R$639.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to higher sales volumes from Union Agro and Perterra, increased raw material costs at Union Agro and higher freight costs. The amount of cost of goods sold disregards intersegment elimination related to sales between Brazil Ag Retail and Crop Care, as outlined in explanatory note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this annual report; and
iii. an increase of R$184.4 million, or 18.3% in cost of goods sold for Latam Ag Retail, to R$1,190.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to higher sales volumes and increased freight costs.
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As a result of the foregoing, gross profit for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 was R$906.4 million, a decrease of R$431.1 million, or 32.2%, from R$1,337.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. Gross margin was 13.9% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, compared to 14.2% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. The decrease in gross profit was primarily attributable to:
i. a decrease of R$460.5 million, or 50.6% in gross profit for Brazil Ag Retail (before intersegment eliminations), to R$449.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. Gross margin for this segment was 9.7% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, compared to 11.6% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. The 1.9 percentage point decrease was primarily driven by product availability constraints that required fulfilling orders with higher-cost substitutes at original pricing, an unfavorable shift in sales mix toward lower-margin products, and lower selling prices for agricultural inputs. The amount of cost of goods sold disregards intersegment elimination related to sales between Brazil Ag Retail and Crop Care, as outlined in explanatory note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this annual report;
ii. a decrease of R$65.6 million, or 23.6% in gross profit for Crop Care (before intersegment eliminations), to R$212.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. Gross margin for this segment was 25.0%, compared to 37.2% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. The 12.2 percentage point decrease was primarily driven by lower sales of biological inputs, the highest-margin product category within Crop Care. The amount of cost of goods sold disregards intersegment elimination related to sales between Brazil Ag Retail and Crop Care, as outlined in explanatory note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this annual report; and
iii. an increase of R$24.7 million, or 13.4% in gross profit for Latam Ag Retail, to R$208.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. Gross margin for this segment was 14.9% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, compared to 15.5% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. The 0.5 percentage point decrease was primarily attributable to deflationary pricing for agricultural inputs and heightened competitive pressure.
Sales, general and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, were R$2,433.0 million, an increase of R$1,068.4 million, or 78.3%, from R$1,364.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily attributable to (i) R$848.2 million related to the impairment of losses on assets for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, and (ii) an increase of R$191.6 million in allowance for expected credit losses.
Changes in our sales, general and administrative expenses across our reporting segments were as follows:
i. an increase of R$1,029.0 million, or 122.4% in sales, general and administrative expenses for Brazil Ag Retail, to R$1,870.0 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, primarily reflecting R$838.9 million related to the full impairment of goodwill and fair value adjustments;
ii. an increase of R$19.8 million, or 14.1% in sales, general and administrative expenses for Latam Ag Retail, to R$160.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to (i) a R$16.1 million increase in personnel expenses, and (ii) a R$2.5 million increase in consultancy services; and
iii. an increase of R$26.9 million, or 13.4% in sales, general and administrative expenses for Crop Care, to R$227.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, primarily due to a R$16.7 million increase in allowance for expected credit losses, and R$9.8 million related to the full impairment of goodwill and fair value adjustments.
Non-allocated corporate sales, general and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, were R$174.7 million, a decrease of R$7.2 million, or 4.0%, from R$181.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by lower non-recurrent expenses during the fiscal year.
Other operating income, net, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, amounted to R$12.0 million, a decrease of R$25.6 million, or 68.1%, from R$37.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by net losses on disposal of fixed assets of R$17.7 million. For more information, see Note 32 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Changes in our other operating (expenses) income, net, across our reporting segments were as follows:
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i. a decrease of R$45.8 million, or 95.2% in other operating income, net for Brazil Ag Retail, from R$48.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, to R$2.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. This decrease was primarily due to (i) a decrease of R$8.6 million in PIS/COFINS tax benefits recognized in revenue, and (ii) the absence of gains recorded in fiscal year 2024, including R$16.3 million from the derecognition of assigned receivables;
ii. a variation of R$4.6 million in other operating expenses (income), net for Latam Ag Retail, from income R$2.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, to expenses R$2.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. This variation was primarily due to the non-recurrence of the R$2.5 million gain recognized in fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 from the sale of our Agrointegral plant in Colombia; and
iii. an increase of R$9.0 million in other operating income, net for Crop Care, from income of R$9.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 to R$18.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. This increase was primarily attributable to R$11.4 million of insurance proceeds recognized in fiscal year 2025, partially offset by a R$3.8 million increase in provisions for the expected write-off of certain machinery and equipment at Agrobiológica.
Non-allocated corporate other operating expenses, net for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, were R$6.6 million, a decrease of R$15.9 million from R$22.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to the absence of R$14.9 million in expenses recognized in fiscal year 2024, related to purchase price adjustments from prior-period business combinations.
Finance income for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, was R$323.6 million, a decrease of R$78.5 million, or 19.5%, from R$402.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by a R$68.7 million decrease in interest income from revenue contracts.
Income across our reporting segments were as follows:
i. finance income in Brazil Ag Retail amounted to R$298.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of R$95.8 million, or 24.3%, from R$394.0 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, which was primarily due to the R$93.5 million decrease in interest arising from revenue contracts, reflecting lower sales volumes and a reduced level of financed receivables, in a context of tighter credit conditions;
ii. finance income in Latam Ag Retail amounted to R$14.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$13.9 million, when compared to R$0.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, which was primarily driven by the R$13.1 million increase in interest arising from revenue contracts; and
iii. finance income in Crop Care amounted to R$36.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$28.8 million, from R$8.0 million in the prior year, which was primarily driven by the R$14.6 million increase in interest arising from revenue contracts.
Non-allocated corporate finance income for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 amounted to R$0.5 million, a decrease of R$8.2 million, or 94.3%, from R$8.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to a R$5.3 million decrease in interest income from cash equivalents and restricted cash in our escrow account.
Finance costs for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, were R$1,261.8 million, an increase of R$138.6 million, or 12.3%, from R$1,123.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by R$157.0 million related to financial interest for related-party transactions and R$50.7 million in interest on obligations to FIAGRO and other quota holders for the year ended June 30, 2025, partially offset by a decrease of R$48.5 million in interest in borrowings.
Changes in our finance costs across our reporting segments were as follows:
i. finance costs in Brazil Ag Retail amounted to R$1,158.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$119.6 million, or 11.5%, from R$1,039.0 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by a R$157.0 million increase in interest with related parties and R$53.0 million in interest in FIDC financing, partially offset by a reduction of R$98.1 million in interest in loans;
ii. finance costs in Latam Ag Retail amounted to R$36.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$11.1 million, or 44.2%, from R$25.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, which was primarily due to a R$6.3 million increase in interest on loans and borrowings; and
iii. finance costs in Crop Care amounted to R$81.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$21.5 million, or 35.6%, from R$60.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, reflecting a R$29.1 million increase in interest on loans and borrowings, partially offset by the increase of R$2.2 million in interest in FIDC financing.
Non-allocated corporate finance costs for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, amounted to R$11.4 million, an increase of R$3.5 million, or 44.3%, from R$7.9 million loss for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily reflecting higher interest in loans.
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Other financial costs for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, were R$102.4 million, an increase of R$1.0 million, or 1.0%, from R$101.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.
Other financial costs across our reporting segments were as follows:
i. in Brazil Ag Retail, other financial costs amounted to R$116.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of R$1.2 million, or 1.0%, from R$115.0 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.
ii. in Latam Ag Retail, other financial costs amounted to R$0.8 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of R$1.3 million, or 61.9%, from R$2.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to R$3.2 million gain from changes in fair value on commodity forward contracts, partially offset by R$1.8 million loss from foreign exchange differences on trade receivables and trade payables, net
iii. in Crop Care, other financial costs amounted to R$7.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$3.0 million, or 65.2%, from R$4.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to (i) R$18.3 million loss from changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments, partially offset by R$15.4 million gain from foreign exchange differences on trade receivables and trade payables, net.
Non-allocated corporate other financial income for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, amounted to R$22.2 million income, an increase of R$1.9 million, or 9.4%, from R$20.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, and was primarily attributable to a R$14.0 million gain on changes in the fair value of warrants.
Current Income Taxes
We recorded a current income taxes expense for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, of R$45.9 million, a variation of R$60.6 million, from a credit of R$14.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This variation was primarily attributable to lower tax benefit related to ICMS tax incentives recognized in the current year, which increased current income taxes payable. The impact was primarily driven by a lower tax benefit related to ICMS tax incentives recognized in the current year and due to some subsidiaries that generated taxable profits during the fiscal year which increased the current income taxes payables. For more information, see Notes 10 and 24 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Changes in our current income taxes across our reporting segments were as follows:
i. in Brazil Ag Retail, current income taxes amounted a loss of R$20.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of R$67.3 million, from a gain of R$47.0 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, due to the reduction in the tax benefit arising from the deduction of the ICMS tax incentives;
ii. in Latam Ag Retail, current income taxes loss amounted to R$13.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$1.7 million, from R$11.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024; and
iii. in Crop Care, current income taxes loss amounted to R$12.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of R$8.4 million, or 40.6%, compared to R$20.7 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This decrease is primarily driven by the increase of R$80.8 million in loss (profit) before income taxes.
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Deferred Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes expense for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, was R$284.2 million, a variation of R$295.1 million, from a credit of R$10.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This variation was primarily attributable to the recognition of a valuation allowance for against deferred income tax assets in our Brazil Ag Retail segment, of R$205.7 million, as our updated business plan and projections did not provide sufficient evidence of probable recoverability of these assets in the near term.Changes in our deferred income taxes across our reporting segments were as follows:
i. in Brazil Ag Retail, deferred income taxes expense was R$283.5 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$275.5 million, from expense of R$8.0 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This increase was primarily due to the recognition of a R$205.7 million valuation allowance against deferred income tax assets, as our updated business plan and projections no longer indicate sufficient future taxable profits in the near term to support their recoverability;
ii. in Latam Ag Retail, deferred income taxes gain was R$0.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, compared to a gain of R$3.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024; and
iii. in Crop Care, deferred income taxes gain was R$21.4 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$16.5 million, from R$4.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily to the recognition of deferred tax assets at Union Agro, mainly related to tax loss carryforwards under the Lucro Real regime.
Loss (Profit) for the Year
As a result of the foregoing, we recorded a loss for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 of R$2,883.9 million, an increase of R$2,098.9 million, from R$785.0 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. Segment results are presented before intersegment eliminations related to sales between Brazil Ag Retail and Crop Care, as described in Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report:
i. Brazil Ag Retail recorded a loss of R$2,709.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, an increase of R$2,108.4 million, from R$600.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. This result was primarily driven by (i) a R$1,552.5 million reduction in operating profit; and (ii) a R$342.9 million increase in income taxes expense;
ii. Latam Ag Retail recorded a profit of R$10.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of R$0.6 million, from R$10.9 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily reflecting a R$4.9 million increase in income tax expense; and
iii. Crop Care recorded a loss of R$42.3 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 a variation of R$55.9 million, from a profit of R$13.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily reflecting a R$85.2 million decrease in operating profit.
Non-allocated corporate expenses accounted for a R$155.4 million loss in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, a decrease of R$28.7 million from R$184.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to a R$42.0 million increase in operating profit.
Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2024 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023
For a discussion of our results of operations for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Historical Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss—Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2024, Compared to Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023” of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended June 20, 2024.
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Non-IFRS Financial Measures and Reconciliations
The financial information and other data contained in this subsection is presented to aid the reader to evaluate our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. This annual report presents our Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin, Net Debt and Net Debt Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, and their reconciliations for the convenience of investors, which are non-IFRS financial measures. A non-IFRS financial measure is generally defined as a numerical measure of historical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flow that purports to measure financial performance but excludes or includes amounts that would not be so adjusted in the most comparable IFRS measure. For further information on why our management chooses to use these non-IFRS financial measures, and on the limits of using these non-IFRS financial measures, please see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures.”
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as loss for the year, adjusted for finance income (costs), income taxes current and deferred, depreciation and amortization. We also adjust this measure for certain revenues or expenses that are excluded when management evaluates the performance of our day-to-day operations, namely (i) share of profit of an associate; (ii) impairment losses; (iii) fair value on inventory sold from acquired companies; (iv) M&A expenses that in management’s judgment do not necessarily occur on a regular basis, (v) listing expenses refers to any excess of fair value of our Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of TPB SPAC identifiable net assets acquired, which represents compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for our shares and is expensed as incurred, (vi) share-based compensation expenses, (vii) one-off bonuses paid out to our employees recognized across multiple quarters during the fiscal years, (viii) monitoring expenses, related to expenses paid to Patria in relation to management consultancy services in connection with acquisition transactions; (ix) restructuring expenses related to store closures and other footprint rationalization initiatives carried out under Lavoro’s restructuring plan; and (x) EJ plan expenses, related to professional fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the Company’s extrajudicial restructuring process in Brazil. Adjusted EBITDA Margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by our revenue for the year. For further information on Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin, see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin.”
(+) Depreciation and amortization
29.4
160.2
179.0
140.6
(+) Income taxes current and deferred
60.5
330.1
(25.6)
(172.3)
(+) Finance income (costs), net
190.7
1,040.5
822.5
617.8
(+) Share of profit of an associate
(0.2)
(1.3)
(1.5)
-
(+) Impairment losses
155.4
848.2
(+) Fair value on inventory sold from acquired companies(2)
26.9
(+) M&A expenses(3)
0.3
1.4
21.7
(+) Listing expenses(4)
319.6
(+) Share-based compensation expenses(5)
1.9
10.6
15.6
14.5
(+) One-off bonuses(6)
0.9
5.1
18.0
29.7
(+) Monitoring expenses(7)
7.5
17.5
18.7
(+) Restructuring expenses (8)
0.4
2.3
(+) EJ Plan expenses (9)
1.2
6.5
Adjusted EBITDA
(86.7)
(472.9)
(/) Revenue
Adjusted EBITDA Margin
86
(2) Fair value adjustment on inventory sold from acquired companies
(3) M&A expenses primarily include M&A team compensation expenses and accounting and tax due diligence expenses.
(4) Refers to any excess of fair value of our Ordinary Shares issued over the fair value of TPB SPAC identifiable net assets acquired, which represents compensation for the service of a stock exchange listing for our shares and is expensed as incurred. For more information, see note 32 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
(5) Refers to share-based payment recognized for employee services received during the year. For more information, see note 28 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
(6) Refers to a deferred, one-off expense related to employee bonuses, recognized across multiple quarters in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, and 2024.
(7) Refers to expenses paid to Patria in relation to management support services for acquisition transactions. For more information, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Certain Related Party Transactions.”
(8) Refers to operating expenses related to store closures and other footprint rationalization initiatives carried out under Lavoro’s restructuring plan.
(9) Refers to professional fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the Company’s extrajudicial restructuring process in Brazil.
Net Debt is calculated as borrowings (current and non-current) plus Agribusiness Receivables Certificates (current and non-current), obligations to FIAGRO quota holders (current) and payables for the acquisition of subsidiaries (current and non-current), less cash equivalents. Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, also a non-IFRS financial measure, is calculated as Net Debt divided by Adjusted EBITDA. For further information on Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures—Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio.”
Borrowings (current and non-current)
186.8
1,019.3
1,225.6
965.5
Agribusiness Receivables Certificates (current and non-current) (2)
75.2
410.5
405.6
Obligations to FIAGRO quota holders (current) (2)
92.0
501.9
205.1
150.0
Payables for the acquisition of subsidiaries (current and non-current)
27.1
148.0
206.2
275.2
(-) Cash equivalents
(87.9)
(479.8)
(911.3)
(564.3)
Net Debt
(83.3)
(454.8)
Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio
-3.5x
(2) For more information on our obligations to FIAGRO quota holders and Agribusiness Receivables Certificates (current and non-current), see note 19 to our audited consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere in this annual report.
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Material Weakness in Internal Controls and Remediation
As mentioned elsewhere in this annual report, prior to the Business Combination, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources to address our internal control over financial reporting and procedures.
Our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2025. Using the criteria described in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or “COSO.” Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of June 30, 2025 because of the material weaknesses described below. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement in our annual financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Management identified the following material weaknesses as of June 30, 2025:
IT General Controls: Management identified a material weakness relating to the identification, design, and execution of relevant controls to prevent and detect deficiencies in information technology or “IT” that also affected the effectiveness of automated and IT-dependent controls, including lack of controls in place to monitor and oversee the completion of controls performed by a third-party. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, we made progress, particularly within the SAP S/4 Hana environment. However, these enhancements have not yet been in place long enough to remediate this material weakness.
Entity and Process level controls: Management also identified a material weakness in the ineffective design, implementation and operation of internal controls applicable across both entity and transaction levels including the timely reconciliation of significant accounts and identification of necessary adjustments.
Financial Statement Close Process: Further, management identified a material weakness relating to the design, implementation and execution of controls in the financial statement close process, including the lack of review of accounting implications arising from complex transactions as well as from the consolidation process.
As a result of the above material weaknesses, both individually and in the aggregate, management concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective as of June 30, 2025. However, the material weaknesses mentioned above did not result in a material misstatement in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2025.
We have identified and begun to implement several steps to remediate the material weaknesses described above and to enhance our overall control environment. Our remediation process will include:
We plan to implement appropriate IT corrective measures and reassess our internal control framework regarding the SAP S/4 Hana ERP to reduce the risk of potential inaccuracies in our consolidated financial statements, which will involve the hiring of external parties.
We are working on the implementation of the centralized ERP SAP S/4 Hana and will enhance our use of IT systems to reduce the efforts of documentation and retention of evidence for proper execution.
We will review our internal control matrices with the aim of improving their quality and effectiveness, in order to ensure compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (and the associated regulations issued by the SEC) and the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We will plan for timely remediation of control deficiencies for the control environment to be effective for a sufficient year of time during the next fiscal year and the implementation of monitoring controls such as self-assessments and action plans to remediate deficiencies.
To this end, we plan to implement suitable corrective measures and reassess our internal controls framework to reduce the risk of potential inaccuracies in the areas of IT, revenue, and inventory. We will consider the material weakness remediated once the applicable controls have operated for a sufficient year and management is able to conclude, through testing, that the controls are operating effectively. For additional information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We and our independent registered public accounting firm have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and, if we fail to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.
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B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, we had R$479.8 million and R$911.3 million in cash equivalents, respectively. We believe that our current available cash equivalents and the cash flows from our operating activities will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements and capital expenditures in the ordinary course of business for the next 12 months.
Because of the likelihood that our Warrants will expire worthless or may be exercised on a “cashless” basis, we do not intend to rely on the receipt of proceeds from the exercise of Warrants to fund our liquidity and capital resource requirements. See “—Proceeds from Warrants” below.
In addition, in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, we obtained a tax benefit that permits us to deduct an ICMS benefit from our income taxes calculation. For more information, see notes 10 and 23 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. In accordance with Article 30 of Law No. 12,973/2014, the amount of ICMS benefits must be allocated to the fiscal incentive reserve category when there is sufficient profit in each subsidiary. Additionally, under the same law, these tax benefits must be included in the calculation base for corporate income taxes and the related social contribution on net profits when dividends are distributed or capital is refunded to the shareholders of the subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2025, the amount of fiscal incentive reserve in the subsidiaries was R$430.2 million and the balance of the fiscal benefit not yet allocated due to insufficient profits for this allocation stands at R$926.9 million. We have no intention to make our subsidiaries to distribute the incentive amounts to the parent. In the event of dividend distribution taxation will apply, as per the provisions of tax laws.
Cash Flows
The following table shows the generation and use of cash for the years indicated:
(US$ millions(1))
(R$ millions)
Cash Flow Data
Net cash flows used in (from) operating activities
(168.1)
(917.4)
165.8
108.1
Net cash flows used in (from) investing activities
13.2
72.0
(318.3)
(220.7)
Net cash flows provided by financing activities
76.7
418.7
489.5
448.7
Cash equivalents are comprised of short-term highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less, that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. For more information, see note 5 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, our net cash flows used in operating activities were R$917.4 million, a variation of R$1,083.2 million, compared to net cash flows from operating activities of R$165.8 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. The main drivers were (i) an increase of R$1,743.3 million in loss before income taxes, and (ii) a variation of R$2,778.9 million in trade payables. These variation were partially offset by (iii) a variation of R$1,460.1 million in trade receivables, and (iv) an increase of R$444.9 million in inventories. For more information, see the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, our net cash flows from investing activities was R$72.0 million, a variation of R$390.3 million, compared to net cash flows used in investing activities of R$318.3 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to (i) a decrease of R$188.8 million in acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired and (ii) a decrease of R$86.6 million in additions to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, as well as (iii) a net increase of R$134.1 million related to restricted cash (proceeds from restricted cash of R$168.9 million partially offset by restricted cash deposits of R$34.8 million). For more information, see the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, our net cash provided by financing activities was R$418.7 million, a decrease of R$70.8 million, compared to R$489.5 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to (i) a decrease of R$1,691.1 million in proceeds from borrowings and (ii) the absence of R$404.6 million in proceeds from Agribusiness Receivables Certificates, net of transaction costs recorded in fiscal 2024, partially offset by (iii) a decrease of R$1,298.5 million in repayment of borrowings, (iv) an increase of R$589.0 million in proceeds from FIAGRO quota holders, net of transaction costs, and (v) proceeds from related parties of R$257.9 million. For more information, see the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
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For a discussion on our cash flows for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash Flows” of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024.
Indebtedness
As of June 30, 2025, we had R$1,019.3 million in borrowings (current and non-current) (compared to R$1,225.6 million as of June 30, 2024). As of June 30, 2025, we had R$501.9 million in obligations to FIAGRO quota holders (R$205.1 million as of June 30, 2024). In addition, as of June 30, 2025, we had R$410.5 million in Agribusiness Receivables Certificates (compared to R$405.6 million as of June 30, 2024). For more information on FIAGRO and Agribusiness Receivables Certificates, see note 18 to our audited consolidated financial statements.
The following is a description of our material indebtedness as of June 30, 2025:
On July 27, 2022, our subsidiary Agricultura y Servicios S.A.S issued a Tesorería note to a local bank in consideration of a term loan credit facility in the principal amount of COP$12.0 million, with interest accruing at a rate per annum equal to the IBR Rate plus 4.00% and maturing on July 27, 2027. This term loan credit facility is guaranteed by our subsidiary Lavoro Colombia S.A.S. As of June 30, 2025, COP$7.8 million (approximately R$10.0 thousand) was outstanding under this credit facility.
On March 11, 2023, our subsidiary Agrobiológica issued a CCB to a local bank in consideration of a term loan credit facility in the principal amount of R$19.3 million, with interest accruing at a rate per annum equal to the CDI Rate plus 4.35% and maturing on March 15, 2027. As of June 30, 2025, R$6.8 million was outstanding under this credit facility.
On October 28, 2024, Lavoro Limited issued a fixed credit note (Credito Fixo) to a local bank in consideration of a term loan credit facility in the principal amount of R$91.4 million, with interest accruing at a rate per annum equal to 23.58% and maturing on October 30, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, R$100.8 million was outstanding under this credit facility.
On June 30, 2025, our subsidiary Union Agro issued a fixed credit note (Credito Fixo) to a local bank in consideration of a term loan credit facility in the principal amount of R$38.0 million, with interest accruing at a rate per annum equal to the CDI Rate plus 3.41% and maturing on June 06, 2026. This term loan credit facility is guaranteed by our subsidiary Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. As of June 25, 2026, R$38.0 million was outstanding under this credit facility.
As of June 30, 2025, and as of the date of this annual report, we are in compliance with the covenants in our borrowing agreements, which do not contain financial covenants. For further information on our indebtedness, see note 18 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
FIAGRO (Agribusiness Credit Rights Investment Fund)
Fiagro I
On July 22, 2022, we entered into an agreement to transfer receivables to FIAGRO, a structured entity, as defined by IFRS 10, established under Brazilian law designed specifically for investing in agribusiness credit rights receivables. The acquisition of such receivables by the FIAGRO investment fund enables us to anticipate the receipt of funds from such receivables.
We hold all subordinated quotas issued by the FIAGRO, representing approximately 5% of the total outstanding quotas in an aggregate amount of R$8,100, while other parties hold all senior and mezzanine quotas, representing approximately 95% of the total outstanding quotas, which includes certain of Patria’s related parties that acquired the mezzanine quotas of FIAGRO in an aggregate amount of R$56,000. Under the terms of the FIAGRO, we are not liable in case there is a default on the credit rights acquired by the fund, but any such default may adversely affect our stake in FIAGRO quotas.
Our agreement to assign certain credit rights to FIAGRO will expire when all assigned receivables have been liquidated. The bylaws of the FIAGRO were established by us at their inception and grant us significant decision-making authority over these entities, such as the right to determine which credits rights are eligible to be acquired by the FIAGRO. In addition, senior and mezzanine quota holders receive interest at a benchmark rate of return ranging from the CDI rate +2.45% per year up to the CDI rate +8.0% per year. Residual returns from the FIAGRO fund, if any, are paid on the subordinated quotas, which do not bear interest and are not otherwise entitled to any pre-established rate of return. Senior and mezzanine quotas amortize annually over a three-year period after an initial 24-month grace period, whereas subordinated quotas amortize at the end of the fifth annual period.
Fiagro II
On August 2, 2024, we entered into an agreement to transfer receivables in the aggregate amount of R$315 million to Lavoro Agro Fundo de Investimentos nas Cadeias Produtivas Agroindustriais (Fiagro II), an investment fund legal structure established under Brazilian law designed specifically for investing in agribusiness credit rights receivables. The proceeds from this issuance will be used to support our ongoing working capital needs and other general corporate purposes. This represents our second facility, following the inaugural R$167 million (Fiagro I) established in 2022.
We hold all subordinated quotas issued by FIAGRO II, representing approximately 19.63% of the total outstanding quotas, in an aggregate amount of R$61.6 million, while other parties hold all senior quotas, representing approximately 80.37% of the total outstanding quotas.
90
The FIAGRO II fund was structured with 80.37% senior quotas bearing interest at a benchmark rate of return ranging from the CDI rate + 3.5% per year. The remaining percentage is paid on the subordinated quotas, which generate a benchmark return rate of CDI + 100% per year. The senior quotas are amortized semiannually over a three-year period, while the subordinated quotas are amortized at the maturity of the agreement.
In accordance with IFRS 10, we concluded we control FIAGRO I and FIAGRO II and, therefore, they are consolidated in our financial statements. The senior and mezzanine quotas are accounted for as a financial liability under “Obligations to quota holders” and the remuneration paid to senior and mezzanine quota holders is recorded as interest expense.
Other quota holders
During the current period, we entered into other agreements to transfer receivables in the aggregate amount of R$425 million to investment funds established under Brazilian law, in which we do not hold any interest in quotas. Under these agreements, we have not transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of these assets and, therefore, in accordance with IFRS 9, we continue to recognize the receivables and recognize the related liability under “Obligations to quota holders”.
For further information, see note 19 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Agribusiness Receivables Certificates
On December 22, 2023, our subsidiary Lavoro Agro Holdings S.A. entered into a secured credit facility for the issuance of CRAs, a type of fixed-income security specific to Brazil’s agribusiness sector, governed by Brazilian securities laws. This credit facility consists of two series maturing on December 22, 2027. The first series, totaling R$69.0 million, bears interest at CDI rate plus 3.0% per annum. As of June 30, 2025, R$68.3 million was outstanding under this series. The second series, totaling R$351.9 million, carries a fixed interest rate of 14.2% per annum, with R$353.2 million outstanding as of June 30, 2025.
The issuance of both series was structured in collaboration with EcoAgro Group, a firm that specializes in structuring CRAs. UBS BB acted as the lead coordinator for this transaction, with Alfa and XP Investimentos serving as additional coordinators in the syndicate. For further details, see note 20 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Proceeds from Warrants
We will not receive any of the proceeds from sales of Warrants, except with respect to amounts we may receive upon the exercise of the Warrants. Whether warrantholders will exercise their Warrants, and therefore the amount of cash proceeds we would receive upon exercise, is dependent upon the trading price of the Ordinary Shares, the reported sales price for which was US$2.20 per share on June 30, 2025. Each Warrant is exercisable for one Ordinary Share at an exercise price of US$11.50. Therefore, if and when the trading price of the Ordinary Shares is less than US$11.50, we expect that warrantholders would not exercise their Warrants.
We could receive up to an aggregate of approximately US$115,961,469 if all of the Warrants are exercised for cash, but we would only receive such proceeds if and when the warrantholders exercise the Warrants which, based on the current trading price of our Ordinary Shares, is unlikely unless there is a relevant increase in trading price. The Warrants may not be or remain in the money during the period they are exercisable and prior to their expiration and, therefore, it is possible that the Warrants may not be exercised prior to their maturity on February 28, 2028, even if they are in the money, and as such, may expire worthless with minimal proceeds received by us, if any, from the exercise of Warrants. To the extent that any of the Warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” we will not receive any proceeds upon such exercise. As a result, we do not expect to rely on the cash exercise of Warrants to fund our operations. Instead, we intend to rely on other sources of cash discussed elsewhere in this annual report to continue to fund our operations.
Forward Purchase Agreements
On February 21, 2023, TPB SPAC entered into separate Forward Purchase Agreements with certain FPA Investors, pursuant to which TPB SPAC (or Second Merger Sub, as successor-in-interest to TPB SPAC following the Closing) agreed to purchase in the aggregate, on the Maturity Date, up to 2,830,750 Ordinary Shares then held by the FPA Investors (subject to certain conditions and purchase limits set forth in the Forward Purchase Agreements). Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreements, each FPA Investor further agreed not to redeem, in connection with the Extraordinary General Meeting, of any of the SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares owned by it at such time, provided that FPA Investors had the right to sell such Ordinary Shares to us on the Maturity Date at a per share price equal to (i) the total amount of the Escrowed Property in the Escrow Account (in each case, as defined in “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transactions Related to the Business Combination—Forward Purchase Agreements”), divided by (ii) the total number of Ordinary Shares held by the FPA Investors as of the Maturity Date.
On or around February 28, 2025, which was the Maturity Date under the FPAs, the FPA Investors continued to hold all of the 2,830,750 Ordinary Shares subject to the agreements and had not disposed of any such shares. In accordance with the terms of the FPAs, the FPA Investors elected to resell all of their Ordinary Shares to us. The aggregate purchase price paid to the FPA Investors for these shares was US$31.0 million, which was funded from the Escrowed Property in accordance with the FPAs. This election significantly reduced the amount of cash arising from the Business Combination that would otherwise have been available to fund our liquidity and capital resource requirements and is expected to adversely affect our ability to fund our growth plan as originally contemplated when entering into the Forward Purchase Agreements.
For more information, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transactions Related to the Business Combination—Forward Purchase Agreements.”
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Capital Expenditures
In the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, our principal capital expenditures consisted of additions to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, which amounted to R$27.8 million, R$114.4 million and R$65.4 million in such fiscal years, respectively. In these fiscal years, our capital expenditures were primarily used to acquire vehicles, machines and equipment, to improve facilities to support the growth of our operations and to improve efficiency and quality.
In addition, through June 30, 2025, we had invested approximately R$74.0 million in Agrobiológica to support the development of its research and development and production site in Itapolis, state of São Paulo.
Such capital expenditures are financed through cash generated from our operations and, as applicable, long-term indebtedness. To the extent the proceeds of the Business Combination and cash from our business activities are insufficient to fund future capital requirements, including potential future acquisitions, we may need to seek equity or debt financing in the future. We will continue to make capital expenditures to support the expected growth of our business.
Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
The following is a summary of our contractual obligations as of June 30, 2025:
As of June 30, 2025
Up to 1 year
From 1 to 5 years
(in R$ millions)
Lease liabilities
92.8
72.9
165.7
Borrowings
1,149.3
22.8
1,172.2
Obligations to FIAGRO quota holders
577.2
472.1
Payables for the acquisition of subsidiaries
148.4
154.9
Warrant liabilities
2.0
2,441.7
102.3
2,544.0
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We provide guarantees to our input suppliers in consideration for installment purchases of agricultural inputs. These guarantees are represented by short-term bank guarantees and the endorsement of rural producer notes (cédula do produtor rural), or CPRs, obtained from customers in the sales process. The amount of these guarantees was R$499.5 million and R$1,082.2 million as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Other than as set forth above, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2025.
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.
We rely on a combination of trademark, domain names and trade secret laws, as well as employee and third- party non-disclosure, confidentiality and other types of contractual arrangements to establish, maintain and enforce our intellectual property rights, including with respect to our proprietary rights related to our products and services. In addition, we license technology from third parties.
As of June 30, 2025, we owned one Brazil-issued patent related to bacterial growth medium, a number of trademarks including “Lavoro,” “Qualicitrus,” “América,” “Agrovenci,” and other valuable trademarks and designs covering various brands, products and services, including “Perterra.” We also own a number of domain names registered in Brazil, including lavoroagro.com, grupopitangueiras.com.br, impactoinsumos.com.br, and agrobiologica.com.br and abroad such as grupogral.co.
As of the date of this annual report, our application to register the trademark “Lavoro” in the United States is pending approval by the relevant authority.
D. Trend Information
Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any other trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial conditions.
E. Critical Accounting Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in conformity with IFRS. In preparing our financial statements, we make assumptions, judgments and estimates that can have a significant impact on amounts reported in our financial statements. We base our assumptions, judgments and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We regularly reevaluate our assumptions, judgments and estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described in note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
For information about recent accounting pronouncements that will apply to us in the near future, see note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
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A. Directors and Senior Management
We are managed by our board of directors and by our senior management, pursuant to our governing documents, the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands.
Board of Directors
Our board of directors is comprised of five members. Each director holds office for the term, if any, fixed by the shareholder resolution that appointed him or her, or, if no term is fixed on the appointment of the director, until the earlier of his or her removal from or vacating office as a director in accordance with our governing documents. Our board of directors is divided into three classes, with only one class of directors being appointed in each year, and with each class (except for those directors appointed prior to its first annual general meeting) serving a three-year term. Our directors do not have a retirement age requirement under our governing documents.
The following table sets forth certain information, as of the date of this annual report, concerning our directors. Unless otherwise indicated, the business address for our directors is Av. Dr. Cardoso de Melo, 1450, 4th floor, office 401, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 04548-005.
Name
Date of Birth
Position(s)
Marcos de Mello Mattos Haaland
June 3, 1965
Chairman
Ricardo Leonel Scavazza
December 26, 1977
Director
Daniel Fisberg
June 20, 1984
Michael Stern
March 19, 1961
Independent Director(1)
Eduardo Daher
December 26, 1949
(1) Member of the Audit Committee.
Marcos de Mello Mattos Haaland is the chairman of our board of directors. Mr. Haaland was appointed as the Operating Partner at Patria starting February 2023. Prior to that, Mr. Haaland was a Managing Director for Alvarez & Marsal Brasil Participações Ltda for over 10 years from May 2012 to January 2023, most recently leading the Agribusiness business unit. He was also a board member and chairman at certain periods at Affinity Petcare, trademark of Mogiana Alimentos S.A. from July 2013 to August 2021 and board member and chairman at certain periods for Guabi Nutrição e Saúde Animal S.A. from May 2010 to December 2019. From April 2006 to July 2011, Mr. Haaland was General Manager at Nutriplant Industria e Comercio S.A., a specialty fertilizer company, leading its IPO in 2008. He was also General Manager at Mogiana Alimentos S.A., a feed and pet food company, from February 1995 to April 2003. He was also a consultant with Booz, Allen & Hamilton from March 1990 to February 1995. Mr. Haaland holds a bachelors’ degree in mechanical engineering from Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil, a MSc from University of Illinois, USA and a MBA from INSEAD, France. He is a certified board member from the Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance. We believe Mr. Haaland is well qualified to serve as director due to his extensive business management experience.
Ricardo Leonel Scavazza is a member of our board of directors. Mr. Scavazza is a Managing Partner of Patria and is the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investments Officer of Latin American Private Equity since December 2020. Mr. Scavazza is responsible for all Latin America Private Equity strategy at Patria. Mr. Scavazza joined Patrimônio in 1999, became a Partner in 2005, and has worked on several new investments and acquisitions for the portfolio companies of Private Equity Funds I, II, III, IV and V. Mr. Scavazza held operating roles in several investments, including a tenure as Chief Executive Officer at Anhanguera between 2009 and 2013. He was Chief Financial Officer at DASA in 2001 and at Anhanguera Educacional from 2003 to 2006. Mr. Scavazza holds a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration and Management from Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) and the University of Texas at Austin. Mr. Scavazza also holds a Master’s in Business Administration and Management from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. We believe Mr. Scavazza is well qualified to serve as director due to his extensive private equity and investment experience.
Daniel Fisberg is a member of our board of directors. Mr. Fisberg is a Private Equity Partner at Patria Investments. Prior to joining Patria, Mr. Fisberg was the head of M&A and corporate development for South America at the Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, a Fortune 50 agribusiness powerhouse. From 2012 to 2014, Mr. Fisberg served as head of M&A for Cielo S.A., a leading financial services company in Brazil. Mr. Fisberg also acted as a management consultant for over five years for Roland Berger, a strategy-consulting firm, with projects in Europe and in South America. Mr. Fisberg holds a bachelor’s degree in business from Universidade de São Paulo and an MBA from London Business School. Mr. Fisberg also spent a semester at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, focusing on venture capital and private equity investments. We believe Mr. Fisberg is well qualified to serve as director due to his extensive agribusiness and investment experience.
Michael Stern is a member of our board of directors. Dr. Stern was Head of Digital Farming for Bayer Crop Sciences (Bayer) from August 2018 to April 2021 and a member of the Crop Sciences Executive Team from August 2018 to March 2021. Before joining Bayer, Dr. Stern had a 30-year career at Monsanto Company from December 1988 to June 2018, where he was the CEO of the Climate Corporation, and a member of Monsanto’s executive team. In addition, Dr. Stern served in a variety of leadership roles at Monsanto, including leading their Row Crop Business across the Americas, Vice President of U.S. Seeds and Traits, President of American Seeds, CEO of Renessen LLC, a biotechnology joint venture with Cargill, and Director of Technology for Agricultural Productivity. Dr. Stern also serves on the board of directors of Aquabounty Technologies Inc (AQB). Dr. Stern received a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Princeton University, a Masters in Chemistry from the University of Michigan and a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry from Denison University. We believe Dr. Stern is well qualified to serve as director due to his extensive agribusiness and investment experience.
Eduardo Daher is a member of our board of directors. Mr. Daher has been an Executive Director at Associação Brasileira do Agronegócio (ABAG) since February 2020. From April 2010 to April 2016, Mr. Daher took over as Executive Director of the Brazilian Crop Protection National Association (Andef). Mr. Daher was a founding member of the Brazilian Association of Rural Marketing and Agribusiness. Mr. Daher also held a seat on the Superior Council for Agribusiness (Cosag) of the Federation of Industries of the State of São Paulo (Fiesp) and advisor to Fiesp at the Foundation for the Development of Agribusiness Research (Fundepag). From October 2003 to April 2010, Mr. Daher was an Executive Officer of the Brazilian National Fertilizer Association (ANDA). Mr. Daher holds a bachelors’ degree in economics and business administration and management from Universidade de São Paulo and Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), respectively, and a master’s degree in marketing from Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV). We believe Mr. Daher is well qualified to serve as director due to his extensive agribusiness experience.
Executive Officers
Our executive officers are responsible for the management and representation of our company.
The following table sets forth certain information, as of the date of this annual report, concerning our executive officers. Unless otherwise indicated, the business address for our executive officers is Av. Dr. Cardoso de Melo, 1450, 4th floor, office 401, São Paulo, SP, 04548-005.
Position
Marcelo Pessanha
November 27, 1984
Chief Executive Officer
Julian Garrido Del Val Neto
July 22, 1967
Chief Financial Officer
Gustavo Modenesi
November 15, 1984
Head of Crop Care Business Unit
Gustavo Ocampo Duran
July 1, 1960
Latin America General Manager
Marcelo Pessanha is our Chief Executive Officer, a position he has held since November 2025. Prior to that, he was our Sales and Marketing Vice-President of Lavoro, a position he held from July 2024 to November 2025. Mr. Pessanha joined Lavoro in November 2019, having served as Crop Care’s business officer until April 2022 and as Crop Care’s Chief Executive Officer from April 2022 to July 2024. Prior to joining us, from June 2010 to November 2019, Mr. Pessanha served in various capacities at UPL Brasil, an agricultural solutions and agriculture technology company, including serving as Head of Business Unit F&V, Citrus and Coffee from April 2019 to November 2019 and Head of Business Unit Centro from April 2018 to November 2019, among other positions held at the company. Mr. Pessanha holds a degree in agronomy engineering and agriculture from Faculdade Dr. Francisco Maeda – FAFRAM (2007), an MBA from Fundação Dom Cabral (2017) and an MBA in marketing from Fundação Getulio Vargas (2012).
Julian Garrido Del Val Neto is our Chief Financial Officer, a position he has held since May 2023. Mr. Garrido has over 30 years of executive leadership experience in multinational and publicly traded companies. He most recently served as Chief Financial Officer and Head of Investor Relations at Alpargatas S.A., a large manufacturing company (from August 2018 until April 2023) and has held CFO and senior roles at SKY Brasil (from December 2014 until August 2018), at General Electric Healthcare Latin America (from March 2011 until December 2014), and at Andritz Hydro Inepar (from January 2009 until January 2011). Mr. Garrido holds a Business Administration degree from Fundação Getulio Vargas and completed Management and Leadership programs from Harvard University and the GE Management Development Institute – Crotonville.
Gustavo Modenesi is our Head of Crop Care Business Unit since July 2024. Mr. Modenesi has been working in Lavoro since its inception, having served as Chief Transformation Officer from June 2019 to January 2022 and Lavoro’s Chief Strategy Officer from February 2022 to July 2024. Prior to joining us, from 2015 to 2017, Mr. Modenesi worked at Patria, one of the leading firms in alternative asset management in Latin America, leading the transformation programs at Patria’s portfolio companies, as well as developing a new investment thesis for the agricultural sector. From 2007 to 2015, Mr. Modenesi worked at The Boston Consulting Group Company, a leading management consulting firm, with his latest role being the project manager. Mr. Modenesi holds an industrial engineering degree from Universidade de São Paulo and an MBA with distinctions from the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan.
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Gustavo Ocampo Duran is our Latin America General Manager, a position he has held since August 2017. Prior to joining us, from 2005 to 2017, Mr. Ocampo was chief executive officer of Agrointegral Andina S.A.S., an agricultural inputs retailing company, which belonged to Grupo Gral (acquired by Lavoro in 2017). From 2000 to 2005, Mr. Ocampo served as marketing manager of Syngenta, an agricultural science and technology company. Previously, from 1983 to 1990, Mr. Ocampo was the commercial manager of Procampo S.A., an agribusiness company. Mr. Ocampo holds an agricultural engineering degree from Universidad de Caldas and a business management postgraduate degree from Universidad de Los Andes.
Family Relationships
There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.
Share Ownership
The shares and any outstanding beneficially owned by our directors and officers and/or entities affiliated with these individuals are disclosed in “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—A. Major Shareholders.”
B. Compensation
Compensation of Directors and Officers
Under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to disclose compensation paid to our senior management on an individual basis and we have not otherwise publicly disclosed this information elsewhere. Our executive officers, directors and management receive fixed and variable compensation. They also receive benefits in line with market practice in Brazil. The fixed component of their compensation is set on market terms and adjusted annually. The variable component consists of cash bonuses. Cash bonuses are paid to executive officers and members of our management based on previously agreed targets for the business.
For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate compensation expense for our directors and executive officers and to the directors and executive officers of our subsidiaries for services in all capacities was R$18.7 million, R$51.1 million and R$55.0 million, respectively, which includes both benefits paid in kind and compensation. See note 27(c) to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Employment Agreements
We have entered into employment agreements with our executive officers. The employment agreements provide for the compensation that our executive officers are entitled to receive, including certain equity grants, and contain termination notice periods of 30 days. We will have title to the intellectual property rights developed in connection with the executive officer’s employment, if any. There is a standard up to 12 month non-compete period following the end of employment in our agreement for all executive officers, to be triggered at the sole discretion of the company.
Share-Based Compensation
Lavoro Share Plan
On August 17, 2022, Lavoro approved the Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. Long-Term Incentive Policy (Política de Incentivo de Longo Prazo da Lavoro Agro Holding S.A.) (the “Lavoro Share Plan”). Under the Lavoro Share Plan, individuals selected by the Lavoro board of directors (“Selected Employees”) are eligible to receive incentive compensation consisting of cash, assets or share options issued by Lavoro Agro Limited, in an amount linked to the appreciation in the company share price at the time of the liquidity event, upon the satisfaction of certain conditions (as described below). At the Company’s sole discretion, and subject to obtaining any required corporate approvals, the Company may also make payments of incentive compensation under the Lavoro Share Plan in Lavoro Agro Limited’s shares. Share options granted under the Lavoro Share Plan will vest in the event the following market conditions are met (the “Market Conditions”): (i) the occurrence of a liquidity event satisfying a minimum internal rate of return specified in the Lavoro Share Plan; and (ii) the price per share obtained under such liquidity event must be greater than or equal to one of the following amounts: (a) a pre-established reference price multiplied by three; or (b) an amount calculated in accordance with a pre-established formula, in each case specified under the Lavoro Share Plan. Moreover, upon the satisfaction of the Market Conditions, such share options will vest according to the following schedule (the “Service Conditions”): (i) one-third of the options vest on the third anniversary of the grant date; (ii) one-third of the options vest on the fourth anniversary of the grant date; and (iii) one-third of the options vest on the fifth anniversary of the grant date. The Lavoro Share Plan has a term of five years; if the Market Conditions have not been satisfied within this period, all options granted under the Lavoro Share Plan will be extinguished, with no further payment or incentive obligation remaining due by Lavoro. As of the date of this annual report, no share options granted as incentive compensation have vested and no other incentive compensation payments have been made, in each case under the Lavoro Share Plan, as the Market Conditions for vesting have not been satisfied.
On the Closing Date, our board of directors adopted, and our shareholders approved, the assumption of the Lavoro Share Plan. As a result, we reserved for issuance the number of Lavoro Limited Ordinary Shares equal to the number of Lavoro Share Plan Shares under the Lavoro Share Plan, as adjusted in accordance with the Business Combination Agreement. For more information, see note 28 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
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Lavoro Equity Plan
On August 16, 2023 and September 27, 2023, our board of directors approved and adopted the Lavoro Limited Restricted Stock Unit Plan, or the Lavoro Equity Plan, which provides for the grant of restricted stock units, or RSUs, to participants identified by our board. The total number of Ordinary Shares that may be delivered to participants within the scope of the Lavoro Equity Plan considering all RSUs granted shall not exceed five percent (5%) of the total number of Ordinary Shares that were outstanding as of the date of the Lavoro Equity Plan’s approval. Subject to the terms of the Lavoro Equity Plan and to individual grants, RSUs are subject to a five-year vesting period, in which one-third of RSUs granted will vest on each of the third, fourth and fifth anniversary of the date in which they were granted. Termination of a participant from their employment with the company will lead to the forfeiture of any unvested RSUs. As of the date of this annual report, 82,289 RSUs became vested since July 1, 2025 and each RSU entitles the holder to one Ordinary Share after the vesting period. For more information, see note 28 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
C. Board Practices
Foreign Private Issuer Status
We are subject to Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. As a foreign private issuer, however, the standards applicable to us are considerably different from the standards that apply to U.S. listed companies. Under Nasdaq rules, as a foreign private issuer, we may follow the “home country” practice of the Cayman Islands, except that we are required (a) to have an audit committee or audit board that meets certain requirements, pursuant to an exemption available to foreign private issuers (subject to the phase-in rules described under “—Committees of the Board of Directors—Audit Committee”); (b) to provide prompt certification by our chief executive officer of any material non-compliance with any corporate governance rules; and (c) to provide a brief description of the significant differences between our corporate governance practices and Nasdaq corporate governance practice required to be followed by U.S. listed companies.
Nasdaq listing rules include certain accommodations in the corporate governance requirements that allow foreign private issuers, such as us, to follow “home country” corporate governance practices in lieu of the otherwise applicable corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. The application of such exceptions requires that we disclose each Nasdaq corporate governance standard that we do not follow and describe the Cayman Islands corporate governance practices we do follow in lieu of the relevant Nasdaq corporate governance standard. We currently follow Cayman Islands corporate governance practices in lieu of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq in respect of the following:
the majority independent director requirement under Section 5605(b)(1) of the Nasdaq listing rules;
the requirement under Section 5605(d) of the Nasdaq listing rules that a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors governed by a compensation committee charter oversee executive compensation;
the requirement under Section 5605(e) of the Nasdaq listing rules that director nominees be selected or recommended for selection by either a majority of the independent directors or a nominations committee comprised solely of independent directors;
the requirement under Section 5635(d) of the Nasdaq listing rules that a listed issuer obtain shareholder approval prior to an issuance of securities in connection with: (i) the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company; (ii) equity-based compensation of officers, directors, employees or consultants; (iii) a change of control; and (iv) transactions other than public offerings. Pursuant to the laws of the Cayman Islands and our governing documents, we are not required to obtain any such approval;
the requirement under Section 5605(b)(2) of the Nasdaq listing rules that the independent directors have regularly scheduled meetings with only the independent directors present; and
the requirement under Sections 5250(b)(3) and 5250(d) of the Nasdaq listing rules, which require certain disclosures of third party director and nominee compensation and distribution of annual and interim reports, respectively. As allowed by the laws of the Cayman Islands, we are not required to disclose such compensation or distribute reports in the manner specified by such rule.
Cayman Islands law does not impose a requirement that the board consist of a majority of independent directors or that such independent directors meet regularly without other members present. Nor does Cayman Islands law impose specific requirements on the establishment of a compensation committee or nominating committee or nominating process.
See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Principal Differences between Cayman Islands and U.S. Corporate Law” for more information.
Committees of the Board of Directors
We currently have an audit committee and a compensation committee. The composition and responsibilities of our audit and compensation committees are described below. Members serve on each of these committees until their resignation or until as otherwise determined by our board of directors.
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Audit Committee
Our audit committee consists of Michael Stern and Eduardo Daher. Our board of directors has determined that each of Michael Stern, and Eduardo Daher meet the requirements for independence under the listing standards of Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations. Each member of our audit committee also meets the financial literacy and sophistication requirements of the listing standards of Nasdaq. We do not currently have a third member of our audit committee or an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act due to Lauren StClair’s term as a director expiring and her not seeking reelection at our annual general meeting. We are currently searching for a replacement audit committee member. Our audit committee must, among other things:
select a qualified firm to serve as the independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements;
help to ensure the independence and performance of the independent registered public accounting firm;
discuss the scope and results of the audit with the independent registered public accounting firm, and review, with management and the independent registered public accounting firm, our interim and year-end results of operation;
develop procedures for employees to submit concerns anonymously about questionable accounting or audit matters;
review our policies on risk assessment and risk management;
review related party transactions; and
approve or, as required, pre-approve, all audit and all permissible non-audit services, other than de minimis
non-audit services, to be performed by the independent registered public accounting firm.
Our audit committee operates under a written charter that satisfies the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing standards of Nasdaq.
Compensation Committee
Our board of directors established a compensation committee on September 28, 2023. Our compensation committee consists of Daniel Fisberg, Marcos de Mello Mattos Haaland and Michael Stern, with Daniel Fisberg serving as chairperson. Our compensation committee must, among other things:
oversee our executive compensation and benefit plans;
assist our board of directors in the management of the Lavoro Equity Plan and other equity-based incentive plans;
oversee the evaluation process for our executive officers; and
assist our board of directors with its executive officer succession plan.
Our compensation committee operates under a written charter adopted by our board of directors. As permitted by the listing requirements of Nasdaq, we have opted out of Section 5605(d) of the Nasdaq listing rules, which requires that a compensation committee consist entirely of independent directors.
Controlled Company Exception
As of the date of this annual report, the Lavoro Original Shareholders beneficially own approximately 86.3% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. As a result, we are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq corporate governance rules. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power in the election of directors is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements.
As a “controlled company,” we may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance standards, including the requirements (1) that a majority of our board of directors consist of independent directors; (2) that our board of directors have a compensation committee that is comprised entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and (3) that our board of directors have a nominating and corporate governance committee that is comprised entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities. For so long as we qualify as a controlled company, we may take advantage of these exemptions. Accordingly, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of these corporate governance requirements. In the event that we ceases to be a “controlled company” and our Ordinary Shares continue to be listed on Nasdaq, we will be required to comply with the corporate governance standards within the applicable transition periods.
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Limitation of Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors
The Companies Act does not limit the extent to which a company’s articles of association may provide for indemnification of directors and officers, except to the extent that it may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. In accordance with our governing documents, each of our directors and officers must be indemnified out of our assets against any liability incurred by that director or officer as a result of any act or failure to act in carrying out their functions, except for any such liability that the director or officer may incur by their own actual fraud or willful default. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling our company pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
D. Employees
As of June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we had 2,975, 3,767 and 3,778 employees, respectively. As of June 30, 2025, all our employees were based in our offices in Curitiba, State of Paraná and São Paulo, State of São Paulo, and our facilities in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Goiás, Tocantins, Rondônia, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Minas Gerais, as well as in Colombia and Ecuador, where we have business operations through the entities in our Latam Ag Retail segment.
The table below breaks down our full-time personnel by function as of June 30, 2025:
Function
Number of Employees
Management
217
Technology
0%
Sales and Marketing
912
Customer Support
General and Administrative
1,821
48%
Our employees in Brazil are affiliated with the unions of independent sales agents and of consulting, information, research and accounting firms for the geographic area in which they render services. We believe we have a constructive relationship with these unions, as we have never experienced strikes, work stoppages or disputes leading to any form of downtime.
E. Share Ownership
For information regarding the share ownership of our directors and executive officers, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—A. Major Shareholders.” For information as to stock options granted to our directors, executive officers and other employees, see “—B. Compensation.”
F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation
A. Major Shareholders
The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our Ordinary Shares as of the date of June 30, 2025:
each person known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of Ordinary Shares;
each of our directors and executive officers; and
all our directors and executive officers as a group.
Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC, which generally provide that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if that person possesses sole or shared voting or investment power over that security. A person is also deemed to be a beneficial owner of securities that person has a right to acquire within 60 days including, without limitation, through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. Such securities, however, are deemed to be outstanding only for the purpose of computing the percentage beneficial ownership of that person but are not deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage beneficial ownership of any other person. Under these rules, more than one person may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of the same securities. Pursuant to our governing documents, each Ordinary Share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters upon which the holders are entitled to vote.
The percentage of our Ordinary Shares beneficially owned is computed on the basis of 114,595,437 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2025, prior to the exercise of any Warrants. This amount includes 3,006,049 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025 that constitute Vesting Founder Shares. Vesting Founder Shares are subject to certain vesting, lock-up and beneficial ownership limitations upon the Sponsor under the terms of Sponsor Letter Agreement, as amended. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transactions Related to the Business Combination—Sponsor Letter Agreement” elsewhere in this annual report.
Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by them.
Beneficial Owners
Ordinary Shares(1)
% of Total Ordinary Shares(2)
Directors and Executive Officers(3)
—
*
All directors and executive officers as a group (9 individuals)
Principal Shareholders
Investment Funds(4)(5)
96,522,819
84.8%
Patria Finance Limited(4)
2,366,913
2.1%
Patria Investments Limited(5)(6)
98,889,732
86.9%
Sponsor(7)
1,458,575
1.2%
The Production Board, LLC(8)
11,458,575
9.9%
* Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1% of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares.
(1) The number of Ordinary Shares listed for each beneficial owner assumes the exercise of all of the Warrants beneficially owned by beneficial owner, except to the extent that any such Warrants may not be exercised as a result of the Ownership Limitation set forth in the Sponsor Letter Agreement.
(2) In calculating the percentages of Ordinary Shares outstanding, (a) the numerator is calculated by adding the number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by such beneficial owner and the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of Warrants beneficially owned by such beneficial owner (if any), in each case excluding any Warrants or underlying shares that may not be exercised or acquired as a result of the Ownership Limitation set forth in the Sponsor Letter Agreement; and (b) the denominator is calculated by adding the total aggregate number of Ordinary Shares outstanding and the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of Warrants beneficially owned by such beneficial owner (subject to the same exclusion), but not including the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of Warrants beneficially owned by any other beneficial owner.
(3) Unless otherwise noted, the business address of our directors and executive officers is Av. Dr. Cardoso de Melo, 1450, 4th floor, office 401, São Paulo—SP, Brazil, 04548-005
(4) The Investment Funds, a group of Cayman Islands, Delaware and Ontario entities, are the record holders of such shares, and PBPE General Partner V, Ltd. and PBPE Fund V (DE GP) Garden, LLC are the general partners of the Investment Funds; Patria Finance Limited is the sole shareholder of PBPE General Partner V, Ltd. and PBPE Fund V (DE GP) Garden, LLC; Patria Finance Limited is wholly owned by Patria Investments Cayman Limited; Patria Investments Cayman Limited is wholly owned by Patria Investments Latam S.A.; Patria Investments Latam S.A. is wholly owned by Patria Investments Limited; Patria Investments Limited is controlled by Patria Holdings Limited. Each of the entities described in this footnote (other than to the extent it directly holds securities as described herein) may be deemed to beneficially own the shares directly or indirectly controlled by such entities, but each disclaims any beneficial ownership of the reported shares other than to the extent of any pecuniary interest they may have therein, directly or indirectly. The business address of each of the Cayman, Delaware and Ontario Investment Funds is c/o Maples Corporate Services, PO Box 309, Ugland House, South Church Street, KY1-1104, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, c/o Maples Fiduciary Services (Delaware) Inc., 4001 Kennet Pike, Suite 302, Wilmington, DE 19807, United States, 199 Bay St, Commerce Court West, Suite 5300 (c/o 152928 Canada Inc.), Toronto, ON M5L 189, Canada; respectively. The business address of PBPE General Partner V, Ltd. and PBPE Fund V (DE GP) Garden, LLC is c/o Maples Corporate Services, PO Box 309, Ugland House, South Church Street, KY1-1104, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. The business address of each of the other entities described in this footnote is c/o Patria Investments Limited, at 60 Nexus Way, 4th floor, Camana Bay, PO Box 757, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, KY1-9006.
(5) In September, 2025, one of the Investment Funds pledged up to 8,269,453 of our Ordinary Shares to secure certain obligations, which Ordinary Shares represent 7.2% of our outstanding share capital. If enforcement action is taken by or on behalf of the entities that have the benefit of the share pledges, or if shares of common stock are otherwise transferred in satisfaction of obligations, such enforcement action or transfers could cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline as a result of substantial sales of our Ordinary Shares.
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(6) While Patria Investments Limited does not own such shares directly, as described in the foregoing footnote, Patria Investments Limited may be deemed to beneficially own the shares directly or indirectly held by the entities controlled (directly or indirectly) by it, whenever those entities are acting in the capacity of general partner and to the extent and subject to the limitations set forth in the limited partnership agreements of the Investment Funds. Patria Investments Limited disclaims any beneficial ownership of the reported shares other than to the extent of any pecuniary interest it may have therein, directly or indirectly. The business address of Patria Investments Limited is c/o Patria Investments Limited, at 60 Nexus Way 4th floor, Camana Bay, PO Box 757, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, KY1-9006.
(7) Consists of 1,398,025 Ordinary Shares that are not subject to further vesting, and (2) 60,550 Ordinary Shares that are subject to vesting as set forth in Amendment No. 3 (as defined herein). Certain additional equity interests beneficially owned by the Sponsor are currently unvested as a result of the operation of this Ownership Limitation. Any Ordinary Shares owned by the Sponsor that are subject to further vesting will vest if at any time during the three-year period following the Closing Date the closing share price of the Ordinary Shares is greater than or equal to certain market values over any 20 trading days within any consecutive 30 trading day period; provided that, per the terms of Amendment No. 3, no such Ordinary Shares shall vest to the extent that after giving effect to such vesting, the Sponsor and its affiliates would beneficially own a number of Ordinary Shares in excess of 9.99%. The Production Board is the sole member of the Sponsor. David Friedberg, Bharat Vasan and William Hauser are managers on the board of managers of the Sponsor, and each disclaims beneficial ownership of the securities held by the Sponsor and its subsidiaries except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The business address of the Sponsor is 1 Letterman Drive, Suite A3-1, San Francisco, CA 94129.
(8) Consists of (a) 10,000,000 Ordinary Shares owned by The Production Board (b) 1,398,025 Ordinary Shares owned by the Sponsor that are not subject to further vesting, and (c) 60,550 Ordinary Shares that are subject to vesting as set forth in Amendment No. 3 (as defined herein). Certain additional equity interests beneficially owned by The Production Board are currently unvested as a result of the operation of this Ownership Limitation. While The Production Board does not own the Ordinary Shares or Warrants beneficially owned by the Sponsor directly, as described in the foregoing footnote, The Production Board may be deemed to beneficially own the securities directly or indirectly held by the entities controlled (directly or indirectly) by it. The Production Board disclaims any beneficial ownership of the reported securities other than to the extent of any pecuniary interest it may have therein, directly or indirectly. David Friedberg, Anil Patel, Sen. Bob Kerrey and Barney Schauble are directors on the board of directors of The Production Board, and each disclaims beneficial ownership of the securities held by The Production Board and its subsidiaries except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The business address of The Production Board, LLC is 1 Letterman Drive, Suite A3-1, San Francisco, CA 94129.
B. Related Party Transactions
Policies and Procedures for Related Party Transactions
Our audit committee has the primary responsibility for reviewing and approving or disapproving transactions with related parties. Our related party transaction policy states that any related party transaction must be approved or ratified by our audit committee, board of directors or a designated committee thereof. In determining whether to approve or ratify a transaction with a related person, our audit committee, board of directors or the designated committee will consider all relevant facts and circumstances, including without limitation the commercial reasonableness of the terms of the transaction, the benefit and perceived benefit, or lack thereof, to us, opportunity costs of alternate transactions, the materiality and character of the related person’s direct or indirect interest and the actual or apparent conflict of interest of the related person. Our audit committee, board of directors or the designated committee will not approve or ratify a related person transaction unless it has determined that, upon consideration of all relevant information, such transaction is in, or not inconsistent with, our best interests and the best interests of our shareholders.
Moreover, as an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability that has the majority of its operations in Brazil, Lavoro Limited adopted corporate governance policies and practices required by applicable legislation to govern transactions with related parties, including those requirements of Brazilian Corporate Law. Brazilian Corporate Law prohibits a company’s management from, among other matters (i) performing any action that may result in a personal advantage at the Company’s expense, (ii) receiving any personal advantage from third parties arising, directly or indirectly, as a result of the exercise of that person’s responsibilities with the Company and (iii) participating in any transaction, or resolution with respect thereto taken by management, in which they have a conflict of interest.
Certain Related Party Transactions
In the ordinary course of our business, we sell products to the non-controlling shareholders of some of the companies that we have acquired. We received revenue from sales of products in the amount of R$24.0 million, R$23.2 million and R$33.0 million from these services in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively).
We have incurred certain expenses payable to Patria and its affiliates for management support services rendered in connection with our acquisitions:
On January 3, 2023, Crop Care Holding S.A. entered into a third consultancy services agreement with Gestão, which is entitled to annual compensation of R$1.2 million. The agreement expired on December 31, 2023. On January 3, 2024, Crop Care Holding S.A. entered into a fourth consultancy services agreement with Gestão, which is entitled to annual compensation of R$1.0 million. The agreement expired on December 31, 2024. On January 3, 2025, Crop Care Holding S.A. entered into a fifth consultancy services agreement with Gestão, which is entitled to annual compensation of R$0.5 million. The agreement expires on December 31, 2025.
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On January 3, 2023, Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. entered into a third consultancy services agreement with Gestão, which is entitled to annual compensation of R$14.2 million. The agreement expired on December 31, 2023. On January 3, 2024, Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. entered into a fourth consultancy services agreement with Gestão, which is entitled to annual compensation of R$24.0 million. The agreement expired on December 31, 2024. Lavoro Agro Holding S.A, hasn’t entered into a fifth consultancy services agreement with Gestão in 2025.
We recorded monitoring expenses in the amount of R$7.5 million, R$17.5 million and R$18.7 million in the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
On February 27, 2023, the board of directors of Lavoro Agro Limited approved, by unanimous written resolution, the issuance of an aggregate of 2.78 Lavoro Agro Limited Shares for a total subscription price of US$11,716,689. These Lavoro Agro Limited Shares were divided among, subscribed and paid for by the Investment Funds and Patria Finance, affiliates of Patria.
During the fiscal year 2025, we entered into significant transactions with related parties controlled by funds managed by Patria Investments, involving the purchase of agricultural inputs at market prices plus a fixed margin for the duration of the transaction, commercial advances, and non-recourse assignments of performed accounts receivable from rural producers. These transactions were carried out to guarantee cash flow and ensure continued supply of agricultural inputs to customers during the period in which we were restructuring our capital structure and implementing actions in connection with the EJ Plan. See Note 27 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
During fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, we transferred trade receivables with no recourse in the total amount of R$743.4 million to related parties controlled by funds managed by Patria Investments Ltd to settle liabilities related to the acquisition of agricultural inputs. See Note 27 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, on December 15, 2025, we completed the sale of a 53.3% equity interest in Triagro, which owns the Crop Care Companies, to certain funds managed by Patria Investments Limited, for approximately R$400 million. Following this transaction, we retained (i) Perterra, which is part of our Crop Care segment and imports and distributes off-patent crop protection products, and (ii) a 46.7% equity interest in the Crop Care Companies via our retained minority equity interest in Triagro. For more information, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Sale of a Majority Equity Interest in Crop Care."
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, we entered into a new transaction related to the acquisition of agricultural inputs from related parties controlled by funds managed by Patria Investments Ltd, in the amount of R$165 million. See Notes 27 and 34 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report and "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Related party transactions–Agricultural Inputs."
Transactions Related to the Business Combination
Certain other related agreements have been entered into in connection with the Business Combination. This section describes the material provisions of certain additional agreements entered into pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement (the “Related Agreements”) but does not purport to describe all of the terms thereof. The following summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of each of the Related Agreements, and you are urged to read such Related Agreements in their entirety. For a summary of the Business Combination and the Business Combination Agreement, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Business Combination.”
Lock-up Agreement
Concurrently with the execution and delivery of the Business Combination Agreement, the Registrant, TPB SPAC and the Investment Funds entered into a lock-up agreement (the “Lock-up Agreement”), pursuant to which the Investment Funds agreed, among other things, to certain transfer restrictions on the Ordinary Shares held by such Investment Funds (and their respective permitted transferees) as of the Closing Date (the “Lock-up Shares”) for a period (i) for 25% of the Lock-Up Shares (and their respective permitted transferees), the date that is 180 days following the closing date, (ii) for an additional 25% of the Lock-Up Shares (i.e., totaling an aggregate of 50% of the Lock-Up Shares), the date that is one year following the closing date, (iii) for an additional 25% of the Lock-Up Shares (i.e., totaling an aggregate of 75% of the Lock-Up Shares), the date that is eighteen (18) months following the closing date, and (iv) for an additional 25% of the Lock-Up Shares (i.e., totaling an aggregate of 100% of the Lock-Up Shares), the date that is two years following the closing date, subject to certain exceptions. The Lock-up Agreement also provides for a carveout from the Investment Funds’ lockup after Closing, such that the Investment Funds are permitted to transfer their Ordinary Shares to any third party so long as such third party agrees to be bound by the same lockup period set forth in the Lock-up Agreement. As of the date of this annual report, the lock-up described above has expired.
The foregoing description is only a summary of the Lock-up Agreement and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Lock-up Agreement, which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated by reference herein.
Subscription Agreement
Concurrently with the execution and delivery of the Business Combination Agreement, The Production Board entered into a subscription agreement with TPB SPAC and the Company pursuant to which The Production Board subscribed for and purchased, for an aggregate purchase price of US$100,000,000, 10,000,000 SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares (at US$10.00 per share). Such subscribed shares were converted to Ordinary Shares in connection with the Business Combination. the Registrant also agreed to grant certain customary registration rights to The Production Board in connection with the TPB PIPE Investment.
The foregoing description is only a summary of the Subscription Agreement and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Subscription Agreement, which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated by reference herein.
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Sponsor Letter Agreement
Concurrently with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement (“Amendment No. 1”) at the closing of the Business Combination (“Amendment No. 2”) and following the closing of the Business Combination (“Amendment No. 3”), we, TPB SPAC, the Sponsor, The Production Board and certain affiliates of the Sponsor agreed to amend the existing Sponsor Letter Agreement. Under Amendment No. 1, Amendment No. 2 and Amendment No. 3, the Sponsor agreed to, among other things, (i) vote all of their SPAC Class B Ordinary Shares in favor of the Business Combination and related transactions, (ii) to take certain other actions in support of the Business Combination Agreement and related transactions, and (iii) waive certain anti-dilution protections to which it would otherwise be entitled to in connection with the Business Combination, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Sponsor Letter Agreement, as amended.
In addition, the Sponsor agreed to be bound by transfer restrictions for two years after the Closing Date (the “Sponsor Lock-Up”) in respect of 3,006,049 Ordinary Shares into which certain of its SPAC Class B Ordinary Shares were exchanged at Closing (the “Sponsor Lock-Up Shares”) and The Production Board agreed to be bound by transfer restrictions for two years after the Closing Date (the “PIPE Lock-Up” and together with the Sponsor Lock-Up, the “TPB Lock-Up”) in respect of 1,398,025 Ordinary Shares acquired pursuant to the Subscription Agreement (the “PIPE Lock-Up Shares” and together with the Sponsor Lock-Up Shares, the “TPB Lock-Up Shares”), provided however (x) 50% of the TPB Lock-up Shares shall be released from the TPB Lock-Up one year following the Closing Date, (y) an additional 25% of the TPB Lock-up Shares (i.e., totaling an aggregate of 75% of the TPB Lock-up Shares) shall be released from the TPB Lock-Up eighteen (18) months following the Closing Date, and (z) an additional 25% of the TPB Lock-up Shares (i.e., totaling an aggregate of 100% of the TPB Lock-up Shares) shall be released from the TPB Lock-Up the date that is two years following the Closing Date. As of the date of this annual report, the lock-up described above has expired.
The Sponsor also agreed that 3,006,049 of the Founder Shares held by the Sponsor (the “Vesting Founder Shares”) shall be subject to vesting and that (i) 50% of the Vesting Founder Shares will vest if at any time during the 3-year period following the Closing Date the closing share price of the Ordinary Shares is greater than or equal to US$12.50 over any 20 trading days within any consecutive 30 trading day period and (ii) the remaining 50% of the Vesting Founder Shares will vest if at any time during the three year period following the Closing Date the closing share price of the Ordinary Shares is greater than or equal to US$15.00 over any 20 trading days within any consecutive 30 trading day period, subject to the terms of the Sponsor Letter Agreement, as amended (the end of such period, the “Vesting Release Date”). In addition, Sponsor and TPB agreed that, to the extent Sponsor, taken together with its affiliates and any other persons whose beneficial ownership of the Company’s securities would be aggregated with the Sponsor’s for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act (such as any other members of a Section 13(d) “group”), would otherwise beneficially own a number of Ordinary Shares in excess of 9.99% of the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding (the “Ownership Limitation”), Sponsor and TPB will, and will cause their affiliates and transferees to, waive any right to vote or transfer, sell or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly such number of Ordinary Shares as is necessary for the Ownership Limitation to not be exceeded. Any Ordinary Shares that would otherwise vest pursuant to the Sponsor Letter Agreement but remain unvested subject to the Ownership Limitation shall vest at the earlier of such time as when the Ownership Limitation would not be exceeded, subject to the Ownership Limitation Priority (as defined in Amendment No. 3). As of June 30, 2025, there were 3,006,049 outstanding Vesting Founder Shares.
For clarity, the Sponsor cannot transfer any Vesting Founder Shares until such shares vest, even subsequent to the expiration of the Sponsor Lock-Up. Any Vesting Founder Shares that have not vested in accordance with the Sponsor Letter Agreement, as amended, on or before the Vesting Release Date will be immediately forfeited at 11:59 p.m., New York, New York time on the Vesting Release Date (except that any Vesting Founder Shares that would have vested in accordance with the Sponsor Letter Agreement but for the Ownership Limitation, shall not be subject to forfeiture on the Vesting Release Date).
Any dividends or other distributions paid with respect to the Vesting Founder Shares during any period of time that such Vesting Founding Shares are subject to vesting shall be deposited by us for the benefit of the Sponsor in a separate account held and maintained solely for the benefit of Sponsor, subject to the terms and conditions of that certain escrow agreement to be entered into by and between the parties (the “Escrow Agreement”). The parties agree that for U.S. federal, state and local tax purposes, Sponsor is the owner of the Vesting Founder Shares and the Escrow Account, and in furtherance of the foregoing, Sponsor will be treated as the recipient of (A) any dividends or other distributions paid with respect to the Vesting Founder Shares (“Dividends”) and (B) any interest or other income or gains earned with respect to amounts held in the Escrow Account (“ Escrow Income”), whether or not ultimately distributed from the Escrow Account to Sponsor. Upon the vesting of any Vesting Founder Shares, we shall instruct the escrow agent to release any amounts held in the escrow account (including Dividends and Escrow Income) in respect of such Vesting Founder Shares to Sponsor. In the event that any Vesting Founder Shares are forfeited, then any amounts held in the escrow account (including Dividends and Escrow Income) in respect of such Vesting Founder Shares shall be forfeited to Lavoro Agro Limited. For the avoidance of doubt, no tax reporting shall be required in respect of the release of all or a portion of any amounts from the escrow account to Sponsor, and Sponsor shall be responsible for paying taxes (including any penalties and interest thereon) on all taxable Dividends and any Escrow Income, and for filing all necessary tax returns with respect to such income.
The foregoing descriptions are only a summary of Amendment No. 1, Amendment No. 2 and Amendment No. 3 and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of Amendment No. 1 Amendment No. 2 and Amendment No. 3, which are filed as exhibits hereto and are incorporated by reference herein.
Registration Rights Agreement
On February 28, 2023, we and the Sponsor entered into that certain Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, pursuant to which that certain Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 13, 2021, was amended and restated in its entirety. Under the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, the holders of certain registrable securities (as defined therein) are able to make a written demand for registration under the Securities Act of all or a portion of their registrable securities, subject to certain limitations so long as such demand includes a number of registrable securities with a total offering price in excess of US$30.0 million. Any such demand may be in the form of an underwritten offering, it being understood that, subject to certain exceptions, we shall not be required to conduct more than two underwritten offerings in any 12-month period. In addition, the holders of registrable securities will have “piggy-back” registration rights to include their securities in other registration statements filed by us subsequent to the closing of the Business Combination. We have also filed with the SEC the Resale Registration Statement covering the resale of all registrable securities.
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The foregoing description is only a summary of the A&R Registration Rights Agreement and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, the form of which is filed as an exhibit hereto and is incorporated by reference herein.
On February 21, 2023, TPB SPAC entered into separate forward share purchase agreements (each, a “Forward Purchase Agreement” or an “FPA,” and together, the “Forward Purchase Agreements”) with certain equity holders of TPB SPAC (together, the “FPA Investors”), pursuant to which TPB SPAC (or Second Merger Sub, as successor-in-interest to TPB SPAC following the Closing) agreed to purchase in the aggregate, on the date that was 24 months after the Closing Date (the “Maturity Date”), i.e., February 28, 2025, up to 2,830,750 Ordinary Shares then held by the FPA Investors, subject to certain conditions and purchase limits set forth in the Forward Purchase Agreements. Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreements, each FPA Investor, acting separately and solely for its own account, further agreed not to redeem, in connection with the Extraordinary General Meeting, any of the SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares owned by it at such time.
On the Closing Date, and pursuant to an escrow agreement (the “Escrow Agreement”) entered into with Citibank, N.A., a national banking association organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America (the “Escrow Agent”), we placed into an escrow account (the “Escrow Account”) an amount equal to the Escrowed Property (as defined below) to secure our purchase obligation to the FPA Investors. “Escrowed Property” referred to (i)(a) the price per share that SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares were redeemed for in connection with TPB SPAC’s shareholders’ approval of the Business Combination (the “Shares Purchase Price”) multiplied by the number of SPAC Class A Ordinary Shares held by the FPA Investors as of the Closing Date less (b) any amounts previously disbursed from the Escrow Account in accordance with the Forward Purchase Agreements and the Escrow Agreement, plus (ii) the interest, investment income, or proceeds accrued from the deposit or investment from the Escrow Account.
Following the Third Effective Time, we used our best efforts to cause the filing of a registration statement, at our cost and expense, with the SEC registering the resale of the Ordinary Shares subject to the Forward Purchase Agreements (the “FPA Registration Statement”) under the Securities Act, and to have the FPA Registration Statement declared effective as soon as practicable after the filing thereof. Pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreements, the FPA Investors were permitted (but not obligated) to sell any or all of their Ordinary Shares in the open market if the per share sale price exceeded the Shares Purchase Price prior to the payment of any commissions due by the FPA Investors for such sale, with such sales commencing after the Ordinary Shares were registered on the FPA Registration Statement.
The per Ordinary Share price at which the FPA Investors had the right to sell the Ordinary Shares to us on the Maturity Date was equal to (i) the total amount of the Escrowed Property in the Escrow Account, divided by (ii) the total number of Ordinary Shares held by the FPA Investors as of the Maturity Date (subject to the Share Purchase Limit (as defined in the Forward Purchase Agreements)). The FPA Investors were required to notify us in writing not less than five business days prior to the Maturity Date, specifying the number of Ordinary Shares that we would be required to purchase (the “Shares Sale Notice”). Any FPA Investor that failed to timely deliver a Shares Sale Notice would be deemed to have forfeited its right to sell any Ordinary Shares to us pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreements.
On or around February 28, 2025, which was the Maturity Date under the FPAs, all FPA Investors continued to hold the full 2,830,750 Ordinary Shares subject to the agreements and had not disposed of any such shares. Each FPA Investor timely delivered a Shares Sale Notice in accordance with the terms of the FPAs and elected to resell all of their Ordinary Shares to us. The aggregate purchase price paid to the FPA Investors was US$31.0 million, which was funded from the Escrowed Property held in the Escrow Account. This election significantly reduced the amount of cash arising from the Business Combination that would otherwise have been available to fund our liquidity and capital resource requirements and is expected to adversely affect our ability to fund our growth plan as originally contemplated when entering into the Forward Purchase Agreements.
C. Interests of Experts and Counsel
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information
Financial Statements
See Item 18 of this annual report for financial statements and other financial information.
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we are involved in disputes that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, can be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant management time, and result in the diversion of significant operational resources.
We are subject to a number of judicial and administrative proceedings, including civil, labor, criminal, tax, regulatory, and social security claims and other proceedings, which we believe are common and incidental to business operations in general. We recognize provisions for legal proceedings in our financial statements, in accordance with accounting rules, when we are advised by independent outside counsel that (1) it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and (2) a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The assessment of the likelihood of loss includes analysis by outside counsel of available evidence, the hierarchy of laws, available case law, recent court rulings and their relevance in the legal system. Our provisions for probable losses arising from these matters are estimated and periodically adjusted by management. In making these adjustments our management relies on the opinions of our external legal advisors.
As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, we had R$14.0 million in provisions for contingencies recorded in our financial statements, respectively, in connection with legal proceedings for which we believe a loss is probable in accordance with applicable accounting rules and have no judicial deposits in connection with outstanding proceedings. However, legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties. If one or more cases were to result in a judgment against us in any reporting period for amounts that exceeded our management’s expectations, the impact on our results of operations or financial condition for that reporting period could be material. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Lavoro’s Business and Industry—Adverse outcomes in legal proceedings could subject us to substantial damages and adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.”
For further information, see note 25 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Agrobiológica Investigation
Agrobiológica Soluções, a company within the Crop Care segment, in which we currently retain a 46.7% equity interest, was subject to a police investigation in the municipality of Leme, State of São Paulo, based on allegations made by CropLife Brasil, a Brazilian association of agricultural pesticide companies. CropLife alleged that Agrobiológica Soluções had unlawfully promoted the so-called “on-farm” multiplication of bacteria for agricultural use by marketing products that enable farmers to engage in such practices. According to CropLife, this would constitute the illegal production of pesticides. Agrobiológica Soluções has consistently maintained that no Brazilian law prohibits the on-farm multiplication of biological agents by farmers for use in their own agricultural operations.
In 2024, Federal Law No. 15.070 was enacted, formally regulating such on-farm practices in Brazil. Following the enactment of this law, Agrobiológica Soluções entered into a settlement agreement with the relevant Brazilian authorities. As a result, the investigation was formally closed, without the imposition of penalties or findings of wrongdoing. This matter is no longer pending and does not represent a contingent liability for the Company.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our Ordinary Shares. The payment of cash dividends in the future will depend upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. Any further determination to pay dividends on our Ordinary Shares would be at the discretion of our board of directors.
B. Significant Changes
Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.
A. Offer and Listing Details
Our Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “LVRO” and “LVROW,” respectively.
Holders of Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants should obtain current market quotations for their securities.
B. Plan of Distribution
C. Markets
D. Selling Shareholders
E. Dilution
F. Expenses of the Issue
A. Share Capital
As of the date hereof, there are 114,972,128 Ordinary Shares outstanding and issued. There are also 6,012,085 Public Warrants listed on Nasdaq and 4,071,507 Private Placement Warrants held by the Sponsor issued and outstanding.
B. Memorandum and Articles of Association
We are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands. Our affairs are governed by our governing documents (including the memorandum and articles of association), the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The following is a summary of the material terms of our share capital. This summary is not intended to be complete and it is qualified by reference to our governing documents, a copy of which is included elsewhere in this annual report.
Share Capital
Our authorized share capital is US$1,500,000 divided into 1,400,000,000 Ordinary Shares and 100,000,000 preferred shares. As of June 30, 2025, our issued and outstanding share capital was US$114,595.44 consisting of 114,595,437 Ordinary Shares, and we had 2,410,750 treasury shares.
General
All of the issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates (to the extent any are issued) representing the issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares are generally not issued and legal title to the issued shares is recorded in fully registered, book-entry form in the register of members. Holders of Ordinary Shares have no pre-emptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights.
Register of Members
We must keep a register of members in accordance with the Companies Act, and there shall be entered therein:
the names and addresses of the members, a statement of the shares held by each member, and of the amount paid or agreed to be considered as paid, on the shares of each member and the voting rights of shares of each member;
whether voting rights attach to the shares in issue;
the date on which the name of any person was entered on the register as a member; and
the date on which any person ceased to be a member.
Under Cayman Islands law, the register of members is prima facie evidence of the matters set out therein (i.e. the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a member registered in the register of members is deemed as a matter of Cayman Islands law to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members. As a result, the shareholders recorded in the register of members are deemed to have legal title to the shares set against their name.
If the name of any person is incorrectly entered in or omitted from the register of members, or if there is any default or unnecessary delay in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member of the company, the person or member aggrieved (or any member of the company or the company itself) may apply to the Cayman Islands Grand Court for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.
Issue of Shares
Subject to our governing documents and the rules of Nasdaq, our board of directors may issue, allot and dispose of or grant options over all shares and issue warrants or similar instruments with respect thereto to such persons, on such terms, and with or without preferred, deferred or other rights and restrictions, whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise, and otherwise in such manner as they may think fit. Subject to the description in “—Variation of Rights of Shares” below, the issuance of any such shares is subject to and cannot adversely affect the rights of the holders of any of our existing shares.
Dividends
Subject to the Companies Act and the special rights attaching to shares of any class, our directors may, in their absolute discretion, declare dividends on shares in issue and authorize payment of the dividends out of our funds lawfully available for those purposes. Dividends must be paid out of our realized or unrealized profits, out of our share premium account, or as otherwise permitted by the Companies Act. A dividend may not be paid if this would result in us being unable to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.
Except as otherwise provided by the rights attached to shares, or as otherwise determined by the directors, all dividends in respect of shares must be declared and paid according to the par value of the shares that a shareholder holds. If any share is issued on terms providing that it shall rank for dividend as from a particular date, then that share will rank for dividend accordingly.
For the purpose of determining the shareholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend, our directors may either before or on the date of declaration of such dividend fix a date as the record date for such determination. If no record date is fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive payment of a dividend, the date on which the resolution of the directors declaring such dividend is adopted will be the record date.
Voting Rights
Each Ordinary Share entitles the holder to one vote on all matters upon which the holders are entitled to vote. Voting at any general meeting is by show of hands, unless voting by way of poll is demanded by the chairman of the board of directors or any shareholder present in person or by proxy.
General meetings require a quorum to be present. Quorum is met by the presence, in person or by proxy, of one or more persons holding at least twenty per cent in par value of the issued Ordinary Shares that confer the right to attend and vote at that meeting.
A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a reduction of our share capital, registration by way of continuation, approval of a plan of merger or consolidation, making changes to our governing documents, or our voluntary winding up.
An ordinary resolution of our shareholders requires the affirmative vote of at least a simple majority of the votes cast at a quorate general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes cast at a quorate general meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken at our general meeting may be taken by resolution in writing of all the shareholders.
Variation of Rights of Shares
All or any of the rights attached to any class of our shares (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) may, whether or not we are being wound up, be varied without the consent of the holders of the issued shares of that class where such variation is considered by our board of directors not to have a material adverse effect upon such rights; otherwise, any such variation shall be made only with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two thirds of the issued shares of that class, or with the sanction of a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two thirds of the votes cast at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.
Transfer of Ordinary Shares
Any shareholder may transfer all or any of his or her shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form prescribed by Nasdaq or as otherwise approved by the board of directors. The transferor shall be deemed to remain the holder of such shares until the name of the transferee is entered in the register of members.
Redemption of Ordinary Shares
We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the shareholder, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined by our board of directors before the issue of such shares. We may also repurchase any of our shares provided that the manner and terms of such purchase have been approved by our board of directors and agreed with the shareholder or are otherwise authorized by our governing documents. Subject to the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of a company’s profits, its capital, or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (i) unless it is fully paid-up, (ii) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares in issue, or (iii) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, we may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.
Changes in Capital
We may from time to time by ordinary resolution:
increase the share capital by such sum as the resolution prescribes;
consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares;
convert all or any of our paid-up shares into stock and reconvert that stock into paid-up shares of any denomination;
sub-divide our existing shares into shares of a smaller amount than that fixed by our governing documents or into shares without par value; and
cancel any shares that at the date of the passing of the resolution have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of its share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled.
Subject to the Companies Act and our governing documents, our shareholders may by special resolution reduce its share capital.
Liquidation
On our winding up, if the assets available for distribution among our shareholders shall be insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that, as nearly as may be, the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them. If the assets available for distribution among our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the share capital at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus will be distributed among our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to us for unpaid calls or otherwise.
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Warrants
As of June 30, 2025, there are currently outstanding an aggregate of 6,012,085 Public Warrants. The Public Warrants, which entitle the holder to purchase one Ordinary Share at an exercise price of US$11.50 per share (“Exercise Price”), became exercisable on March 30, 2023, which was 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination. The Public Warrants will expire on February 28, 2028 (i.e., five years after the completion of the Business Combination) or earlier upon redemption or liquidation in accordance with their terms.
Upon the completion of the Business Combination, as of June 30, 2024, there were also 4,071,507 Private Warrants held by the Sponsor. The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants in all material respects, except that the Private Warrants, so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, (i) are not redeemable by us, (ii) may be exercised by the holders on a cashless basis and (iii) are entitled to registration rights. Private Warrants that are transferred to persons other than permitted transferees shall upon such transfer cease to be Private Warrants and shall become Public Warrants.
Exercise
A Warrant may be exercised by delivering to the warrant agent (i) the Warrant, (ii) an election to purchase form, and (iii) the payment in full of the Exercise Price and any and all applicable taxes due in connection with the exercise.
As soon as practicable after the exercise of any Warrant we will issue a book-entry position or certificate, as applicable, for the Ordinary Shares. All Ordinary Shares issued upon the proper exercise of a Warrant in conformity with the Warrant Agreement will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
Adjustments
We may, in our sole discretion, lower the Exercise Price at any time prior to the expiration date for a period of not less than 20 business days, provided that we provide at least three days prior written notice of such reduction to registered holders of the Warrants and that any such reduction shall be identical among all of the Warrants.
The number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants is subject to customary adjustments in certain circumstances, such as a share sub-division, dividend or reclassification of our Ordinary Shares, as described in the Warrant Agreement. In the event the number of Ordinary Shares purchasable upon the exercise of the Warrants is adjusted, the Exercise Price will be adjusted (to the nearest cent) by multiplying the Exercise Price immediately prior to such adjustment, by a fraction (x) the numerator of which shall be the number of Ordinary Shares purchasable upon the exercise of the Warrants immediately prior to such adjustment, and (y) the denominator of which shall be the number of Ordinary Shares so purchasable immediately thereafter.
If, by reason of any adjustment made pursuant to the events described above, the holder of any Warrant would be entitled, upon the exercise of such Warrant, to receive a fractional interest in an Ordinary Share, we will, upon such exercise, round down to the nearest whole number the number of Ordinary Shares to be issued to such holder.
Warrant holders also have replacement rights in the case of certain reorganization, merger, consolidation or sale transactions involving our company or substantially all of our assets (each a “Replacement Event”). Upon the occurrence of any Replacement Event, Warrant holders will have the right to purchase and receive (in lieu of our Ordinary Shares) the kind and amount of shares or other securities or property (including cash) receivable upon such Replacement Event that the holder would have received if the Warrants were exercised immediately prior to such event.
Upon any adjustment of the Exercise Price or the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of a Warrant, we will provide written notice of such adjustment to the warrant agent stating the Exercise Price resulting from such adjustment and the increase or decrease, if any, in the number of Ordinary Shares purchasable at such price upon the exercise of a Warrant. We will also provide notice of any adjustment described above to each Warrant holder at the last address set forth in the warrant register stating the date of the event.
Cashless Exercise
We agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to file with the SEC as soon as practicable a registration statement for the registration, under the Securities Act, of the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants. We are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the registration statement to become effective and to maintain its effectiveness, and a current prospectus relating thereto, until the expiration or redemption of the Warrants. If any such registration statement has not been declared effective by the 60th business say following the closing of the Business Combination, Warrant holders have the right, during the period beginning on the 61st business day after the closing of the Business Combination and ending upon such registration statement being declared effective by the SEC, and during any other period when we shall fail to have maintained an effective registration statement covering the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, to exercise such Warrants on a “cashless basis.” In a cashless exercise, holders may exchange their Warrants for a number of Ordinary Shares equal to the lesser of (A) the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of Ordinary Shares underlying the Warrants, multiplied by the excess of the Fair Market Value (as defined hereinafter) over the Exercise Price by (y) the Fair Market Value and (B) 0.361. “Fair Market Value” in this paragraph means the volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares as reported during the ten trading days ending on the trading day prior to the date that notice of exercise is received by the warrant agent from the holder of such Warrants or its securities broker or intermediary.
If, by reason of any exercise of Warrants on a “cashless basis,” the holder of any Warrant would be entitled, upon the exercise of such Warrant, to receive a fractional interest in an Ordinary Share, we will round down to the nearest whole number, the number of Ordinary Shares to be issued to such holder.
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Redemption
We have the right to redeem all the Public Warrants (but not less than all the Public Warrants), at any time while they are exercisable and prior to their expiration, at the price of US$0.01 per Warrant if (i) the last reported sale price of our Ordinary Shares has been at least US$18.00 per share (subject to certain adjustments), on 20 trading days within the 30-trading-day period ending on the third business day prior to the date on which notice of the redemption is given and (ii) there is an effective registration statement covering issuance of the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, and a current prospectus relating thereto, available throughout the 30 days prior to the redemption date. These redemption rights do not apply to the Private Warrants unless and until they are transferred to persons other than the Sponsor and its permitted transferees.
We may also redeem the Public Warrants in whole (but not in part) at any time while they are exercisable and prior to their expiration, at the price of US$0.10 per Warrant if the last reported sale price of our Ordinary Shares has been at least US$10.00 per share (subject to certain adjustments) on 20 trading days within the 30-trading-day period ending on the third business day prior to the date on which notice of the redemption is given. If the last reported sale price of our Ordinary Shares has been less than US$18.00 per share (subject to certain adjustments) on 20 trading days within the 30-trading-day period ending on the third business day prior to the date on which notice of the redemption is given, the Private Warrants are also concurrently called for redemption on the same terms as the outstanding Public Warrants. During the 30-day redemption period, Warrant holders may elect to exercise their
Warrants on a “cashless basis” and receive a number of Ordinary Shares as described under “—Cashless Exercise” above.
If we choose to redeem our Warrants, we are required to (i) fix a date for the redemption and (ii) provide notice to the registered holders of the Warrants at least 30 days prior to the redemption date. We will mail any such notice of redemption by first class mail, postage prepaid, not less than 30 days prior to the redemption date to registered Warrant holders. The notice will be sent to each registered holder’s last address as it appears on the registration books. Any notice so mailed will be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the registered holder actually receives such notice.
On and after the redemption date, the record holder of the warrants will have no further rights except to receive, upon surrender of the warrants, the redemption price.
Transfers and Exchanges
Warrants may be exchanged or transferred upon surrender of the Warrant to the warrant agent, together with a written request for exchange or transfer. Upon any transfer, a new Warrant representing an equal aggregate number of Warrants will be issued and the old Warrant will be cancelled by the warrant agent.
Book-entry Warrants may be transferred only in whole and Warrants bearing a restrictive legend may transferred or exchanged only if the Warrant agent has received an opinion of counsel stating that such transfer may be made and indicating whether the new Warrants must also bear a restrictive legend.
No Rights as a Shareholder
A Warrant does not entitle the holder to any of the rights of a shareholder of our company, including, without limitation, the right to receive dividends or other distributions, exercise any preemptive right to vote or to consent or the right to receive notice as shareholders in respect of the meetings of shareholders or the appointment of directors of our company or any other matter.
Directors
Appointment and Removal
Our management is vested in a board of directors. Our governing documents provide that there shall be a board of directors consisting of no less than one (1) director, provided that the directors may increase or decrease the limits on the number of directors. Our board of directors consists of six directors and our governing documents provide that the directors shall be divided into three (3) classes designated as Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3, with as nearly equal a number of directors in each group as possible. Subject to our governing documents, directors must be assigned to each class in accordance with a resolution or resolutions adopted by the board of directors.
Director nominees must be elected by an ordinary resolution in accordance with our governing documents at each annual general meeting of our shareholders to fill the seats of those directors whose terms expire at such annual general meeting and the persons to stand for election at each annual general meeting of our shareholders shall be nominated by the directors. For illustrative purposes, at the 2024 annual general meeting, the term of office of the Class 1 directors expired and Class 1 directors were elected for a full term of three (3) years. At the 2025 annual general meeting, the term of office of the Class 2 directors expired and Class 2 directors were elected for a full term of three (3) years. At the 2026 annual general meeting, the term of office of the Class 3 directors shall expire and Class 3 directors shall be elected for a full term of three (3) years. Subject to our governing documents, at each succeeding annual general meeting, directors shall be elected for a full term of three (3) years to succeed the directors of the class whose terms expire at such annual general meeting.
Without prejudice to our power to appoint a person to be a director by ordinary resolution and subject to our governing documents, the board of directors, so long as a quorum of directors remains in office, has the power at any time and from time to time to appoint any person to be a director so as to fill a casual vacancy or otherwise.
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Indemnity of Directors and Officers
Our governing documents contain provisions that limit the liability of our directors, agents and officers for monetary damages for any liability incurred by them as a result of any act or failure to act in carrying out their functions other than such liability (if any) that they may incur (i) arising from their own actual fraud, willful default or willful neglect, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, or (iii) for any transaction from which such person derived any improper benefit. Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of our governing documents by our shareholders shall not adversely affect any right or protection of a director, agent or officer of the Company existing at the time of, or increase the liability of any director, agent or officer of the Company with respect to any acts or omissions of such Director, agent or officer occurring prior to, such repeal or modification.
In addition, our governing documents contain provisions that indemnify every director, agent or officer of the Company out of the assets of the Company against any liability incurred by them as a result of any act or failure to act in carrying out their functions other than such liability (if any) that they may incur (i) arising from their own actual fraud, willful default or willful neglect, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, or (iii) for any transaction from which such person derived any improper benefit. Further, we have entered into or will enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers that may be broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained in the Delaware General Corporation Law. These indemnification agreements require us, among other things, to indemnify our directors and executive officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service. These indemnification agreements also require us to advance all expenses incurred by the directors and executive officers in investigating or defending any such action, suit or proceeding. We believe that these agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve as directors and executive officers. The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions that are included in our governing documents and in indemnification agreements that we have entered into or will enter into with our directors and executive officers may discourage shareholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors and executive officers for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against our directors and executive officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and other shareholders. Further, a shareholder’s investment may be adversely affected to the extent that we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and executive officers as required by these indemnification provisions. At present, we are not aware of any pending litigation or proceeding involving any person who is or was one of our directors, officers, employees or other agents or is or was serving at our request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, for which indemnification is sought, and we are not aware of any threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification.
We have obtained insurance policies under which, subject to the limitations of the policies, coverage is provided to our directors and executive officers against loss arising from claims made by reason of breach of fiduciary duty or other wrongful acts as a director or executive officer, including claims relating to public securities matters, and to us with respect to payments that may be made by us to these directors and executive officers pursuant to our indemnification obligations or otherwise as a matter of law. In addition, certain of our non-employee directors may, through their relationships with their employers, be insured or indemnified against certain liabilities incurred in their capacity as members of our board of directors.
Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions in our Governing Documents
As described in “—Directors—Appointment and Removal” above, our governing documents provide that our board of directors will be classified into three classes of directors. As a result, in most circumstances, a person can gain control of our board only by successfully engaging in a proxy contest at two or more annual general meetings.
Our authorized but unissued Ordinary Shares are available for future issuances without shareholder approval and could be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future offerings to raise additional capital, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved Ordinary Shares could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.
Enforcement of Civil Liabilities – Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands has a different body of securities laws as compared to the United States and provides less protection to investors. Additionally, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the Federal courts of the United States.
Our Cayman Islands legal counsel have advised that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or any state, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. In those circumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, and or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands Court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.
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Anti-Money Laundering – Cayman Islands
If any person resident in the Cayman Islands knows or suspects or has reasonable grounds for knowing or suspecting that another person is engaged in criminal conduct or money laundering or is involved with terrorism or terrorist financing and property or proliferation financing or is the business combination partner of a financial sanction and the information for that knowledge or suspicion came to their attention in the course of business in the regulated sector, or other trade, profession, business or employment, the person will be required to report such knowledge or suspicion to (i) the Financial Reporting Authority of the Cayman Islands, pursuant to the Proceeds of Crime Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands if the disclosure relates to criminal conduct, money laundering or proliferation financing or is the business combination partner of a financial sanction, or (ii) a police officer of the rank of constable or higher, or the Financial Reporting Authority, pursuant to the Terrorism Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, if the disclosure relates to involvement with terrorism or terrorist financing and property. Such a report shall not be treated as a breach of confidence or of any restriction upon the disclosure of information imposed by any enactment or otherwise. We reserve the right to refuse to make any payment to a shareholder if our directors or officers suspect or are advised that the payment to such shareholder might result in a breach of applicable anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing, prevention of proliferation financing and financial sanctions or other laws or regulations by any person in any relevant jurisdiction, or if such refusal is considered necessary or appropriate to ensure our compliance with any such laws or regulations in any applicable jurisdiction.
Economic Substance — Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands, together with several other non-European Union jurisdictions, have introduced legislation aimed at addressing concerns raised by the Council of the European Union and the OECD as to offshore structures engaged in certain activities which attract profits without real economic activity. The International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (As Revised) (the “Substance Act”) came into force in the Cayman Islands in January 2019, introducing certain economic substance requirements for in-scope Cayman Islands entities which are engaged in certain geographically mobile business activities (“relevant activities.”) As we are a Cayman Islands exempted company, compliance obligations include filing annual notifications, in which need to state whether we are carrying out any relevant activities and if so, whether we have satisfied economic substance tests to the extent required under the Substance Act.
Data Protection Law – Cayman Islands
We have certain duties under the Data Protection Act (as revised) of the Cayman Islands (the “DPA”) based on internationally accepted principles of data privacy.
Principal Differences between Cayman Islands and U.S. Corporate Law
The Companies Act was modeled originally after similar laws in England and Wales but does not follow subsequent statutory enactments in England and Wales. In addition, the Companies Act differs from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of the significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to the Company and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.
Mergers and Similar Arrangements
The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies.
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For these purposes, (1) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company and (2) a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies in the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company; and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The plan must be approved by the directors of each constituent company and filed with the Registrar of Companies together with a declaration as to: (i) the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company; (ii) the merger or consolidation is bona fide and not intended to defraud unsecured creditors of the constituent companies; (iii) no petition or other similar proceeding has been filed and remains outstanding and no order or resolution to wind up the company in any jurisdiction; (iv) no receiver, trustee, administrator or similar person has been appointed in any jurisdiction and is acting in respect of the constituent company, its affairs or property; (v) no scheme, order, compromise or similar arrangement has been entered into or made in any jurisdiction with creditors; (vi) a list of the assets and liabilities of each constituent company; (vii) the non-surviving constituent company has retired from any fiduciary office held or will do so; (viii) that the constituent company has complied with any requirements under the regulatory laws, where relevant; and (ix) an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette, and where the surviving company is a Cayman Islands company, given to the members and creditors of each constituent company.
Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, may be determined by the Cayman Islands’ court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation that is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.
In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, provided that the arrangement in question is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder would have the right to express to the court the view that the transaction should not be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it satisfies itself that:
the Company is not proposing to act illegally or ultra vires and the statutory provisions as to majority vote have been complied with;
the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question;
the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and
the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act or that would amount to a “fraud on the minority.”
If the arrangement and reconstruction are thus approved, any dissenting shareholders would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which might otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of U.S. corporations and allow such dissenting shareholders to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of their shares.
When a takeover offer is made and accepted by holders of 90.0% in value of the shares affected within four months, the offeror may, within a two-month period thereafter, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection may be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.
In application may be made by a dissenting shareholder to the Grand Court for an order that the transfer of the shares be made otherwise than on the terms of the offer.
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Shareholders’ Suits
Class actions are not recognized in the Cayman Islands, but groups of shareholders with identical interests may bring representative proceedings, which are similar. However, a class action suit could nonetheless be brought in a
U.S. court pursuant to an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws and regulations.
Our Cayman Islands legal counsel is not aware of any reported class action having been brought in a Cayman Islands Court. Derivative actions have been brought in the Cayman Islands courts, and the Cayman Islands courts have confirmed the availability of such actions. In most cases, the Company itself would be the proper plaintiff in any claim based on a breach of duty owed to us, and a claim against (for example) our officers or directors usually may not be brought by a shareholder. However, based both on Cayman Islands authorities and on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority and be applied by a court in the Cayman Islands, exceptions to the foregoing principle apply in circumstances in which:
a company is acting or proposing to act illegally or beyond the scope of its authority;
the act complained of, although not beyond the scope of its authority, could be effected duly if authorized by more than a simple majority vote that has not been obtained; and
those who control the company are perpetrating a “fraud on the minority.”
A shareholder may have a direct right of action against us where the individual rights of that shareholder have been infringed or are about to be infringed.
Corporate Governance
Cayman Islands law restricts transactions between a company and its directors unless there are provisions in our governing documents which provide a mechanism to alleviate possible conflicts of interest. Additionally, Cayman Islands law imposes on directors duties of care and skill and fiduciary duties to the companies which they serve. Under our governing documents, a director must disclose the nature and extent of his interest in any contract or arrangement, and following such disclosure and subject to any separate requirement under applicable law or the listing rules of the Nasdaq, and unless disqualified by the chairman of the relevant meeting, the interested director may vote in respect of any transaction or arrangement in which he or she is interested. The interested director shall be counted in the quorum at such meeting and the resolution may be passed by a majority of the directors present at the meeting.
Subject to the foregoing and our governing documents, including the attributions and responsibilities of our compensation committee, our directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to vote compensation to themselves or any member of their body in the absence of an independent quorum.
As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of certain Nasdaq corporate governance rules, subject to certain requirements. We currently rely, and will continue to rely, on the foreign private issuer exemption with respect to the following rules:
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Borrowing Powers
Our directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital or any part thereof and to issue debentures, debenture stock, mortgages, bonds and other such securities whether outright or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the Company or of any third party. Such powers may be varied by a special resolution of shareholders (requiring a two-thirds majority vote).
Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability
The Companies Act does not limit the extent to which a company’s articles of association may provide for indemnification of directors and officers, except to the extent that it may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our governing documents provide that we shall indemnify and hold harmless our directors and officers against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, judgments, fines, settlements and other amounts incurred or sustained by such directors or officers, other than by reason of such person’s actual fraud or willful default, in or about the conduct of our company’s business or affairs (including as a result of any mistake of judgment) or in the execution or discharge of his duties, powers, authorities or discretions, including without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such director or officer in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil, criminal or other proceedings concerning the Company or our affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling the Company under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
Directors’ Fiduciary Duties
As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company. Accordingly, directors owe fiduciary duties to their companies to act bona fide in what they consider to be the best interests of the company, to exercise their powers for the purposes for which they are conferred and not to place themselves in a position where there is a conflict between their personal interests and their duty to the company. Accordingly, a director owes a company a duty not to make a profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him or her to do so) and a duty not to put himself or herself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third party. However, this obligation may be varied by the company’s articles of association, which may permit a director to vote on a matter in which he has a personal interest provided that he has disclosed that nature of his interest to the board of directors. Our governing documents provides that a director must disclose the nature and extent of his or her interest in any contract or arrangement, and following such disclosure and subject to any separate requirement under applicable law or the listing rules of the Nasdaq, and unless disqualified by the chairman of the relevant meeting, such director may vote in respect of any transaction or arrangement in which he or she is interested and may be counted in the quorum at the meeting.
A director of a Cayman Islands company also owes to the company duties to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his functions and to exercise reasonable skill, care and diligence, which has both objective and subjective elements. Recent Cayman Islands case law confirmed that directors must exercise the care, skill and diligence that would be exercised by a reasonably diligent person having the general knowledge, skill and experience reasonably to be expected of a person acting as a director. Additionally, a director must exercise the knowledge, skill and experience which he or she actually possesses.
A general notice may be given to the board of directors to the effect that (1) the director is a member or officer of a specified company or firm and is to be regarded as interested in any contract or arrangement which may after the date of the notice be made with that company or firm, or (2) he or she is to be regarded as interested in any contract or arrangement which may after the date of the notice to the board of directors be made with a specified person who is connected with him or her, which will be deemed sufficient declaration of interest. This notice shall specify the nature of the interest in question. Following the disclosure being made pursuant to our governing documents and subject to any separate requirement under applicable law or the listing rules of the Nasdaq, and unless disqualified by the chairman of the relevant meeting, a director may vote in respect of any transaction or arrangement in which he or she is interested and may be counted in the quorum at the meeting.
In comparison, under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself or herself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director act in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He or she must not use his or her corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, a director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.
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Shareholder Proposals
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. The Delaware General Corporation Law does not provide shareholders an express right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders, but Delaware corporations generally afford shareholders an opportunity to make proposals and nominations provided that they comply with the notice provisions in the certificate of incorporation or bylaws. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.
The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our governing documents provide that upon the requisition of one or more shareholders representing not less than one-half of the voting rights entitled to vote at general meetings, the board will convene an extraordinary general meeting and put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. Our governing documents provide no other right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings.
Cumulative Voting
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. As permitted under Cayman Islands law, our governing documents do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.
Removal of Directors
The office of a director shall be vacated automatically if, among other things, he or she (1) becomes prohibited by law from being a director, (2) becomes bankrupt or makes an arrangement or composition with his creditors, (3) dies or is in the opinion of all his co-directors, incapable by reason of mental disorder of discharging his duties as director (4) resigns his or her office by notice in writing to us or (5) if a majority of the other directors (being not less than two in number) determine that the director should be removed, either by a resolution passed by a majority of the other directors at a meeting of the directors duly convened and held in accordance with the Articles or by a resolution in writing signed by a majority of the other directors.
Transaction with Interested Shareholders
The Delaware General Corporation Law provides that, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by this statute, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that this person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting shares or who or which is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and owned 15% or more of the corporation’s outstanding voting shares within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which the shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.
Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, the Company cannot avail itself of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that the board of directors owe duties to ensure that these transactions are entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and for a proper corporate purpose and, as noted above, a transaction may be subject to challenge if it has the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.
Dissolution; Winding-Up
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. If the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors, it may be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board. Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company resolves by ordinary resolution that it be wound up because it is unable to pay its debts as they fall due. The court has authority to order winding-up in a number of specified circumstances, including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so.
Under the Companies Act, the Company may be dissolved, liquidated or wound up by a special resolution of shareholders (requiring a two-thirds majority vote). Our governing documents also give its board of directors authority to petition the Cayman Islands Court to wind up the Company.
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Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of that class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our governing documents, if the share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, the rights attached to any class may only be varied with the written consent of the holders of two-thirds of the shares of that class or the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.
Also, except with respect to share capital (as described above), alterations to our governing documents may only be made by special resolution of shareholders (requiring a two-thirds majority vote).
Amendment of Governing Documents
Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s certificate of incorporation may be amended only if adopted and declared advisable by the board of directors and approved by a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, and the bylaws may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote and may, if so provided in the certificate of incorporation, also be amended by the board of directors.
Under Cayman Islands law, our governing documents (and save for certain amendments to share capital described in this section) may only be amended by special resolution of shareholders (requiring a two-thirds majority vote).
Rights of Nonresident or Foreign Shareholders
There are no limitations imposed by our governing documents on the rights of nonresident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our governing documents governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.
Privacy Notice
Introduction
This privacy notice puts our shareholders on notice that through investment in the company the shareholder will provide the company with certain personal information which constitutes personal data within the meaning of the DPA (“personal data”). In the following discussion, references to “the company” refers to us and our affiliates and/ or delegates, except where the context requires otherwise.
Investor Data
We will collect, use, disclose, retain and secure personal data to the extent reasonably required only and within the parameters that could be reasonably expected during the normal course of business. We will only process, disclose, transfer or retain personal data to the extent legitimately required to conduct our activities of on an ongoing basis or to comply with legal and regulatory obligations to which we are subject. We will only transfer personal data in accordance with the requirements of the DPA, and will apply appropriate technical and organizational information security measures designed to protect against unauthorized or unlawful processing of the personal data and against the accidental loss, destruction or damage to the personal data.
In our use of this personal data, we will be characterized as a “data controller” for the purposes of the DPA, while our affiliates and service providers who may receive this personal data from us in the conduct of our activities may either act as our “data processors” for the purposes of the DPA or may process personal information for their own lawful purposes in connection with services provided to us.
We may also obtain personal data from other public sources. Personal data includes, without limitation, the following information relating to a shareholder and/or any individuals connected with a shareholder as an investor: name, residential address, email address, contact details, corporate contact information, signature, nationality, place of birth, date of birth, tax identification, credit history, correspondence records, passport number, bank account details, source of funds details and details relating to the shareholder’s investment activity.
Whom this Affects
If you are a natural person, this will affect you directly. If you are a corporate investor (including, for these purposes, legal arrangements such as trusts or exempted limited partnerships) that provides us with personal data on individuals connected to you for any reason in relation your investment in the company, this will be relevant for those individuals and you should transmit the content of this Privacy Notice to such individuals or otherwise advise them of its content.
How the Company May Use a Shareholder’s Personal Data
The company, as the data controller, may collect, store and use personal data for lawful purposes, including, in particular:
i. where this is necessary for the performance of our rights and obligations under any purchase agreements;
ii. where this is necessary for compliance with a legal and regulatory obligation to which we are subject (such as compliance with anti-money laundering and FATCA/CRS requirements); and/or
iii. where this is necessary for the purposes of our legitimate interests and such interests are not overridden by your interests, fundamental rights or freedoms.
Should we wish to use personal data for other specific purposes (including, if applicable, any purpose that requires your consent), we will contact you.
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Why We May Transfer Your Personal Data
In certain circumstances we may be legally obliged to share personal data and other information with respect to your shareholding with the relevant regulatory authorities such as the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority or the Tax Information Authority. They, in turn, may exchange this information with foreign authorities, including tax authorities.
We anticipate disclosing personal data to persons who provide services to us and their respective affiliates (which may include certain entities located outside the United States, the Cayman Islands or the European Economic Area), who will process your personal data on our behalf.
The Data Protection Measures We Take
Any transfer of personal data by us or our duly authorized affiliates and/or delegates outside of the Cayman Islands shall be in accordance with the requirements of the DPA.
We and our duly authorized affiliates and/or delegates shall apply appropriate technical and organizational information security measures designed to protect against unauthorized or unlawful processing of personal data, and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data.
We shall notify you of any personal data breach that is reasonably likely to result in a risk to your interests, fundamental rights or freedoms or those data subjects to whom the relevant personal data relates.
C. Material Contracts
Material Contracts Relating to Our Operations
Following and as a result of the Business Combination, all of our business is conducted through our subsidiaries. Information pertaining to our material contracts is set forth in this annual report under the headings “Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions” or elsewhere in this annual report.
Material Contracts Relating to the Business Combination
Business Combination Agreement
The description of the Business Combination Agreement is set forth in “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Business Combination,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Related Agreements
The description of the material provisions of certain additional agreements entered into pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement is set forth in “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transactions Related to the Business Combination,” which information is incorporated herein by reference.
Material Contract Relating to the Crop Care Companies Separation and Sale
On December 15, 2025, we completed the sale of a majority equity interest in Triagro, which owns the Crop Care Companies, which in turn own and operate businesses in our Crop Care segment, to funds managed by Patria Investments Limited for approximately R$400 million. Following this transaction, we retained (i) Perterra, which is part of our Crop Care segment, and imports and distributes off-patent crop protection products, and (ii) a minority equity interest in the Crop Care Companies via our 46.7% ownership of Triagro. For more information, see "Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Recent Developments—Sale of a Majority Equity Interest in Crop Care."
D. Exchange Controls
There are no governmental laws, decrees, regulations or other legislation in the Cayman Islands that may affect the import or export of capital, including the availability of cash and cash equivalents for use by us, or that may affect the remittance of dividends, interest, or other payments by us to non-resident holders of Ordinary Shares.
There is no limitation imposed by laws of Cayman Islands or in our governing documents on the right of non- residents to hold or vote Ordinary Shares.
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E. Taxation
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares and Warrants by U.S. Holders (as defined below).
This summary is limited to certain U.S. federal income tax considerations generally relevant to U.S. Holders that hold Ordinary Shares and Warrants, as “capital assets” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) (generally, property held for investment). This summary does not address the U.S. federal income taxation of U.S. Holders that acquired their Ordinary Shares and Warrants in the SPAC Mergers. This summary also does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to particular U.S. Holders in light of their individual circumstances or status, including but not limited to:
our Sponsor or any member, founder, director, or officer, thereof;
banks, financial institutions or financial services entities;
broker-dealers or traders in securities or currencies;
taxpayers that are subject to the mark-to-market tax accounting rules;
tax-exempt entities including private foundations;
governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof;
insurance companies;
pension plans;
cooperatives;
partnerships (or entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes), S corporations, or other pass-through entities or arrangements (or investors therein);
regulated investment companies;
real estate investment trusts;
persons liable for alternative minimum tax;
expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States;
persons that actually or constructively own five percent or more of our Ordinary Shares by vote or value;
persons that acquired Ordinary Shares pursuant to an exercise of employee share options, in connection with employee share incentive plans or otherwise as compensation;
persons that own Ordinary Shares as part of a straddle, constructive sale, hedging, conversion or other integrated or similar transaction;
persons that own Ordinary Shares in connection with a trade or business, permanent establishment, or fixed place of business outside the United States; or
U.S. Holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.
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If a partnership (or any entity or arrangement so characterized for U.S. federal income tax purposes) owns Ordinary Shares or Warrants, the U.S. federal income, tax treatment of such partnership and its partners will generally depend on the status of the partners and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding any Ordinary Shares or Warrants and their partners should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of ownership and disposition of Ordinary Shares or Warrants.
This summary is based on the Code, proposed, temporary and final Treasury regulations promulgated under the Code, and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof, all as of the date hereof. All of the foregoing are subject to differing interpretation and subject to change, which differing interpretation or change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax considerations described herein. This summary does not address any estate or gift tax considerations, any alternative minimum tax considerations, Medicare contribution tax considerations, the special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code or U.S. federal taxes other than those pertaining to U.S. federal income taxation, nor does it address any aspects of U.S. state, local or non-U.S. taxation.
We have not requested nor will we request any ruling from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) regarding any of the U.S. federal income tax considerations described herein. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not take positions that are inconsistent with those discussed below or that any such positions would not be sustained by a court.
As used herein, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of Ordinary Shares or Warrants, as the case may be, who or that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) a citizen or individual resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation (or other entity that is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia; (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source or (iv) a trust if (A) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more “United States persons” (as defined in the Code) have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) the trust has in effect a valid election to be treated as a United States person.
THIS SUMMARY DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OR DESCRIPTION OF ALL POTENTIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF ORDINARY SHARES OR WARRANTS. U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISERS REGARDING THEIR PARTICULAR TAX CIRCUMSTANCES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECTS OF U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS.
Ownership and Disposition of Ordinary Shares or Warrants
Distributions on Ordinary Shares
Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder generally will be required to include in gross income as dividends the amount of any cash distribution paid on Ordinary Shares at the time actually or constructively received to the extent the distribution is paid out of the Registrant’s current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Such dividends will be taxable to a corporate U.S. Holder at regular corporate tax rates and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to domestic corporations in respect of dividends received from other domestic corporations. Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, distributions in excess of such earnings and profits generally will be applied against and reduce the U.S. Holder’s basis in its Ordinary Shares (but not below zero) and, to the extent in excess of such basis, will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such Ordinary Shares. Because the Registrant may not maintain calculations of earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that the full amount of distributions (if any) paid by the Registrant will be reported as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, under tax laws currently in effect and subject to the PFIC rules, dividends generally will be taxed at the lower applicable long-term capital gains rate (see “—Gain or Loss on Sale, or Other Taxable Disposition of Ordinary Shares and Warrants”) only if the Ordinary Shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States and certain other requirements are met. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of such lower rate for any dividends paid with respect to the Ordinary Shares.
Gain or Loss on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Ordinary Shares and Warrants
Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of the Ordinary Shares or Warrants. Any such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for such Ordinary Shares or Warrants exceeds one year at the time of such disposition.
The amount of gain or loss recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition generally will be equal to the difference between (i) the sum of the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received in such disposition and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its Ordinary Shares or Warrants so disposed of. Long- term capital gain realized by a non-corporate U.S. Holder is currently eligible to be taxed at reduced rates. See “—Exercise, Lapse or Redemption of Warrants” below for a discussion regarding a U.S. Holder’s basis in an Ordinary Share acquired pursuant to the exercise of a Warrant. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.
Exercise, Lapse or Redemption of Warrants
Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, and except as discussed below with respect to the cashless exercise of a Warrant, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize gain or loss upon the acquisition of an Ordinary Share upon the exercise of a Warrant for cash. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in an Ordinary Share received upon exercise of the Warrant generally will equal the sum of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Warrant and the exercise price. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Ordinary Share will commence on the date of exercise of the Warrant or the day following the date of exercise of the Warrant; in either case, the holding period will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Warrant. If a Warrant is allowed to lapse unexercised, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize a capital loss equal to such holder’s tax basis in the Warrant. Such capital loss will be long-term capital loss if the U.S. Holder held the Warrant for more than one year at the time of such lapse.
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The tax consequences of a cashless exercise of a Warrant are not clear under current law. A cashless exercise may not be taxable, either because the exercise is not a realization event or because the exercise is treated as a recapitalization for United States federal income tax purposes. In either situation, a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Ordinary Share received generally would equal the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Warrants. If the cashless exercise was not treated as a recapitalization (but not a realization event), it is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Ordinary Share will commence on the date of exercise of the Warrant or the day following the date of exercise of the warrant. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of the Ordinary Share would include the holding period of the Warrant.
It is also possible that a cashless exercise may be treated in part as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized. In such event, a portion of the Warrants to be exercised on a cashless basis could, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, be deemed to have been surrendered in consideration for the exercise price of the remaining Warrants, which would be deemed to be exercised. For this purpose, a U.S. Holder may be deemed to have surrendered Warrants with an aggregate value equal to the exercise price for the total number of Warrants to be deemed exercised. Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, the U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the fair market value of the Warrants deemed surrendered and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such warrants. In this case, a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Ordinary Shares received would equal the sum of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Warrants deemed exercised and the exercise price of such Warrants. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Ordinary Shares would commence on the date of exercise of the Warrant or the day following the date of exercise of the Warrant.
Due to the absence of authority on the United States federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise, there can be no assurance which, if any, of the alternative tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise.
Possible Constructive Distributions
The terms of the Warrants provide for an adjustment to the number of Ordinary Shares for which the warrant may be exercised or to the exercise price of the warrant in certain events. An adjustment which has the effect of preventing dilution generally is not taxable. U.S. Holders of Warrants would, however, be treated as receiving a constructive distribution from the Registrant if, for example, the adjustment increases the warrantholders’ proportionate interest in Registrant’s assets or earnings and profits (e.g., through an increase in the number of Ordinary Shares that would be obtained upon exercise) as a result of a distribution of cash to the holders of Ordinary Shares which is taxable to the U.S. Holders of such Ordinary Shares as described under “—Distributions on Ordinary Shares.” Such constructive distribution would be subject to tax as described under that section in the same manner as if the U.S. Holders of the Warrants received a cash distribution from the Registrant equal to the fair market value of the increase in the interest. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences in their particular circumstances, including the possibility of any constructive distributions.
Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules
The treatment of a U.S. Holder of Ordinary Shares and Warrants could be materially different from that described above if the Registrant is or was treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which (i) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income, or (ii) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, certain royalties and rents, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. Cash and cash equivalents are passive assets. The value of goodwill will generally be treated as an active or passive asset based on the nature of the income produced in the activity to which the goodwill is attributable. For purposes of the PFIC rules, a non-U.S. corporation that owns, directly or indirectly, at least 25% by value of the stock of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation, and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation.
Based on the expected composition of the Registrant’s income and assets and the estimated value of the Registrant’s assets, the Registrant does not believe they were a PFIC for the taxable year ending June 30, 2025. However, because the Registrant’s PFIC status for any taxable year is an annual determination that can be made only after the end of that year and will depend on the composition of the Registrant’s income and assets and the value of its assets from time to time (including the value of its goodwill, which may be determined in large part by reference to the market price of the Ordinary Shares from time to time, which could be volatile), there can be no assurances the Registrant will not be a PFIC for its taxable for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, or any future taxable year.
If the Registrant is a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. person owns Ordinary Shares and any entity in which it owns equity interests is also a PFIC (a “Lower-tier PFIC”), the U.S. Holder will be deemed to own their proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of each Lower-tier PFIC and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on (i) certain distributions by a Lower-tier PFIC and (ii) dispositions of shares of Lower-tier PFICs, in each case, as if the U.S. Holder held such shares directly, even though the U.S. Holder will not receive any proceeds of those distributions or dispositions.
If the Registrant is a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder of Ordinary Shares, gain recognized by the U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of its Ordinary Shares will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for such Ordinary Shares. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or disposition and to any year before the Registrant became a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year will be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as applicable, for that taxable year, and an interest charge will be imposed on the resulting tax liability for each such year. Furthermore, to the extent that distributions received by a U.S. Holder in any taxable year on its Ordinary Shares exceed 125% of the average of the annual distributions on the Ordinary Shares received during the preceding three taxable years or the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, the excess distributions will be subject to taxation in the same manner. The foregoing PFIC tax consequences are referred to as the “PFIC Default Regime.”
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Alternatively, if the Registrant is a PFIC and if the Ordinary Shares are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange,” a U.S. Holder could avoid the PFIC Default Regime by making a mark-to-market election. The Ordinary Shares will be treated as regularly traded for any calendar year in which more than a de minimis quantity of the Ordinary Shares are traded on a qualified exchange on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. Nasdaq, where the Ordinary Shares are listed, is a qualified exchange for this purpose. If a U.S. Holder of Ordinary Shares makes the mark-to-market election, the U.S. Holder generally will recognize as ordinary income any excess of the fair market value of the Ordinary Shares at the end of each taxable year over their adjusted tax basis, and will recognize an ordinary loss in respect of any excess of the adjusted tax basis of the Ordinary Shares over their fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to-market election, the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Ordinary Shares will be adjusted to reflect the income or loss amounts recognized. Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of Ordinary Shares in a year in which we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as an ordinary loss (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market election, with any excess treated as capital loss). If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to- market election, distributions paid on Ordinary Shares will be treated as discussed under “—Distributions on Ordinary Shares” above. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the availability and advisability of making a mark-to-market election in their particular circumstances. U.S. Holders should note that there is no provision in the Code, Treasury regulations or other official IRS guidance that would give them the right to make a mark-to-market election with respect to any Lower-tier PFIC, the shares of which are not regularly traded, and, therefore, the general rules applicable to ownership of a PFIC described above could continue to apply to a U.S. Holder with respect to any Lower-tier PFIC of the Registrant, even if the U.S. Holder made a mark-to-market election with respect to the Ordinary Shares. A mark-to-market election may not be made with respect to the Warrants.
The Registrant intends to provide the information necessary for a U.S. Holder to make and maintain a “qualified electing fund” election with respect to Ordinary Shares for the taxable year ended June 30, 2025 and the following taxable year if the Registrant determines that it is a PFIC for such year but may not make such information available for any subsequent year.
If the Registrant is a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns (or is deemed to own) any Ordinary Shares, subject to certain limited exceptions set forth in applicable Treasury regulations, the U.S. Holder will be required to file annual reports with the IRS with respect to the Registrant and any Lower-tier PFIC. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the determination of whether the Registrant is a PFIC for any taxable year and the potential application of the PFIC rules to their ownership of Ordinary Shares.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Dividend payments with respect to Ordinary Shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of Ordinary Shares or Warrants may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and possible United States backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes other required certifications, or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding and establishes such exempt status. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status may be required to provide such certification on IRS Form W-9.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against a U.S. Holder’s United States federal income tax liability, and a U.S. Holder generally may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by timely filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of backup withholding and the availability of and procedure for obtaining an exemption from backup withholding in their particular circumstances.
The U.S. federal income tax discussion set forth above is included for general information only and may not be applicable depending upon a holder’s particular situation. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors with respect to the tax consequences to them of the ownership and disposition of Ordinary Shares and Warrants and the exercise of their redemption rights, including the tax consequences under state, local, estate, non-U.S. and other tax laws and tax treaties and the possible effects of changes in U.S. or other tax laws.
Cayman Islands Tax Considerations
The following summary contains a description of certain Cayman Islands income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Ordinary Shares, but it does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all the tax considerations that may be relevant to a decision to purchase Ordinary Shares. The summary is based upon the tax laws of Cayman Islands and regulations thereunder as of the date hereof, which are subject to change.
Prospective investors should consult their professional advisers on the possible tax consequences of buying, holding or selling any shares under the laws of their country of citizenship, residence or domicile.
The following is a discussion on certain Cayman Islands income tax consequences of an investment in the Ordinary Shares. The discussion is a general summary of present law, which is subject to prospective and retroactive change. It is not intended as tax advice, does not consider any investor’s particular circumstances, and does not consider tax consequences other than those arising under Cayman Islands law.
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Under Existing Cayman Islands Laws:
Payments of dividends and capital in respect of Ordinary Shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of interest and principal or a dividend or capital to any holder of Ordinary Shares, as the case may be, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the Ordinary Shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax. The Cayman Islands currently have no income, corporation or capital gains tax and no estate duty, inheritance tax or gift tax.
No stamp duty is payable in respect of the issue of Ordinary Shares or on an instrument of transfer in respect of Ordinary Shares.
We have been incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and, as such, have obtained an undertaking from the Governor in Cabinet of the Cayman Islands in the following form:
The Tax Concessions Law
Undertaking as to Tax Concessions
In accordance with section 6 of the Tax Concessions Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, the Governor in Cabinet of the Cayman Islands has undertaken with the Company that:
(a) no law which is thereafter enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations shall apply to the Company or its operations; and
(b) in addition, that no tax to be levied on profits, income, gains or appreciations or which is in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall be payable:
(i) on or in respect of the shares, debentures or other obligations of the Company; or
(ii) by way of the withholding in whole or in part of any relevant payment as defined in the Tax Concessions Act.
The concessions apply for a period of twenty years from August 29, 2022.
The Cayman Islands currently levy no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciations and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to the Company levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands save certain stamp duties which may be applicable, from time to time, on certain instruments executed in or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents
G. Statement by Experts
H. Documents on Display
We are subject to certain of the informational filing requirements of the Exchange Act. Since we are a “foreign private issuer,” we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act, with respect to their purchase and sale of our shares. In addition, we are not required to file reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we are required to file with the SEC an annual report on Form 20-F containing financial statements audited by an independent accounting firm. We may, but are not required, to furnish to the SEC, on Form 6-K, unaudited financial information after each of our first three fiscal quarters. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information that we file with or furnish electronically with the SEC. You may read and copy any report or document we file, including the exhibits, at the SEC’s public reference room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room.
I. Subsidiary Information
J. Annual Report to Security Holders
We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including the effects of credit, interest rate, capital and liquidity risks. Information relating to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about these market risks is described below and in note 8 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk of financial losses if a customer or a counterparty to a financial instrument fails to fulfill its contractual obligations, which arise mainly from our trade receivables. We maintain short-term investments and derivatives with financial institutions approved by its management according to objective criteria for diversification of such risk.
We seek to mitigate its credit risk related to trade receivables by setting forth credit limits for each counterparty based on the analysis of its credit management process. Such credit exposure determination is performed considering the qualitative and quantitative information of each counterparty. We also focus on the diversification of its portfolio and monitors different solvency and liquidity indicators of its counterparties. In addition, primarily for receivables in installments, We monitor the balance of allowances for expected credit losses (see notes 6 and 8 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report).
Our primarily strategies to mitigate credit risk include:
creating credit approval policies and procedures for new and existing customers;
extending credit to qualified customers through a review of credit agency reports, financial statements and/ or credit references, when available;
reviewing existing customer accounts every twelve months based on the credit limit amounts;
evaluating customer and regional risks;
obtaining guarantees through the endorsement of rural producer notes (“CPR”), which give physical ownership of the relevant agricultural goods in the event of the customer’s default;
establishing credit approval for suppliers in case of payments in advance;
setting up provisions using the lifetime expected credit loss method considering all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument, Receivables are categorized based on the number of overdue days and/or a customer’s credit risk profile, Estimated losses on receivables are based on known troubled accounts and historical losses, Receivables are considered to be in default and are written off against the allowance for credit losses when it is probable that all remaining contractual payments due will not be collected in accordance with the terms of the agreement;
requiring minimum acceptable counterparty credit ratings from financial counterparties;
setting limits for counterparties or credit exposure; and
developing relationships with investment-grade counterparties.
The table below presents our maximum exposure to credit risk as of the dates presented:
Trade receivables (current and non-current)
269.5
1,470.7
2,825.8
Advances to suppliers
16.3
88.7
246.7
285.8
1,559.4
3,072.5
Liquidity Risk
We define liquidity risk as the risk of financial losses if we are unable to comply with our payment obligations in connection with financial liabilities settled in cash or other financial assets in a timely manner as they become due. Our approach to managing this risk is to ensure that we have sufficient cash available to settle our obligations without incurring losses or affecting our operations. Management is ultimately responsible for managing liquidity risk, which relies on a liquidity risk management model to address funding requirements and liquidity in the short, medium, and long term.
Our cash position is monitored by senior management through management reports and periodic performance meetings. We also manage our liquidity risk by maintaining reserves, bank credit facilities, and other borrowing facilities deemed appropriate, through ongoing monitoring of forecast and actual cash flows, as well as through the combination of maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities. For additional information on the outstanding contractual maturities of our non-derivative financial liabilities and contractual repayment terms, see notes 7 and 8 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
For more information on liquidity, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations.”
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Capital Risk
Our capital management objective is to ensure that it maintains healthy leverage levels and access to capital to support its ongoing operations. We manage its capital structure and adjusts it in light of changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of the underlying assets. We monitor capital using the net debt/Adjusted EBITDA ratio.
We did not make any changes to its approach to capital management during the year.
For further information on Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio, see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Special Note Regarding Non-IFRS Financial Measures—Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio.” In addition, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures and Reconciliations” for a reconciliation of our Net Debt and Net Debt/Adjusted EBITDA Ratio to our borrowings.
Interest Rate Risk
Fluctuations in interest rates, such as the Brazilian interbank deposit rate, which is an average of interbank overnight rates in Brazil, and the Colombian investment rate, which is an average of interbank and financial corporation loans, may have an effect on the cost of our borrowings and new borrowings.
We periodically monitor the effects of market changes in interest rates on our financial instruments portfolio. Funds raised by us are used to finance working capital for each crop season and are typically raised under short-term conditions. As of June 30, 2025, and 2024, we had no derivative financial instruments used to mitigate interest rate risks.
Sensitivity Analysis – Exposure to Interest Rates
To assess our exposure to interest rate risk, we use sensitivity scenarios. Scenario 1 represents the impact on booked amounts based on the current CDI and IBR rates as of November 2025, reflecting management’s best estimates. Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 consider hypothetical increases of 25% and 50% in these market interest rates, respectively, before taxes, representing significant potential changes in the probable scenario for sensitivity analysis purposes.
Current Index
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Floating rate borrowings in Brazil
CDI Rate (14%)
105.1
125.0
145.0
Floating rate borrowings in Colombia
IBR Rate (8.73%)
24.8
34.6
Floating rate Agribusiness Receivables Certificates
CDI Rate (15%)
72.1
86.4
100.8
202.0
241.2
280.4
Exchange Rate Risk
We are exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from our operations related to agricultural inputs, primarily due to the U.S. dollar, which significantly impacts global prices of agricultural inputs in general. Although all purchases and sales are conducted locally, certain purchase and sales contracts are indexed to the U.S. dollar.
Our current commercial department seeks to reduce this exposure. Our marketing department is responsible for managing pricing tables and commercial strategies to establish a natural hedge between purchases and sales, matching currency and terms to the greatest extent possible.
Our corporate treasury department is responsible for monitoring the forecasted cash flow exposure to the U.S. dollar, and whenever any mismatches in terms and currencies are identified, non-deliverable forwards derivative financial instruments are purchased to offset these exposures and thereby fulfill internal policy requirements. U.S. dollar exposure is managed by macro hedging through an analysis of the forecasted cash flow for the next two harvests. We do not hold any leveraged derivative positions.
Our exchange rate exposure monitoring committee meets periodically across the commercial, treasury, and corporate business departments. We also have committees on purchase valuation and business intelligence for the main goods we trade.
We do not adopt hedge accounting; therefore, gains and losses from derivative operations are fully recognized in the statements of profit or loss, as disclosed in note 31 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
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Sensitivity analysis – exposure to exchange rates
To gauge our exposure to exchange rate risk, we use different scenarios to evaluate our asset and liability positions in foreign currency and their potential effects on our results. Scenario 1 below represents the impact on carrying amounts using the most current (November 28, 2025) market rates for the U.S. dollar (R$5.4570 to US$1.00). This analysis assumes that all other variables, particularly interest rates, remain constant. Scenarios 2 and 3 consider the devaluation of the Brazilian real against the U.S. dollar at rates of 25% and 50%, before taxes, which represent significant changes in the probable scenario for sensitivity purposes.
The following table sets forth the potential impacts on our statements of profit or loss:
Effect of Profit or Loss
Cash equivalents in U.S. Dollars
R$ 5.33
(0.1)
0.8
1.6
Trade receivables in U.S. Dollars
(1.4)
13.9
29.2
Trade payables in U.S. Dollars
(34.4)
(72.4)
Borrowings in U.S. Dollars
(20.1)
(42.2)
Net impacts on commercial operations
(39.8)
(83.7)
Derivative financial instruments
(0.6)
5.7
Total impact, net of derivatives
(34.1)
(71.7)
Commodity Price Risk in Barter Transactions
In all of our barter transactions, we use future commodity market prices as the reference to value the quantities of commodities included in the forward contracts to be delivered by customers as payment for our products in currency. We use prices quoted by commodity trading companies to value grain purchase contracts from farmers. We enter into grain sale contracts with trading companies or forward derivatives with financial institutions to sell those same grains at the same price as the purchased contracts with farmers. As such, our strategy to manage exposure to commodity prices involves entering into purchase and sale contracts under similar conditions.
These transactions are conducted by a corporate department that manages and controls such contracts, as well as ensuring compliance with our policies.
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Sensitivity analysis – exposure to commodity price
To gauge our exposure to commodity price risk, we use different scenarios to evaluate our asset and liability positions on commodity forward contracts in soybean and corn and their potential effects on our results. The “current risk” scenario below represents the impact on carrying amounts as of June 30, 2025, with assumptions described in note 11 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The other scenarios consider the appreciation of key assumptions at rates of 25% and 50%, before taxes, which represent significant changes in the probable scenario for sensitivity purposes.
‘+25% current
‘+50% current
Tons
Current Risk
Average of contract prices
Current Market (R$/ bag)
Market
Impact
(in R$ thousands, except as otherwise indicated)
Corn 2025
42,753
Purchased
32,330
8,083
16,165
(42,495)
Sold
(29,789)
(46)
(7,447)
(14,894)
Corn 2026
(12)
(7)
(9)
(3)
(10)
(6)
Soybean 2025
367
357
179
(789)
(778)
(115)
(195)
(389)
Soybean 2026
41,210
(2,227)
(4)
(557)
(5)
(1,113)
(12,307)
385
(119)
(2)
192
Net exposure on grain contracts
28,848
Net purchased
266
134
(16,272)
Sold on derivatives
(501)
(125)
(250)
(108)
153
184
(28,781)
4,199
137
160
1,050
2,099
Net exposure on derivatives
(45,161)
Net sold
3,700
926
1,850
Net exposure (i)
(16,313)
3,966
992
1,984
(1) Exposure related to 2025 corn purchase contracts for which the physical contracts were settled early, while the related derivative instruments are being held until their original maturity.
A. Debt Securities
B. Warrants and Rights
As of June 30, 2025, there were 6,012,085 Public Warrants outstanding. Public Warrants, which entitle the holder to purchase one Ordinary Share at an exercise price of US$11.50 per share, became exercisable on March 30, 2023, which was 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination. Public Warrants will expire on February 28, 2028 (i.e., five years after the completion of the Business Combination) or earlier upon redemption or liquidation in accordance with their terms. Upon the completion of the Business Combination, there were also 4,071,507 Private Placement Warrants held by the Sponsor. The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants in all material respects, except that the Private Placement Warrants, so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, (i) will not be redeemable by the Company, (ii) could not, subject to certain limited exceptions, be transferred, assigned or sold by the holders until March 30, 2023, which was 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination, (iii) may be exercised by the holders on a cashless basis and (iv) are entitled to registration rights.
C. Other Securities
D. American Depositary Shares
Not applicable
PART II
None.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We evaluated, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of June 30, 2025. Through additional procedures prior to the filing, our consolidated financial statements included in this report fairly present, in all material respects, our statement of financial position, statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income or loss, changes in equity and cash flows for the periods presented, in conformity with IFRS.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS, and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by Ernst & Young Auditores Independentes S/S Ltda, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their audit report accompanying our consolidated financial statements. See “—Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm”.
There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any system of internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even an effective internal control system can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of an internal control system may vary over time.
Our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2025. Using the criteria described in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, or “COSO.” Based on this assessment management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of June 30, 2025 because of the material weaknesses described below. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement in our annual financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
IT General Controls: Management identified a material weakness relating to the identification, design, and execution of relevant controls to prevent and detect deficiencies in information technology, or “IT” that also affected the effectiveness of automated and IT-dependent controls, including lack of controls in place to monitor and oversee the completion of controls performed by a third-party. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, we made progress, particularly within the SAP S/4 Hana environment. However, these enhancements have not yet been in place long enough to remediate this material weakness.
Entity and Process level controls: Management also identified a material weakness in the ineffective design, implementation and operation of internal controls applicable across both entity and all transaction level processes including the timely reconciliation of significant accounts and identification of necessary adjustments.
Financial Statement Close Process: Further, management identified a material weakness relating to the design, implementation and execution of controls in the financial statement close process, including the lack of review of accounting implications arising from complex transactions as well as from the consolidation process.
Remediation Plan
We will plan for timely remediation of control deficiencies for the control environment to be effective for a sufficient period of time during the next fiscal year and the implementation of monitoring controls such as self-assessments and action plans to remediate deficiencies.
To this end, we plan to implement suitable corrective measures and reassess our internal controls framework to reduce the risk of potential inaccuracies in the areas of IT, revenue, and inventory. We will consider the material weakness remediated once the applicable controls have operated for a sufficient period and management is able to conclude, through testing, that the controls are operating effectively.
Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young Auditores Independentes S/S Ltda., has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report as of June 30, 2025, which is included herein.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Except for the material weaknesses identified and the ongoing implementation of remediation actions as described above, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Our audit committee consists of Michael Stern and Eduardo Daher. Our board of directors has determined that each of Michael Stern and Eduardo Daher meet the requirements for independence under the listing standards of Nasdaq and SEC rules and regulations. Each member of our audit committee also meets the financial literacy and sophistication requirements of the listing standards of Nasdaq. We do not currently have a third member of our audit committee or an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act due to Lauren StClair’s term as a director expiring and her not seeking reelection at our annual general meeting. We are currently searching for a replacement audit committee member. For more information, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management—Committees of the Board of Directors—Audit Committee”
Our board of directors adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and other executive and senior financial officers. The full text of our code of business conduct and ethics is posted on the investor relations page on our website at https://ir.lavoroagro.com/ and is attached as an exhibit to this annual report. We intend to disclose any amendments to our code of business conduct and ethics, or waivers of its requirements, on our website or in public filings. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this annual report, and you should not consider the information contained on our website to be a part of this annual report.
The following table describes the total amount billed to us by Ernst & Young Auditores Independentes S/S Ltda. for services performed during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:
(in thousands of reais)
Audit fees
11,394.8
11,863.2
Audit-related fees
979.9
1,749.9
Tax fees
All other fees
Total consolidated audit fees
12,374.8
13,613.1
Audit fees are fees billed for the audit of our annual financial statements and for the reviews of our quarterly financial statements furnished on Form 6-K. Audit related fees correspond to services provided in connection with assistance related to review of documents to be filed with local and foreign regulatory bodies, including documents regarding compliance with legislation and regulations, audit of specific financial statements and annual report review, due diligence activities, assurance of special purpose reports, and other previously agreed-upon procedures. Tax fees correspond for the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by the principal accountant for tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning. “All other fees” comprises the aggregate fees billed for products and services provided by the principal accountant, other than the services reported in the previous items.
Our audit committee approves all audit, audit-related services, tax services and other services provided by our principal accountants. Any services provided by our principal accountants that are not specifically included within the scope of the audit must be pre-approved by the board of directors in advance of any engagement. The board of directors is permitted to approve certain fees for audit-related services, tax services and other services pursuant to a de minimis exception prior to the completion of the audit engagement.
See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board practices—Foreign Private Issuer Status.”
On or around February 28, 2025, which was the Maturity Date under the FPAs, the FPA Investors continued to hold all of the 2,830,750 Ordinary Shares subject to the agreements and had not disposed of any such shares. In accordance with the terms of the FPAs, the FPA Investors elected to resell all of their Ordinary Shares to us. The aggregate purchase price paid to the FPA Investors for these shares was US$31.0 million (equivalent to approximately R$59.89 per share, based on the exchange rate reported by the Central Bank of Brazil as of June 30, 2025), which was funded from the Escrowed Property in accordance with the FPAs. For more information, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions—Transactions Related to the Business Combination—Forward Purchase Agreements.”
the requirement under Section 5605(b)(2) of the Nasdaq listing rules that the independent directors have regularly scheduled meetings with only the independent directors present, and
We have adopted a statement of trading policies that governs the trading in our securities by our directors, officers and certain other covered persons, and which is reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to the Company. A copy of the Statement of Policy Concerning Trading Policies is included as Exhibit 11.2 to this annual report. Since its effective date, we have not waived compliance with our statement of trading policies.
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, we completed the implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program across our operating subsidiaries: Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. (“Lavoro Agro”), Crop Care Holding S.A. (“Crop Care”) and Lavoro Colombia S.A.S. (“Lavoro Colombia”), and its subsidiaries. The program establishes common policies, control standards, and incident-response procedures across the group. The program management, as well as control and monitoring activities remain decentralized and are carried out by each entity in accordance with these standards.
Lavoro entities maintain a robust information and cybersecurity structure, managed by our information technology department. The internal teams include a cybersecurity specialist and/or an analyst, and collaborate with two partner companies. One partner manages the Security Operations Center (“SOC”), while the other performs continuous vulnerability assessments. These partners use SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) and IDR (Incident Detection and Response) tools to identify, assess, and mitigate vulnerabilities. In the event of cybersecurity incidents, they work with our team to resolve them. Vulnerabilities are classified and addressed for correction by the IT Infrastructure. The SOC and Lavoro’s cybersecurity team respond to incidents, and the partner company provides monthly reports on vulnerabilities and incidents.
Risk Management and Strategy
Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our overall corporate risk management program. The Cybersecurity teams assess vulnerabilities identified by our partners based on MITRE ATT&CK standards, determining the likelihood of exploitation and the potential for cyber-attacks. This process aligns with the Cyber Vulnerability Management Policy and adheres to the guidelines of ISO 27001, MITRE ATT&CK, and NIST CSF. The program encompasses the management of threats and incidents related to developed applications and third-party services such as OCI, GCP, SAP, and Salesforce. Preventive measures include anti-phishing campaigns, multi-factor authentication, and restricted privileged access.
Lavoro Cybersecurity Structure
Our cybersecurity structures, aligned with the NIST CSF framework, cover the phases of identification, protection, detection, response, and recovery from cyber incidents, applicable to emails, workstations, cloud servers, and third-party systems. Related policies include:
Cyber Incident Management Policy: Covers the phases of the NIST CSF.
Cyber Incident Response Policy: Specifies the application of the NIST CSF.
Cyber Incident Communication Policy: Defines communication procedures and severity levels.
Incident Response
Incident response is managed by cybersecurity teams and the SOC, following the NIST CSF framework. Data Privacy incidents are handled by the Data Privacy team and managed by the Data Protection Officer - DPO. We maintain a Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) and conduct annual penetration tests with specialized firms.
Employee Training
All new employees receive initial cybersecurity training. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, we implemented an annual mandatory cybersecurity training requirement for all employees. We also conduct regular phishing simulations to monitor employees’ ability to identify and handle suspicious emails. Results are reported to the CEO of each entity and used to reinforce cybersecurity policies.
Regular Reviews
We seek to proactively address information security and data privacy risks through a structured and comprehensive approach. We regularly conduct an independent maturity review of our cybersecurity and privacy programs, utilizing the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) frameworks, specifically the Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) for cybersecurity and the NIST Privacy Framework for privacy management.
Our last review, yielded the following scores:
Cybersecurity (CSF): 3.65 for policy and 3.32 for practice; and
Privacy: 3.21 for policy and 3.02 for practice.
These scores indicate that our current practices and policies exceed the recommended target score of 3.0 (Defined), which is considered the benchmark where processes have become formal, standardized, and defined. Achieving these levels signifies that we have robust, consistent policies and practices across the organization, which helps mitigate risks associated with cyber threats and privacy concerns.
We continuously monitor and refine these processes to align with evolving regulatory requirements and industry standards, ensuring that our practices in both cybersecurity and data privacy remain resilient and capable of addressing potential risks.
Governance
The boards of directors of Lavoro Agro and Crop Care oversee the cybersecurity risk-management program for their respective entities. Direct oversight is delegated to the Information Security and Data Privacy Committee, consisting of seven members: the CEO, the General Manager of Information Technology, the Cybersecurity Specialist, the Internal Controls Coordinator, the Data Protection Officer (DPO), a representative from the Legal department, and a representative from HR.
The Committee is responsible for:
Approving the annual review of the Corporate Information Security and Cybersecurity Policy (PCSIC).
Recommending improvements to access control processes and incident response.
Developing and reviewing the Cyber Incident Communication Plan.
Ensuring compliance with the General Data Protection Law (LGPD) and overseeing audits and corrective actions.
The Committee provides reports on material risks and critical incidents to the Board, with quarterly updates based on indicators provided by the SOC. Management is responsible for the continuous identification and assessment of cybersecurity risks, implementation of mitigation measures, and maintenance of security programs. The General Manager of Information Technology oversees the operation of cybersecurity programs, receiving monthly reports from the SOC and coordinating incident response.
The cybersecurity team, consisting of the General Manager and a Specialist with over 20 years of experience in frameworks such as ISO 27k, NIST CSF, MITRE ATT&CK, and CIS V8, leads the implementation of policies, creation of procedures, monitoring of incidents, and remediation of vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity reports are provided quarterly to the CEO, covering third-party assessments, developments, and updates to security strategies.
In Colombia, cybersecurity oversight follows a distinct governance model: the Chief Executive Officer of Lavoro Colombia exercises direct oversight of the program for that entity, with management responsibilities carried out locally by the Information Technology Infrastructure area and is in alignment with the group’s policies and minimum control standards.
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
Significant incidents are communicated immediately in accordance with our Cyber Incident Communication Policy or during the quarterly meetings of the Information Security and Data Privacy Committee. Despite our efforts, we cannot guarantee the complete elimination of risks or ensure that no undetected incidents will occur. We maintain a robust cybersecurity structure, including an internal specialist and an outsourced firm responsible for the SOC, monitoring cybersecurity events 24/7.
130
PART III
See Item 18.
See our consolidated financial statements beginning at page F-1.
Exhibit Index
Exhibit No.
Description
1.1
Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-41635) filed with the SEC on March 6, 2023).
Warrant Agreement, dated as of August 13, 2021, by and between TPB SPAC and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to TPB SPAC’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2021).
2.2*
Description of Securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act.
4.1#
Business Combination Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2022, by and among TPB SPAC, the Registrant, First Merger Sub, Second Merger Sub, Third Merger Sub and Lavoro Agro Limited (incorporated by reference to Annex A to the proxy statement/prospectus to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File. No. 333-267653), filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023).
4.2
Form of Plan of Merger, by and between TPB SPAC and First Merger Sub (incorporated by reference to Annex B to the proxy statement/prospectus to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File. No. 333-267653), filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023).
4.3
Lock-up Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2022, by and among the Registrant, Lavoro Agro Limited and the certain equity holders (incorporated by reference to Annex E to the proxy statement/prospectus to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File. No. 333-267653), filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023).
Subscription Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2022, by and between TPB SPAC, Lavoro Limited and the undersigned subscriber party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-270791) filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023).
4.5
Amendment to Sponsor Letter Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2021, by and among Sponsor, TPB SPAC, the Registrant and Lavoro (incorporated by reference to Annex G to the proxy statement/prospectus to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File. No. 333-267653), filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023).
4.6
Amendment No. 2 to Sponsor Letter Agreement, dated as of February 28, 2023, by and among Sponsor, TPB SPAC, the Registrant and Lavoro Agro Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-41635) filed with the SEC on March 6, 2023).
4.7
Amendment No. 3 to Sponsor Letter Agreement, dated as of March 22, 2023, by and among Sponsor, Second Merger Sub (as successor to TPB SPAC), The Production Board, the Registrant and Lavoro Agro Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-270791) filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023).
4.8
Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement dated as of February 28, 2023, by and among the Registrant, TPB SPAC, and Sponsor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-270791) filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023).
4.9
Lavoro Share Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File. No. 333-267653), filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023).
4.10†
Form of Indemnity Agreement between the Company and each member of the board of directors and senior management of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-270791) filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023).
4.13†
Lavoro Limited Restricted Stock Unit Plan.(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-41635) filed with the SEC on November 1, 2023).
8.1*
List of subsidiaries of Lavoro Limited.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of Lavoro Limited, as adopted on February 27, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.1 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-41635) filed with the SEC on November 1, 2023)
Statement of Policy Concerning Trading Policies (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.2 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-41635) filed with the SEC on October 31, 2024).
12.1*
Certification pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 of the Chief Executive Officer.
12.2*
Certification pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 of the Chief Financial Officer.
13.1*
Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Executive Officer.
13.2*
Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Financial Officer.
23.1*
Consent of Ernst & Young Auditores Independentes S/S Ltda., independent registered accounting firm for Lavoro Limited.
99.1
Executive Officer Compensation Recoupment Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-41635) filed with the SEC on October 31, 2024).
101.INS*
Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*
Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104*
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* Filed herewith.
† Indicates a management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.
# Certain of the exhibits and schedules to this Exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). The Company agrees to furnish a copy of all omitted exhibits and schedules to the SEC upon its request.
132
SIGNATURE
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on Form 20-F on its behalf.
LAVORO LIMITED
Date:
December 29, 2025
By:
/s/ Marcelo Pessanha
Name:
Title:
133
Consolidated Financial Statements as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 and for the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 1448)
F-2
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2025 and 2024
F-7
Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss for the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023
F-9
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income or Loss for the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023
F-10
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023
F-11
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023
F-12
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
F-14
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
Lavoro Limited
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Lavoro Limited (Company) as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income or loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at June 30, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2025, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (currently referred by the IFRS Foundation as “IFRS Accounting Standards”).
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated December 29, 2025, expressed an adverse opinion thereon.
The Company's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring operating losses, has a working capital deficiency and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. In addition, the Company has not complied with certain covenants of a loan agreement. Management’s evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters also are described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Goodwill impairment test
Description of the Matter
As of June 30, 2025, the carrying amount of goodwill in the Company’s statement of financial position is R$40,734 thousand. As discussed in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company performs goodwill impairment testing at the cash generating unit (CGU) level annually to assess whether there is an indicator of impairment.
Auditing the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test was complex and highly judgmental due to the significant estimation required to determine the value in use of the CGUs utilizing a discounted cash flows model. In particular, the value in use estimate was sensitive to significant assumptions, such as changes in the revenue growth rate and discount rate, which are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions and those related to sales of each of the Company’s CGUs.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We evaluated management’s assumptions by performing audit procedures that included, among others, comparing the significant assumptions used by management to current market and economic trends and evaluated whether changes to the Company’s assumptions would affect the value in use. We assessed the historical accuracy of management’s estimates and performed procedures to evaluate sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions, such as revenue growth rate and discount rate, to evaluate the changes in the value in use of the cash generating units that would result from changes in the assumptions. We also involved our valuation specialists in assessing valuation methodology used by the Company, to assist in testing the discount rate used and to recalculate the discounted cash flows.
We also assessed the adequacy of the related disclosures in Note 16.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG
Auditores Independentes S/S Ltda.
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2020.
São Paulo, Brazil
F-3
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Lavoro Limited’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weaknesses described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Lavoro Limited (the Company) has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2025, based on the COSO criteria.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management has identified material weaknesses related to (i) the identification, design and execution of relevant controls to prevent and detect deficiencies in information technology, or “IT " that also affected the effectiveness of automated and IT-dependent controls, including lack of controls in place to monitor and oversee the completion of controls performed by a third-party; (ii) the ineffective design, implementation and operation of internal controls applicable across both entity and all transaction level processes including the timely reconciliation of significant accounts and identification of necessary adjustments; and (iii) the design, implementation and execution of controls in the financial statement close process, including the lack of review of accounting implications arising from complex transactions as well as from the consolidation process.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s consolidated statements of financial position as of June 30, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income or loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended June 30, 2025, and the related notes. These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the June 30, 2025 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated December 29, 2025, which expressed an unqualified opinion thereon that included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
F-4
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
F-5
Content
Consolidated financial statements
Consolidated statements of financial position
Consolidated statements of profit or loss
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss
Consolidated statements of changes in equity
Consolidated statements of cash flows
1.
Background information
2.
Significant accounting policies
F-18
3.
Summary of significant accounting policies
F-24
4.
Segment information
F-28
5.
Cash equivalents
F-34
6.
Trade receivables
F-35
7.
Financial instruments
F-37
8.
Financial and capital risk management
F-40
9.
Inventories
F-48
10.
Taxes recoverable
F-49
11.
Commodity forward contracts – Barter transactions
F-50
12.
F-52
13.
Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities
F-53
14.
Property, plant and equipment
F-56
15.
Intangible assets
F-58
16.
Impairment testing of non-financial assets
F-60
17.
Trade payables
F-63
18.
F-64
19.
Obligations to quota holders
F-66
20.
F-67
21.
F-68
Acquisition of subsidiaries
F-69
23.
Agreements assumed as part of the capital reorganization transaction
F-76
24.
Income taxes
F-78
25.
Provisions for contingencies
F-83
26.
Advances from customers
27.
Related parties
F-84
28.
Equity
F-87
29.
Revenue from contracts with customers
F-92
30.
Costs and expenses by nature
F-94
31.
Finance income (costs)
F-96
32.
Other operating (income) expenses, net
F-97
33.
Non-cash transactions
34.
Subsequent events
F-98
F-6
As of June 30, 2025 and 2024
(In thousands of Brazilian reais - R$, except if otherwise indicated)
Notes
Assets
Current assets
479,807
911,335
Restricted cash
34,800
168,862
1,416,263
2,769,757
1,099,374
1,780,247
68,248
103,792
3,748
47,677
Commodity forward contracts
31,734
137,660
88,724
246,653
Other assets
146,359
49,141
Total current assets
3,369,057
6,215,124
Non-current assets
54,467
56,042
12,542
9,067
3,000
Judicial deposits
28,273
10,520
Right-of-use assets
127,126
202,222
331,535
299,228
Deferred tax assets
53,911
340,909
Investments
5,780
4,486
196,394
236,781
120,455
971,345
Total non-current assets
930,483
2,133,600
Total assets
4,299,540
8,348,724
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements
Liabilities
Current liabilities
2,891,741
3,844,541
80,670
96,222
999,432
1,190,961
410,515
918
501,886
205,088
141,767
179,309
31,411
75,017
33,164
65,641
Salaries and social charges
189,615
174,665
Taxes payable
108,375
41,612
Dividends payable
29,168
6,397
1,953
22,421
Liability for FPA Shares
83,944
235,037
Other liabilities
189,618
66,495
Total current liabilities
5,693,259
6,373,186
Non-current liabilities
592
63,399
120,524
19,867
34,609
404,647
316
6,250
26,933
Provision for contingencies
13,957
14,002
598
590
8,102
1,886
Deferred tax liabilities
9,621
12,424
Total non-current liabilities
121,882
616,523
593
591
Additional Paid-in Capital
2,098,937
2,109,561
Capital reserve
40,161
30,180
Other comprehensive loss
4,819
5,444
Accumulated losses
(3,690,659)
(1,023,165)
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company
(1,546,149)
1,122,611
Non-controlling interest
30,548
236,404
Total equity
(1,515,601)
1,359,015
Total liabilities and equity
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F-8
For the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023
6,517,278
9,392,264
9,347,413
(5,610,891)
(8,054,807)
(7,616,606)
906,387
1,337,457
1,730,807
Operating expenses
(2,433,014)
(1,364,599)
(1,228,128)
11,958
37,570
(275,810)
1,328
1,483
(1,513,341)
11,911
226,869
Finance Income (costs)
323,641
402,066
287,927
(1,261,751)
(1,123,166)
(874,960)
Other financial (costs)
(102,407)
(101,434)
(30,774)
(2,553,858)
(810,623)
(390,938)
(45,853)
14,720
37,499
(284,211)
10,898
134,757
(2,883,922)
(785,005)
(218,682)
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent
(2,667,494)
(762,455)
(260,710)
Non-controlling interests
(216,428)
(22,550)
42,028
Loss per share
Basic, Loss for the year attributable to net investment of the parent/ equity holders of the parent
(23.61)
(6.71)
(2.29)
Diluted, Loss for the year attributable to net investment of the parent/ equity holders of the parent
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent years
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations
(660)
35,194
(30,600)
Total comprehensive loss for the year
(2,884,582)
(749,811)
(249,282)
Net investment of the parent/ equity holders of the parent
(2,668,119)
(728,377)
(289,344)
(216,463)
(21,434)
40,062
Total Equity
At June 30, 2023
2,134,339
14,533
(28,634)
1,860,119
250,238
2,110,357
Foreign currency translation differences
34,078
1,116
Share-based payment
15,647
2,007
Other
(24,778)
5,593
(19,185)
At June 30, 2024
(625)
(35)
9,981
Acquisition of non-controlling interests
(10,053)
(10,051)
10,051
(571)
556
(15)
At June 30, 2025
Operating activities:
Adjustments to reconcile loss for the year to net cash flow:
Allowance for expected credit losses
277,402
85,824
36,769
Trade receivables write-off
(12,325)
(25,510)
(9,500)
Listing expense
319,554
Foreign exchange differences
1,274
39,847
(10,955)
Interest on related party transactions
157,036
Accrued interest expenses on borrowings and FIAGRO
386,998
367,617
342,450
Interest arising from revenue contracts
(292,087)
(360,776)
(250,337)
Interest on trade payables
644,753
675,706
502,434
Loss (gain) on derivatives
48,400
(35,470)
(79,375)
Interest from tax benefits
(2,295)
(18,902)
(27,153)
Fair value on commodity forward contracts
78,013
111,081
98,674
Gain on changes in fair value of warrants
(20,469)
(14,024)
(3,756)
Amortization of intangibles
51,696
69,764
67,928
Amortization of right-of-use assets
86,165
88,734
56,236
Impairment losses on assets
848,199
Depreciation
22,383
20,481
16,408
Losses and damages of inventories
100,626
45,969
19,127
(17,798)
5,005
5,879
10,626
(1,103)
(1,483)
Others
(11,143)
(14,131)
25,197
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
1,406,325
(53,807)
(599,050)
580,248
135,336
49,745
157,929
(47,198)
191,138
(49,956)
59,213
83,530
3,237
(61,852)
(66,345)
Other receivables
(234,863)
(309,743)
77,567
(1,763,770)
1,015,069
(117,567)
(409,023)
(258,316)
106,903
14,950
(53,197)
36,091
193,539
14,462
(3,360)
Other payables
178,613
54,720
(66,050)
Interest paid on borrowings and FIAGRO quota holders
(368,436)
(264,747)
(95,739)
Interest paid on acquisitions of subsidiary
(3,358)
(8,988)
(4,875)
Interest paid on trade payables and lease liabilities
(555,928)
(644,784)
(346,749)
Interest received from revenue contracts
251,141
316,111
206,430
Income taxes paid/received
(120,560)
28,718
(76,775)
Net cash flows used in operating activities
(917,419)
165,753
108,069
Investing activities:
Acquisition of subsidiary, net of cash acquired
(34,214)
(222,962)
(157,442)
Additions to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets
(27,801)
(114,427)
(65,376)
Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment
19,121
2,084
Restricted cash deposits
(34,800)
Proceeds from restricted cash
Net cash flows used in investing activities
72,047
(318,268)
(220,734)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings
874,383
2,565,490
1,449,445
Repayment of borrowings
(1,070,256)
(2,368,806)
(1,456,017)
Proceeds from Agribusiness Receivables Certificates, net of transaction cost
Payment of principal portion of lease liabilities
(65,734)
(85,221)
(60,570)
Proceeds from FIAGRO quota holders, net of transaction costs
726,541
137,496
150,018
Repayment of FIAGRO quota holders
(304,209)
(133,801)
Trade payables – Supplier finance
(26,157)
16,569
(52)
(100,887)
Dividend payments (i)
(4,074)
(2,277)
Proceeds from SPAC Merger
391,572
Capital contributions
60,880
Proceeds from related parties
257,930
418,655
489,522
448,733
Net increase in cash equivalents
(426,717)
337,007
336,068
Net foreign exchange difference
(4,811)
10,034
(26,187)
Cash equivalents at beginning of the year
564,294
254,413
Cash equivalents at end of the year
(i) Dividend payments made to non-controlling shareholders from acquired subsidiaries.
F-13
Notes to the consolidated financial statements
1. Background information
Lavoro Limited is a Cayman Island exempted company incorporated on August 22, 2022.
Lavoro Limited is a public company listed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and its shares are traded on Nasdaq Global Select Market under ticker symbol “LVRO”.
Lavoro Limited (“Lavoro” and collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Group”) is one of the main agricultural input distribution platforms in Latin America, with relevant agricultural input distribution operations in Brazil and Colombia, and an agricultural input trading company in Uruguay, and an early-stage agricultural input company in Ecuador. Also, as a result of a verticalization strategy, the Group produces agricultural biological and special fertilizers products through its own facilities. The Group offers farmers a complete portfolio of products and services with the goal of helping farmer customers succeed by providing multi-channel support. The Group began its operations in 2017, and expansion through M&As has always been part of Lavoro's business strategy.
As of June 30, 2025, the Group is controlled by investment funds managed by Patria Investments Limited (“Patria”), a global alternative asset manager with shares listed on NASDAQ.
(a) Economic and Financial Position of the Group and Out-of-Court Reorganization Plan (Brazil)
During the year ended June 30, 2025, the Group experienced the effects of a financial crisis that significantly impacted the agricultural input sector in Brazil. These adverse conditions affected the Group’s operating performance, financial position, and liquidity.
As of June 30, 2025, the Company reported an equity deficit of R$ 1,515,601 (equity surplus of R$ 1,359,015 as of June 30, 2024), mainly due to accumulated losses of R$ 3,690,659 (R$ 1,023,165 as of June 30, 2024). Net working capital showed a deficit of R$ 2,324,202 on (R$ 158,062 as of June 30, 2024).
Main factors contributing to the financial crisis included:
A decline in commodity prices, which compressed farmers’ margins, delayed input purchases, and shifted demand toward lower-value products;
Adverse climatic conditions beginning in late 2023 and worsening in 2024, severely affecting water availability, energy supply, and crop yields;
Elevated inventory levels acquired at high costs during 2022, which continued to adversely impact results in subsequent periods, as such inventories could not be sold at market prices or were commercialized at negative margins;
A reduction in agricultural input market prices, resulting in both inventory devaluation and lower margins upon commercialization;
Restricted access to credit, higher interest rates, and increased leverage among farmers, leading to greater default rates and a surge in judicial recovery filings by agricultural producers, which further pressured liquidity across the agricultural supply chain in Brazil;
Heightened collateral requirements imposed by suppliers; and
Increased leverage and financing costs resulting from the factors above, compounded by sustained increases in Brazil’s benchmark interest rate.
In response to the deterioration in market conditions, the Group engaged an independent financial advisory firm to evaluate strategic alternatives to restructure its capital base. In parallel, a strategic and operational restructuring plan was implemented, which included a detailed assessment of the store portfolio and the selection of locations best aligned with the Group’s long-term sustainability strategy. This initiative resulted in a reduction in the total number of stores, particularly in municipalities with overlapping operations, in addition to several other initiatives aimed at reducing selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses.
Given this context, Lavoro Brazil, the Group’s wholly owned subsidiary and main operating entity within the Brazil Ag Retail segment, filed an Out-of-Court Reorganization Plan (“EJ Plan”) on June 18, 2025, before the 2nd Bankruptcy and Judicial Reorganization Court of São Paulo, Brazil.
The plan was filed in accordance with a previously negotiated agreement with Lavoro Brazil’s main agricultural input suppliers, with the objective of extending payment terms and ensuring continuity in inventory supply, thereby reestablishing financial balance and maintaining product availability for customers. Financial liabilities arising from loans, mutual contracts, FIDCs/FIAGRO, and other obligations unrelated to agricultural input purchases are outside the scope of the EJ Plan and are being settled or renegotiated bilaterally.
F-15
As of the EJ Plan filing date, approximately R$2.5 billion in trade payables owed by Lavoro Brazil to its suppliers were subject to restructuring. Creditors were grouped into categories with tailored payment conditions based on their size, sector, and willingness to continue commercial relationships. Creditors supporting the plan will receive full repayment of principal plus IPCA-indexed interest in semiannual installments through 2030, while non-supporting creditors will receive a single payment in 2032 at 50% of the outstanding balance.
The objectives of the EJ Plan are to adjust the Group’s debt profile, preserve operational continuity, and stabilize its financial position. Any effect resulting from the EJ Plan will be recognized in the consolidated financial statements only upon ratification by the Court.
In parallel, management continues to reassess the Group’s going concern assumptions. The main measures supporting the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern include:
Disciplined execution of sales, collection, purchasing, and payment strategies;
Reduction of SG&A expenses;
Regularization of debt payments, including renegotiation and renewal of key credit lines; and
Disposal of assets.
These actions form part of a broader financial and operational stabilization plan aimed at achieving sustainable recovery and safeguarding the interests of shareholders, creditors, and employees.
Based on the results of the annual impairment test, management concluded that it was necessary to recognize impairment losses of R$848,199 on intangible assets and R$205,742 on deferred tax assets, as further disclosed in Notes 16 and 24 to these consolidated financial statements.
(b) The Group’s business
The Group initiated its operations in 2017 and has expanded mainly through mergers and acquisitions in the distribution of agricultural inputs such as crop protection products, fertilizers, seeds and specialty inputs (foliar fertilizers, biologicals, adjuvants and organominerals) and its production through its proprietary portfolio of products under the crop care segment.
F-16
Through Crop Care, the Group operates as an importer of post-patent agricultural inputs and producer of specialties products through its own factories’ manufacturing plants. The inputs produced are delivered through the Group’s own distribution channels and by means of direct sales to customers.
The Group operates in Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay in the agricultural input distribution market through its own stores and sells agricultural inputs and products, in particular fertilizers, seeds and pesticides. The group also operates an early-stage agricultural input company in Ecuador. The Group’s customers are rural producers that operate in the production of cereals, mainly soybeans and corn, in addition to cotton, citrus and fruit and vegetable crops, among others.
(c) Seasonality
Agribusiness is subject to seasonality throughout the year, especially due to the crop cycles that depend on specific weather conditions. Operations, especially in Brazil, have unique weather conditions compared to other countries producing agricultural commodities, making it possible to harvest two to three crops in the same area per year. Thus, considering that the activities of the Group’s customers are directly related to crop cycles, which are seasonal in nature, revenues and cash flows from sales may also be substantially seasonal.
The sales of our products are dependent upon planting and growing seasons, which vary from year to year, and are expected to result in both highly seasonal patterns and substantial fluctuations in quarterly sales and profitability. Demand for our products is typically stronger between October and December, with a second period of strong demand between January and March. The seasonality of agricultural inputs results in our sales volumes typically being the highest during the period between September to February and our working capital and total debt requirements typically being the highest just after the end of this period.
F-17
2. Significant accounting policies
(a) Basis for preparation of consolidated financial statements
The consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023 have been prepared in accordance with IFRS accounting standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
These financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which include the continuity of operations, realization of assets and compliance with liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business.
As a result of the facts describe above, the Company’s operations and ability to develop and execute its financial condition, liquidity and its continuation as a going concern are subject to a high degree of risk and uncertainty associated with effective implementation of the measures designed by management. The outcome of the EJ Plan is dependent upon factors that are outside of the Company’s control, including actions of the Bankruptcy Court. These Financial Statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost basis, except for financial assets and financial liabilities (including commodity forward contracts and derivative instruments) at fair value through profit or loss.
The consolidated financial statements are presented in Brazilian reais (“BRL” or “R$”), which is the Group’s functional and presentation currency. All amounts are rounded to the nearest thousand (R$000), except when otherwise indicated.
On December 29, 2025, the issuance of the consolidated financial statements was approved by the Group’s Board of Directors.
(b) Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions
Use of critical accounting estimates and judgments
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of the Group’s accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, income and expenses. These estimates are based on management’s experience and knowledge, information available at the reporting date and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under normal circumstances. Any changes in facts and circumstances may lead to a revision of these estimates. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The estimates and assumptions are revised on an ongoing basis. Revisions to estimates are recognized on a forward-looking basis. The significant estimates and judgments applied by the Group in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are presented in the following notes:
Note
Significant estimates and judgments
06
Trade receivables - expected credit losses
Commodity forward contract
(c) Basis of consolidation procedures
Lavoro’s fiscal year end is June 30. The consolidated financial statements are prepared for the same reporting periods, using consistent accounting policies.
All unrealized intra-group and intercompany balances, transactions, gains and losses relating to transactions between group companies were eliminated in full.
The consolidated financial statements include the following subsidiaries of Lavoro Limited:
Equity interest
Core activities
Location
Corporate:
Lavoro Agro Limited
Holding
George Town – Cayman Island
%
Lavoro America Inc.
California - USA
Lavoro Merger Sub II Limited
Lavoro Agro Cayman II
Lavoro Latam SL
Madrid - Spain
Lavoro Uruguay S.A. (formerly Malinas SA)
Montevideu – Uruguay
Lavoro Brazil:
F-19
São Paulo – Brazil
Lavoro Agrocomercial S.A. (iv)
Distributor of agricultural inputs
Rondonópolis – Brazil
99.88
97.43
97.42
Sinop – Brazil
PCO Comércio, Importação, Exportação e Agropecuária Ltda.
Campo Verde – Brazil
Agrovenci Distribuidora de Insumos Agrícolas Ltda. (MS)
Chapadão do Sul – Brazil
93.60
93.11
Produtiva Agronegócios Comércio e Representação Ltda. (iv)
Paracatu – Brazil
92.61
87.4
Facirolli Comércio e Representação S.A. (Agrozap) (iv)
Uberaba – Brazil
77.89
62.61
Agrovenci Comércio, Importação, Exportação e Agropecuária Ltda.
Central Agrícola Rural Distribuidora de Defensivos Ltda.
Vilhena – Brazil
Ponta Grossa – Brazil
Produtec Comércio e Representações S.A. (iv)
Cristalina – Brazil
Limeira – Brazil
72.17
66.75
Palmeira – Brazil
Desempar Tecnologia Ltda. (v)
F-20
Cultivar Agrícola Comércio, Importação e Exportação S.A.
Nova Geração Comércio e Produtos Agrícolas Ltda.
Pinhalzinho – Brazil
Floema Soluções Nutricionais de Cultivos Ltda. (iv)
Nova Prata – Brazil
79.56
79.14
CATR Comercial AgrícolaLtda.
Pato Branco – Brazil
Referência Agroinsumos Ltda. (iv)
Dom Pedrito - Brazil
65.95
65.52
Lavoro Agro Fundo de Investimento nas Cadeias Produtivas Agroindustriais (i)
FIAGRO
Lavoro Agro Fundo de Investimento nas Cadeias Produtivas Agroindustriais (ii)
19.63
Private label products
Montevideu - Uruguay
CORAM - Comércio e Representações Agrícolas Ltda.
Malinas II S.A. (vi)
Lavoro Colômbia:
F-21
Bogota – Colombia
94.90
Crop Care Colombia
Bogota - Colombia
Ginebra - Colombia
Grupo Cenagro S.A.S.
Yumbo – Colombia
Cenagral S.A.S.
Grupo Gral S.A.S.
Provecampo S.A.S.
Envigado – Colombia
Quito – Ecuador
Crop Care:
Crop Care Holding S.A.
Pederneiras – Brazil
65.13
F-22
Leme – Brazil
Cromo Indústria Química LTDA.
Estrela - Brasil
Agrobiológica Fundo de Investimento em Direitos Creditórios (iii)
28.31
(i) Lavoro Agro Fundo de Investimentos nas Cadeias Produtivas Agroindustriais - Direitos Creditórios was incorporated in July 2022. (see note 19).
(ii) Lavoro Agro Fundo II de Investimentos nas Cadeias Produtivas Agroindustriais - Direitos Creditórios was incorporated in August 2024. (see note 19)
(iii) Agrobiológica Fundo de Investimento em Direitos Creditórios was incorporated in January 2024. (see note 21).
(iv) Changes in equity interests as a result of the purchase of non-controlling shareholders interest (see note 27).
(v) On August 22, 2024, the company's CNPJ (Brazilian corporate taxpayer registration) was deactivated due to voluntary liquidation.
(vi) Malinas II S.A. was incorporated in March 2025.
Additionally, the consolidated financial statements include the following non-consolidated affiliate company:
Gestão e Transformação Consultoria S.A.
Consulting
F-23
3. Summary of significant accounting policies
The significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements have been included in the related explanatory notes and are consistent in all reporting years.
(a) New accounting standards, interpretations and amendments adopted starting July 1, 2024:
The following new accounting standards, interpretations and amendments were adopted starting July 1, 2024:
• Amendments to IFRS 16 (R2) – Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback;
• Amendments to IAS 1 – Classification of Liabilities as Current or Noncurrent;
• Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7 – Supplier Finance Arrangements;
Additionally, the new standards and interpretations did not have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.
(b) New accounting standards, interpretations and amendments issued but not yet effective:
The Group has not early adopted any of these new standards and does not expect them to have a material impact on its financial statements in future periods.
New and amended standards and interpretations issued but not yet effective as of the date of issuance of the Group’s consolidated financial statements are as follows:
• Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 – Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments;
• IFRS 18 – Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements;
• IFRS 19 – Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures;
• Amendments to IAS 21 – The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates;
• IFRS S1 – General Requirements for Disclosure of Sustainability-related Financial Information;
• IFRS S2 – Climate-related Disclosures.
The Group intends to adopt these new standards, amendments and interpretations, if applicable, when they become effective; and does not expect them to have a material impact on its financial statements.
(c) Foreign currency
(i) Functional currency and presentation
The consolidated financial statements are presented in Brazilian reais (“R$”), which is the Group’s functional currency.
The Group determines the functional currency of each of the consolidated entities. Items included in the financial statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency. The functional currency for the majority of the Group’s entities is the Brazilian real (Brazil Ag Retail and Crop Care), except for the companies in Colombia, whose functional currency is the Colombian peso (COP$).
For consolidation, the operations in Colombia are translated into Brazilian reais, as follows:
(i) Assets and liabilities are translated into Reais at the closing exchange as of the reporting date;
(ii) Profit or loss items are translated at the average monthly exchange rate; and
(iii) Exchange differences arising on translation are recognized in other comprehensive income.
F-25
On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of other comprehensive income relating to that particular foreign operation is reclassified to profit or loss. Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising from the acquisition are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the spot rate of exchange as of the reporting date.
(ii) Transactions and balances
Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Group’s entities at their respective functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rates of exchange as of the reporting date. Differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in the statements of profit or loss.
Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of the gain or loss on the change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in other comprehensive income or profit or loss are also recognized in other comprehensive income or profit or loss, respectively).
F-26
(d) Current versus non-current classification
The Group presents assets and liabilities in the statements of financial position based on current/non-current classification. An asset is current when it is:
• Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in the normal operating cycle;
• Held primarily for the purpose of trading;
• Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period; or
• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
All other assets are classified as non-current.
A liability is current when:
• It is expected to be settled in the normal operating cycle;
• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading;
• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period; or
• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
The terms of the liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.
The Group classifies all other liabilities as non-current. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.
F-27
4. Segment information
(a) Reportable segments by management
The chief operating decision-maker of the Group (the “CODM”) is the Executive Management, which is responsible for allocating resources among operating segments, assessing their performance and making strategic decisions.
The determination of the reportable segments is based on internal reports reviewed by the CODM, which include considerations in relation to risks and returns, organizational structure, etc. Certain expenses across segments are allocated based on reasonable allocation criteria, such as revenues or historical trends.
The Group’s reportable segments are the following:
• Brazil Ag Retail: comprising companies located in Brazil that sell agricultural inputs;
• LATAM Ag Retail: comprising companies located in Colombia that sell agricultural inputs;
• Crop Care: comprising companies that produce and import their own portfolio of proprietary products including off-patent crop protection and specialty products (e.g., biologicals and specialty fertilizers).
(b) Financial information by segment
Segment assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2025:
LATAM Ag Retail
Total reportable segments
Corporate (i)
Eliminations between segments (ii)
Consolidated
Certain assets
329,529
17,361
129,498
476,388
3,419
959,056
417,112
424,635
1,800,803
(35,005)
(295,068)
1,470,730
636,160
242,679
156,586
1,035,425
94,190
(30,241)
110,913
4,916
6,744
122,573
(33,849)
4,642,794
900,184
1,100,042
6,643,020
(3,079,802)
736,322
Certain liabilities
2,606,532
331,608
254,046
3,192,186
(5,289)
2,891,829
447,445
225,126
245,882
918,453
100,846
1,019,299
80,114
734
26,551
107,399
10,396
(33,851)
(i) Corporate items refer to balances and expenses with certain corporate demands not directly related to any operating segment.
(ii) Transactions between the Crop Care segment and the Brazil segment.
F-29
Statement of profit or loss data for the year ended June 30, 2025:
4,651,518
1,399,716
852,209
6,903,443
(386,165)
(4,201,798)
(1,190,775)
(639,411)
(6,031,984)
421,093
Sales, general and administrative expenses (iii)
(1,870,030)
(160,395)
(227,892)
(2,258,317)
(174,697)
Equity results and other results from subsidiaries
(14,438)
(155)
(2,282)
(16,875)
18,203
Other operating income (expenses), net
2,312
(2,441)
18,672
18,543
(6,585)
Financial (costs) income
(973,076)
(22,464)
(52,677)
(1,048,217)
7,700
(1,040,517)
(303,804)
(13,221)
9,118
(307,907)
(22,157)
(330,064)
Profit (loss) for the year
(2,709,316)
10,265
(42,263)
(2,741,314)
(155,379)
12,771
Depreciation and amortization, including impairment losses
(942,447)
(12,538)
(31,074)
(986,059)
(21,946)
(1,008,005)
(ii) Sales between the Crop Care segment and the Brazil segment.
(iii) Sales, general and administrative expenses include depreciation and amortization.
F-30
Segment assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2024:
856,307
18,482
25,541
900,330
11,005
2,205,098
442,998
444,607
3,092,703
(266,904)
2,825,799
1,437,340
220,598
191,211
1,849,149
(68,902)
230,645
2,034
13,974
6,798,008
814,472
1,132,646
8,745,126
1,379,143
(1,775,545)
3,619,930
368,883
137,323
4,126,136
1,241
(282,244)
3,845,133
647,193
114,312
448,725
1,210,230
15,340
1,225,570
233,373
841
823
F-31
Statement of profit or loss data for the year ended June 30, 2024:
7,869,843
1,190,549
749,197
9,809,589
(417,325)
(6,959,693)
(1,006,376)
(470,770)
(8,436,839)
382,032
(841,008)
(140,643)
(201,017)
(1,182,668)
(181,931)
2,776
(618)
2,158
(675)
Other operating income, net
48,148
2,238
9,711
60,097
(22,527)
(760,006)
(26,535)
(57,069)
(843,610)
21,076
(822,534)
39,061
(8,326)
(15,847)
14,888
10,730
25,618
(600,879)
10,907
13,587
(576,385)
(184,057)
(24,563)
Depreciation and amortization
(124,909)
(11,336)
(20,390)
(156,635)
(23,324)
(179,959)
F-32
Statement of profit or loss data for the year ended June 30, 2023:
7,829,305
1,206,341
632,819
9,668,465
(321,052)
(6,543,315)
(1,009,721)
(351,914)
(7,904,950)
288,344
(741,925)
(120,936)
(150,793)
(1,013,654)
(214,474)
48,135
(1,640)
1,512
48,007
(323,817)
(525,056)
(15,371)
(48,415)
(588,842)
(28,965)
(617,807)
208,331
(22,263)
(24,932)
161,136
11,120
172,256
275,475
36,410
58,277
370,162
(567,256)
(21,588)
(121,968)
(11,792)
(13,555)
(147,315)
(20,171)
(167,486)
Revenues from external customers for each product and service are disclosed in Note 29. Further breakdown in relation to products and services provided by the Group is not available and such information cannot be produced without unreasonable effort.
F-33
5. Cash equivalents
Accounting policy
Cash equivalents are comprised of short-term highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less, that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
Annual yield
Cash equivalents (R$)
75% to 90% CDI (i)
459,028
881,848
Cash equivalents (COP)
9.45% DTF(ii)
Cash equivalents (US$)
0.32% a year(iii)
3,418
Total cash equivalents
(i) Represents the Brazilian interbank deposit rate, which is an average of the overnight interbank rates in Brazil (the "CDI").
(ii) Colombian investment rate, which is an average of interbank and corporate finance ("DTF").
(iii) Average annualized yield obtained in the last year from overseas bank accounts.
Restricted cash represents cash balances that are not available for immediate use by the Group due to contractual, legal, or regulatory restrictions. As of June 30, 2024, restricted cash totaled R$168,862, entirely related to funds held in Escrow in connection with the Forward Share Purchase Agreements (FPAs). The restricted balance was fully released and settled in cash prior to June 30, 2025, as further described in Note 22.
As of June 30, 2025, restricted cash amounted to R$34,800, corresponding to amounts held in an escrow account established pursuant to contractual arrangements with suppliers.
6. Trade receivables
Trade receivables correspond to amounts receivable from customers for the sale of goods or services in the ordinary course of the Group’s business.
A receivable is recognized if an amount of consideration that is unconditional is due from the customer (i.e., only the passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in Note 7.
Critical accounting estimates and judgments
The measurement of Allowance for expected credit losses on trade receivables requires significant management judgment. In accordance with IFRS 9, the Group applies the simplified approach and recognizes lifetime expected credit losses using a provision matrix based on historical billing and collection patterns.
The provision matrix is primarily driven by aging profiles and reflects management’s assessment of historical loss experience. In determining the allowance. The Group considers the effect of credit enhancements, including collateral and guarantees, internal customer credit ratings, and excludes receivables from grain trading transactions that are settled through contractual mechanisms that do not expose the Group to credit risk.
Trade receivables (Brazil)
1,528,150
2,605,012
Trade receivables (Colombia)
475,052
488,415
(-) Allowance for expected credit losses
(532,472)
(267,628)
Non-current
The average effective interest rate used to discount trade receivables for the year ended June 30, 2025 was 1.12% per month (0.90% as of June 30, 2024). The Group does not have any customer that represents more than 10% of its trade receivables or revenues.
As of June 30, 2025, the Group also transferred trade receivables to the FIAGRO (Agro-industrial Supply Chain Investment Fund), a structured entity, as defined by IFRS 10, established under Brazilian law designed specifically for investing in agribusiness credit rights receivables, in the amount of R$203,538 (R$127,421 on June 30, 2024).
As the Group has retained the risks and rewards of ownership, these amounts were not derecognized from trade receivables. Consequently, the liability resulting from these operations is recorded as obligations to FIAGRO quota holders.
Allowance for expected credit losses:
Opening balance as of June
(188,072)
(151,114)
Increase in allowance
(277,402)
(85,824)
(36,769)
Allowance for credit losses from acquisitions
(15,314)
(11,702)
12,325
25,510
9,500
Exchange rate translation adjustment
233
(3,928)
2,013
Ending balance (i)
(i) The credit risk of the Group is described in note 8.b.
The aging analysis of trade receivables is as follows:
Not past due
769,324
1,576,604
Overdue
1 to 60 days
155,845
284,637
61 to 180 days
396,823
746,362
181 to 360 days
82,471
141,770
361 to 720 days
303,522
200,219
Over 720 days
295,217
143,835
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7. Financial instruments
Initial recognition and measurement
(i) Financial assets
Financial assets are classified, at initial recognition, and subsequently measured at amortized cost or fair value through profit or loss.
The classification of financial assets at initial recognition depends on the financial asset’s contractual cash flow characteristics and the Group’s business model for managing them. The Group initially measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs.
In order for a financial asset to be classified and measured at amortized cost, it needs to give rise to cash flows that are ‘solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI)’ on the principal amount outstanding. This assessment is referred to as the SPPI test and is performed at an instrument level. Financial assets with cash flows that are not SPPI are classified and measured at fair value through profit or loss, irrespective of the business model.
The Group’s business model for managing financial assets refers to how it manages its financial assets in order to generate cash flows. The business model determines whether cash flows will result from collecting contractual cash flows, selling the financial assets, or both. Financial assets classified and measured at amortized cost are held within a business model with the objective to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows.
Subsequent measurement
For purposes of subsequent measurement, Group’s financial assets are classified in following categories:
• Financial assets at amortized cost
• Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets at amortized cost
Financial assets at amortized cost are subsequently measured using the effective interest method and are subject to impairment. Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized, modified or impaired.
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are carried in the statements of financial position at fair value with net changes in fair value recognized in the statements of profit or loss.
Derecognition
A financial asset is primarily derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired.
Impairment
The Group recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses for trade receivables, which is the only debt instrument not held at fair value through profit or loss.
(ii) Financial liabilities:
The Group classifies its financial liabilities in the following categories: (i) measured at amortized cost and (ii) fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities classified as fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as fair value through profit or loss. Financial liabilities are derecognized when contractual obligations are withdrawn, canceled, or expired. The difference between the extinguished book value and the consideration paid (including transferred assets or assumed liabilities) is recognized in the statement of income.
The Group’s financial instruments were classified according to the following categories:
Amortized cost
Fair value through profit or loss
Assets:
1,505,530
35,482
Liabilities:
144,069
148,017
5,334,398
66,528
F-38
140,660
2,994,661
188,337
216,746
405,565
206,242
65,957
6,454,268
163,395
The Group considers that assets and liabilities measured at amortized cost have a carrying value approximate to their fair value and, therefore, information on their fair values is not presented.
(a) Hierarchy of fair value
The Group uses various methods to measure and determine fair value (including market approaches and income or cost approaches) and to estimate the value that market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified and disclosed within the following fair value hierarchy levels:
Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active, liquid and visible markets, for identical assets and liabilities that are readily available at the measurement date;
Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable; and
Level 3 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable.
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For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
All financial instruments accounted for at fair value are classified as level 2, except for the Warrant liability which is classified as level 1. On June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, there were no changes in the fair value methodology of the financial instruments and, therefore, there were no transfers between levels.
8. Financial and capital risk management
(a) Considerations on risk factors that may affect the business of the Group
The Group is exposed to several market risk factors that might impact its business. The Group’s board of directors is responsible for monitoring these risk factors, as well as establishing policies and procedures to address them. The Group’s risk management structure considers the size and complexity of its activities, which allows for a better understanding of how such risks could impact Group’s strategy through committees and other internal meetings.
Currently, the Group is focused on action plans relating to risks that could have a significant impact on its strategic goals, including those required by applicable regulations. To efficiently manage and mitigate these risks, its risk management structure conducts risk identification and assessments to prioritize the risks that are key to pursuing potential opportunities that may prevent value from being created or that may compromise existing value, with the possibility of impacting its results, capital, liquidity, customer relationships and/or reputation.
The Group’s risk management strategies were developed to mitigate and/or reduce the financial market risks which it is exposed to, which are as follows:
• credit risk
• liquidity risk
• capital risk
• interest rate risk
• exchange rate risk
• commodity price risk in barter transactions
(b) Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of financial losses if a customer or a counterparty to a financial instrument fails to fulfill its contractual obligations, which arise mainly from the Group’s trade receivables. The Group maintains short-term investments and derivatives with financial institutions approved by its management according to objective criteria for diversification of such risk.
The Group seeks to mitigate its credit risk related to trade receivables by setting forth credit limits for each counterparty based on the analysis of its credit management process. Such credit exposure determination is performed considering the qualitative and quantitative information of each counterparty. The Group also focuses on the diversification of its portfolio and monitors different solvency and liquidity indicators of its counterparties. In addition, primarily for receivables in installments, the Group monitors the balance of allowances for expected credit losses. (see Note 6).
The main strategies on credit risks management are listed below:
• creating credit approval policies and procedures for new and existing customers.
• extending credit to qualified customers through a review of credit agency reports, financial statements and/or credit references, when available.
• reviewing existing customer accounts every twelve months based on the credit limit amounts.
• evaluating customer and regional risks.
• obtaining guarantees through the endorsement of rural producer notes (“CPR”), which give physical ownership of the relevant agricultural goods in the event of the customer’s default.
• establishing credit approval for suppliers in case of payments in advance.
• setting up provisions using the lifetime expected credit loss method considering all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. Receivables are categorized based on the number of overdue days and/or a customer’s credit risk profile. Estimated losses on receivables are based on known troubled accounts and historical losses. Receivables are considered to be in default and are written off against the allowance for credit losses when it is probable that all remaining contractual payments due will not be collected in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
• requiring minimum acceptable counterparty credit ratings from financial counterparties.
• setting limits for counterparties or credit exposure; and
• developing relationships with investment-grade counterparties.
F-41
The current credit policy sets forth credit limits for customers based on credit score analysis made by the Group’s credit management area. Such score is determined considering the qualitative and quantitative information related to each customer, resulting in a rating classification and a level of requirement of guarantees as follows:
% Of guarantees required on sales
Credit rating
% Customers
Risk classification
Medium-sized farmers (i)
AA & A
Very small
80-90%
B
49%
Medium
30%
C & D
High
60%
Simplified
Small farmers
N/A
(i) Medium-sized farmers ranging between 100 and 10,000 hectares in planted acreage that are typically not serviced directly by agricultural input suppliers.
For Colombia there is a similar credit scoring process, however, guarantees are not required based on credit ratings but instead based on qualitative factors such as relationships and past experiences with customers.
Maximum exposure to credit risk as of June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024:
1,559,454
3,072,452
(c) Liquidity risk
The Group defines liquidity risk as the risk of financial losses if it is unable to comply with its payment obligations in connection with financial liabilities settled in cash or other financial assets in a timely manner as they become due. The Group’s approach to managing this risk is to ensure that it has sufficient cash available to settle its obligations without incurring losses or affecting the operations. Management is ultimately responsible for managing liquidity risk, which relies on a liquidity risk management model to manage funding requirements and liquidity in the short, medium and long term.
The Group’s cash position is monitored by its senior management, through management reports and periodic performance meetings. The Group also manages its liquidity risk by maintaining reserves, bank credit facilities and other borrowing facilities deemed appropriate, through ongoing monitoring of forecast and actual cash flows, as well as through the combination of maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities.
F-42
The following maturity analysis of the Group’s financial liabilities and gross settled derivative financial instruments contracts (for which the cash flows are settled simultaneously) is based on expected undiscounted contractual cash flows from the year end date to the contractual maturity date:
June 30, 2025
2,922,381
2,922,469
92,770
72,909
165,679
1,149,346
22,847
1,172,193
577,169
472,092
148,402
6,543
154,945
38,138
36,122
218,058
33,543
5,689,974
102,387
5,792,361
June 30, 2024
3,947,367
3,947,959
106,229
133,059
239,288
1,314,821
38,208
1,353,029
226,417
1,013
446,730
447,743
186,661
28,037
214,698
68,333
329
68,662
78,092
181,826
6,659
6,308,701
646,955
6,955,656
(d) Capital risk
The Group's capital management objective is to ensure that it maintains healthy leverage levels and access to capital to support its ongoing operations. The Group manages its capital structure and adjusts it in light of changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of the underlying assets. The Group monitors capital using the net debt/Adjusted EBITDA ratio.
The Group did not make any changes to its approach to capital management during the year.
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(i) Interest rate risk
Fluctuations in interest rates, such as the Brazilian interbank deposit rate, which is an average of interbank overnight rates in Brazil, and Colombian investment rate, which is an average of interbank and financial corporation loans, may have an effect on the cost of the Group’s borrowings and new borrowings.
The Group periodically monitors the effects of market changes in interest rates on its financial instruments portfolio. Funds raised by the Group are used to finance working capital for each crop season and are typically raised at short term conditions.
As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Group had no derivative financial instruments used to mitigate interest rate risks.
(i) Sensitivity analysis – exposure to interest rates
To evaluate its exposure to interest rate risk, the Group uses different scenarios to evaluate the sensitivity of variations transactions impacted by the CDI Rate and IBR Rate. The Scenario 1 represents the impact on booked amounts considering the most current (November 2025) CDI Rate and IBR Rate and reflects management’s best estimates. The Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 consider an increase of 25% and 50% in such market interest rates, before taxes, which represents a significant change in the probable scenario for sensitivity purposes.
The following table sets forth the potential impacts on the statements of profit or loss:
Expense on profit or loss
105,090
125,046
145,003
24,802
29,715
34,627
72,066
86,434
100,802
201,958
241,195
280,432
(ii) Exchange rate risk
The Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from its operations related to agricultural inputs, mainly related to the U.S. dollar, which significantly impacts global prices of agricultural inputs in general. Although all purchases and sales are conducted locally, certain purchase and sales contracts are indexed to the U.S. dollar.
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The Group’s current commercial department seeks to reduce this exposure. Its marketing department is responsible for managing pricing tables and commercial strategies to seek a natural hedge between purchases and sales and to match currency and terms to the greatest extent possible.
The Group’s corporate treasury department is responsible for monitoring the forecasted cash flow exposure to the U.S. dollar, and whenever any mismatches as to terms and currencies are identified, non-deliverable forwards derivative financial instruments are purchased to offset these exposures, and therefore fulfill internal policy requirements. U.S. dollar exposure is managed by macro hedging through the analysis of the forecasted cash flow for the next two harvests. The Group may not have any leveraged derivative position.
The Group’s exchange rate exposure monitoring committee meets periodically across the commercial, treasury and corporate business departments. There are also committees on purchase valuation and business intelligence for the main goods traded by the Group.
The Group does not adopt hedge accounting. Therefore, gains and losses from derivative operations are fully recognized in the statements of profit or loss, as disclosed in Note 31.
(i) Sensitivity analysis – exposure to exchange rates
To gauge its exposure to exchange rate risk, the Group uses different scenarios to evaluate its asset and liability positions in foreign currency and their potential effects on its results.
The Scenario 1 below represents the impact on carrying amounts of the most current (November 28, 2025) market rates for the U.S. dollar (R$5.3338 to US$1.00). This analysis assumes that all other variables, particularly interest rates, remain constant. The Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 consider the devaluation of the Brazilian real against the US dollar at the rates of 25% and 50%, which represents a significant change in the probable scenario for sensitivity purposes.
The following table set forth the potential impacts on the statements of profit or loss:
Effect on profit or loss
5.3338
(77)
758
1,593
(1,416)
13,898
29,213
3,508
(34,428)
(72,363)
2,045
(20,067)
(42,178)
4,060
(39,839)
(83,735)
(585)
5,744
12,072
3,475
(34,095)
(71,663)
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(iii) Commodity prices risk in barter transactions
In all barter transactions mentioned in Note 11, the Group uses future commodity market price as the reference to value the quantities of commodities included in the forward contracts to be delivered by the customers as payment for the Group’s products into currency. The Group uses prices quoted by commodity trading companies to value the grain purchase contracts from farmers. The Group enters into grain sale contracts with trading companies or forward derivatives with financial institutions to sell those same grains, at the same price of the purchased contracts with farmers. As such, the Group strategy to manage its exposure to those commodity prices by entering into the purchase and sale contracts at similar conditions.
These transactions are conducted by a corporate department which manages and controls such contracts as well as the compliance of Group’s policies.
(i) Sensitivity analysis – exposure to commodity price
To gauge its exposure to commodity price risk, the Group uses different scenarios to evaluate its asset and liability positions on commodity forward contracts in soybean and corn and their potential effects on its results.
The “current risk” scenario below represents the impact on carrying amounts as of June 30, 2025, with assumptions described in Note 11. The other scenarios consider the appreciation of main assumptions at the rates of 25% and 50%, which represents a significant change in the probable scenario for sensitivity purposes.
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As of June 30, 2025:
Current Market (R$/bag)
+25% current
+50% current
(i) Exposure related to 2025 corn purchase contracts for which the physical contracts were settled early, while the related derivative instruments are being held until their original maturity.
(iv) Derivative financial instruments
The Group is exposed to market risks mainly related to fluctuations in exchange rates and commodity prices. The Group maintains operations with financial instruments of protection to mitigate exposure to these risks. The Group has been implementing and improving the internal controls to identify and measure the effects of transactions with trading companies and with financial institutions, so that such transactions are captured, recognized and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements. The Group does not carry out investments of a nature speculative in derivatives or any other risk assets. Trading derivatives are classified as current assets or liabilities.
Commodity futures contracts (R$) (i)
1,199
(21,772)
Currency futures contracts (US$) (i)
(6,666)
3,860
Currency swap (US$)
9,212
Interest rate swap (CDI)
(22,196)
(18,640)
Derivative financial instruments, net
(27,663)
(27,340)
(i) The amount includes forward contracts and purchase and sale transactions.
F-47
9. Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The costs of individual items of inventory are determined using weighted average costs less any losses, when applicable.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion (when applicable) and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
An inventory loss is recognized for inventories that are close to their expiration date and there is no expectation that they will be sold.
(a) Inventories composition
Goods for resale
1,180,641
1,835,018
(-) Allowance for inventory losses
(81,267)
(54,771)
(b) Allowance for inventory losses
(17,737)
(26,496)
(32,355)
Allowance for inventory losses from acquisitions
(4,321)
(358)
Ending balance
10. Taxes recoverable
State VAT (“ICMS”) (i)
99,536
86,556
Brazilian federal contributions (ii)
256,166
280,854
Colombian federal contributions
44,081
35,610
399,783
403,020
(i) Refers to the Brazilian value-added tax on sales and services. The Group’s ICMS relates mainly to the purchase of inputs and the Group has the benefit of a reduced ICMS tax rate.
(ii) Includes: a) credits arising from the Brazilian government’s taxes charged for the social integration program (PIS) and the social security program (COFINS), and Brazilian corporate income tax and social contributions. These credits, which are recognized as current assets, will be used by the Group to offset other Federal taxes; b) withholding and overpaid taxes which can be used to settle overdue or future payable federal taxes; c) withholding income tax on cash equivalents which can be used to offset taxes owed at the end of the calendar year, in case of taxable profit, or are carried forward in case of tax loss.
Income tax Benefits arising from ICMS deduction
For the year ended June 30, 2025, the Group has a residual balance of IRPJ and CSLL tax credits arising from the ICMS subsidy thesis, which permits the exclusion of ICMS-related subsidies from the taxable bases of these federal taxes. The benefit covered subsidies utilized through December 2023, the date on which the incentive expired as a result of legislative changes. The balance presented in the statement of financial position corresponds to the remaining amount after refunds and/or offsets with other federal taxes, totaling R$ 186,592.
Pursuant to Article 30 of Law No. 12,973/2014, the amount of ICMS-related benefits classified as investment subsidies must be appropriated to the tax incentive reserve, subject to the availability of sufficient profit in each subsidiary. Additionally, under the same legal framework, such tax benefits must be included in the IRPJ and CSLL tax bases when dividends are distributed or when share capital is returned to the subsidiaries’ shareholders.
As of June 30, 2025, the subsidiaries’ tax incentive reserve amounted to a consolidated total of R$430,185, and tax benefits not yet appropriated to this reserve—due to insufficient profits—totaled R$926,860 on a consolidated basis. The Group does not intend to distribute these incentive amounts to its shareholders. Should dividends be distributed, taxation will be applied in accordance with applicable tax legislation.
11. Commodity forward contracts – Barter transactions
For certain contracts with customers, the Group carries out term sales of agricultural inputs (e.g., fertilizers, crop chemicals, seeds) in exchange for future delivery of grains, mainly soybeans and corn, at the time of their harvest (“Barter transactions").
A contract (grain purchase agreement) is signed between the Group and the customer, pursuant to which Lavoro and the customer agree on an amount of commodity, to be delivered at harvesting, which is equivalent to the total sales price based on the future commodity price on the date in which the contract with the customer is entered into. The customers’ main obligation under this contract is to deliver the agreed upon volume of commodities as payment at a future date.
Contemporaneously, the Group enters into a future grain sale agreement with a commodity trading company, pursuant to which the Group is committed to deliver the commodity to be received by the customer under the inputs sales transaction. The Group strategy is to sign this agreement for the same quantity and the same terms of the contract between the Group and its customer. While this physical sale of the grains is not concluded with trading companies, the Group may enter into a derivative contract on commodity and futures exchanges such as CBOT, ICE, or B3, in an equivalent term associated with the physical grain purchases. This aims to mitigate exposure to price fluctuations. Consequently, the Group maintains these derivative contracts to naturally hedge against market volatility. As soon as the physical sale of the grains is concluded, the derivative contracts are promptly liquidated to realize the hedging gains or losses.
In the event the customer fails to deliver the committed commodity amount upon harvesting, for example due to a significant increase in the commodity price the Group is required to:
• purchase the commodity in the spot market and deliver it to the commodity trading company; or
• pay compensation to the commodity trading company in an amount equal to the difference between the commodity price between the time of delivery and the time of closing of the agreement (“washout risk”).
The Group is entitled to charge its customers for any losses arising from the settlement of its obligations above with the commodity trading companies.
Even though these agreements are settled physically (grains purchase and sale), under IFRS 9, the Group designates, at initial recognition, such forward contracts as measured at fair value through profit and losses (FVTPL).
The fair value of the commodity forward contracts, entered into with the customer and the commodity trading company is estimated based on information available in the market and specific valuation methodologies, and discounted to present value, considering the contractual terms and the current market prices for such commodities. Such contracts are disclosed on a gross basis in the statements of financial position. When the Group settles the grain purchase and sale agreements the respective cost and revenue is recognized at the amount of the cash paid plus the fair value of the commodity forward contracts on the settlement date.
Fair value of commodity forward contracts is estimated on a regional basis, and they are based on the commodity prices available at exchange future markets, over the counter premium data quoted by market players and the expected freight costs estimated by the Group considering historical inland freight data.
As of June 30, 2025, fair value of commodity forward contracts is as follows:
Fair value of commodity forward contracts:
Purchase contracts
31,223
132,362
Sale contracts
511
8,298
(2,469)
(10,549)
(30,695)
(55,408)
(33,164)
(65,641)
(316)
The changes in fair value recognized in the statements of profit or loss are in note 31.
F-51
The main assumptions used in the fair value calculation are as follows:
Outstanding Volume (tons)
Average of contract prices R$/Bag
Average Market Prices (Corn R$/bag (ii); Soybean US$/bu(i))
Soybean market premium (US$/bu)
Freight (R$/ton)
Purchase Contracts
Soybean
As of June 30, 2024
365,894
112.97
11.27
0.58
378.64
41,576
116.06
10.66
0.44
398.17
211,895
45.19
65.08
257.28
42,862
44.38
61.99
3.92
169.22
Selling Contracts
141,069
112.71
11.30
0.55
410.70
13,096
118.74
10.63
0.67
331.05
176,978
38.27
59.58
0.90
257.29
42,495
45.92
61.96
3.83
175.17
(i) Market price published by Chicago Board of Trade which is a futures and options exchange in United States.
(ii) Market price published by B3 – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão which is a futures, options and stock exchange in Brazil.
12. Advances to suppliers
Advances to suppliers arise from the “Cash purchases” modality, in which the Group advances payments to suppliers of agricultural inputs at the beginning of a harvest and before the actual physical delivery of the products. These advances are short-term and are part of the strategy of formation of margins and guarantee of quality and product supply.
13. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities
The Group leases commercial buildings for its administrative functions, retail stores, equipment, and vehicles. In general, lease agreements have a term of three years to eight years, but they may include extension options.
Lease terms are individually negotiated and contain differentiated terms and conditions. The lease contracts do not contain restrictive clauses, but the leased assets cannot be used as collateral for loans.
Right of use assets:
The Group recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated amortization and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognized, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:
Vehicles
3.5 years
Buildings
5.3 years
Machines and equipment
3 years
Lease liabilities:
At the commencement date of the lease, the Group recognizes lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include:
• fixed payments (including fixed payments in essence, less any incentives from
• amounts expected to be paid by the lessee in accordance with residual value guarantees;
• payments of fines for lease termination if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising the option to terminate the lease.
• lease payments are discounted using the lessee's incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate a lessee would have to pay on a loan to obtain the funds necessary to acquire an asset of similar value in a similar economic environment with equivalent terms and conditions.
In determining the incremental borrowing rate, the Group:
• whenever possible, uses as a starting point rates from recent financing contracts third-party financing, adjusted to reflect changes in financing conditions since such third-party financing was received;
• uses a progressive approach that starts from a risk-free interest rate adjusted for credit risk
• uses a progressive approach that takes a risk-free interest rate adjusted for credit risk for leases held by the Group with no recent third-party financing; and
• makes specific adjustments to the rate, such as to term and collateral.
Lease payments are allocated between principal and finance expense. Finance expense is recognized in the statements of profit or loss over the lease term to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each year.
Payments associated with short-term leases of equipment and vehicles and all and leases of low-value assets are recognized as incurred as an expense in income statements. Short-term leases are those with a term of 12 months or less. Low-value assets include IT equipment, small items of office furniture and other contracts of small value.
As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Group had no lease agreements with variable lease payments.
(a) Right-of-use assets
Machinery and equipment
Cost
149,040
189,689
92,584
431,313
Accumulated depreciation
(72,365)
(113,787)
(42,939)
(229,091)
Balance at June 30, 2024
76,675
75,902
49,645
149,726
188,601
98,176
436,503
Impairment losses
(1,017)
(1,282)
(667)
(2,966)
(102,724)
(146,173)
(57,514)
(306,411)
Balance at June 30, 2025 (i)
45,985
41,146
39,995
(i) Reduction due reorganization and closure of certain stores (Note 1).
Right-of-use assets amortization expense for the year ended June 30, 2025 was R$86,165 (R$88,734 for the year ended June 30, 2024).
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(b) Lease liabilities
50,026
82,265
71,378
103,968
22,665
30,513
Total interest on lease liabilities for the year ended June 30, 2025 was R$17,691 (R$20,268 for the year ended June 30, 2024).
Right-of-use assets were tested for impairment as of June 30, 2025 in accordance with IAS 36. As a result of the impairment test performed, the Group recognized an impairment loss of R$2,965 million, reflecting the recoverable amount being lower than the carrying amount, as further described in Note 16.
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14. Property, plant and equipment
Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at historical cost of acquisition or construction, less accumulated depreciation. When significant parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are recorded as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment. Any gains and losses on the disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are recognized in the statements of profit or loss. Subsequent costs are capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will be earned by the Group.
Depreciation is calculated and its residual values estimated, using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the items. Depreciation is recognized in the statements of profit or loss. Land is not depreciated. The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment are as follows:
5 years
Building and Improvements
25 years
Machines, equipment and facilities
10 years
Furnitures and fixtures
Computer equipments
The Group uses an estimated useful life of the assets to depreciate property, plant and equipment. At the end of each fiscal year, this estimate is reviewed and, if necessary, adjusted prospectively.
An asset's carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount when the asset's carrying amount is higher than its estimated recoverable value.
Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds from the sale with the carrying amount and are recognized under "Other (expenses) income, net" in the statements of profit or loss.
(a) Property, plant and equipment balance is as follows:
Lands, buildings and improvements
Furniture and fixtures
Computer equipment
182,822
89,367
18,468
11,535
342,254
(32,822)
(22,769)
(31,009)
(9,043)
(9,830)
(105,473)
7,240
160,053
58,358
9,425
1,705
36,358
172,181
89,534
23,406
11,811
333,290
(572)
(6,826)
(1,358)
(1,455)
(512)
(10,723)
(31,081)
(36,284)
(37,054)
(10,624)
(11,130)
(126,173)
Balance at June 30, 2025
4,705
129,071
51,122
11,327
Depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment for the year ended June 30, 2025 was R$22,383 (R$20,481 for the year ended June 30, 2024).
Property, plant, and equipment were tested for impairment as of June 30, 2025. As a result of the stores closure plan (see note 34) an impairment loss of R$8,399 million related to property, plant and equipment was recorded during the year. Additionally, an impairment loss of R$2,324 million was recognized as a result of the impairment test for Brazil retail segment, where the recoverable amount was lower than the carrying amount, as further described in Note 16.
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15. Intangible assets
Intangible assets are recorded at acquisition cost, or at the fair value of intangible assets when acquired in a business combination. Amortization for assets with finite useful lives is recorded on a straight-line basis, net of accumulated amortization. These intangible assets have useful lives defined based on the useful economic life.
The goodwill arising on a business combination is initially measured as the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired (net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed). Subsequent to initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost, less any accumulated impairment losses, as described in Note 16.
The useful lives and methods of amortization of intangibles are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.
The estimated useful lives of intangible assets for the years ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:
Customer relationship
9 years
Purchase contracts and brands
4 years
Software and other
An intangible asset is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected, and any gain or loss is recognized in the statements of profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.
The impairment policy for intangibles is described in note 16.
(a) Intangible assets balance is as follows:
Goodwill
Cost:
546,665
351,412
23,005
61,388
982,470
Additions
33,067
Business combinations
122,641
45,427
168,103
27,479
1,958
(1,140)
28,297
Translation adjustment
3,380
232
837
4,449
700,165
399,029
23,842
93,350
1,216,386
Additions (i)
670
33,016
33,686
568
(47)
(1,199)
161
(1,094)
Impairment losses on assets (ii)
(660,054)
(162,203)
(337)
(11,916)
(834,510)
40,734
236,195
23,496
114,611
415,036
Amortization:
139,765
15,912
19,600
175,277
Amortization for the year
50,089
3,218
16,457
189,854
19,130
36,057
245,041
30,452
2,008
17,080
49,540
220,306
21,138
53,137
294,581
209,175
4,712
57,293
15,889
2,358
61,474
(i) Amounts arising from the adjustment in the purchase price from acquisition of Coram Com. e Repres. Agrícolas Ltda. The consideration for the acquisition was subject to post-closing price adjustment, based on the working capital variations of the purchased company. As a result, the values related to customer relationships were modified due to changes in projections.
(ii) Amounts refer to the reduction of certain intangible assets as result of the annual impairment test as disclosed in Note 16.
Impairment of intangible assets with finite useful lives
Intangible assets were tested for impairment as of June 30, 2025. During the year, the Group recognized an impairment loss of R$459 thousand related to intangible assets as a result of the stores closure plan (see note 34). Additionally, an impairment loss of R$2,130 was recognizes as a result of the impairment test for Brazil retail segment, where the recoverable amount was lower than the carrying amount and R$9,786 million was recognized related to the intangible assets of the subsidiary Perterra, both as further detailed in Note 16.
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16. Impairment testing of non-financial assets
The carrying amount of the Group’s non-financial assets is reviewed at each reporting date to assess whether there is any indication of impairment. Such indications may arise from internal factors related to the operational efficiency of the assets or from external factors, such as macroeconomic conditions and fluctuations in commodity prices and U.S. dollar exchange rates. If any indication of impairment exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated.
The recoverable amount of an asset is defined as the higher of (i) its fair value less costs to sell and (ii) its value in use is, determined for its cash-generating unit (CGU), unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets.
When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired, and an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the carrying amount to its recoverable amount. In determining value in use, the estimated future cash flow is discounted to present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.
Impairment losses are recognized in the statement of profit or loss in expense categories consistent with the function of the impaired asset, when applicable. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized, except for goodwill, which cannot be reversed in subsequent periods.
The Group assessed its business segments by grouping the assets of each operating region into independent CGUs, representing the smallest identifiable groups of assets that generate cash inflows largely independent from other assets or groups of assets.
The Group determines its cash flow projections based on budgets approved by management, which incorporate the following key assumptions: (i) revenue growth rates; (ii) margins applied to the cost of sales of its products; and (iii) discount rates that reflect the risks associated with each CGU. These assumptions are subject to risks and uncertainties, including potential changes in future market and economic conditions, as well as the sales performance of each CGU. Accordingly, changes in circumstances may alter these projections and may affect the recoverable amount of the assets.
Business segments are composed by certain CGUs as follows:
Segment
Identified CGUs
Colombia CGU
North CGU, East CGU, South CGU
Biological products and special fertilizers CGU
Goodwill arising from business combinations is allocated to the CGUs that benefit from the acquisition and is tested for impairment at that level.
The Group continuously monitors whether new CGUs are identified and whether such grouping remains appropriate.
Value in use calculation in the impairment test
The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow (DCF) model. Cash flows are derived from the budget covering the next five years and do not include restructuring activities to which the Group is not yet committed, nor significant future capital investments aimed at enhancing the performance of the assets of the CGU being tested. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used in the DCF model, as well as to expectations of future cash flows and the growth rate applied for extrapolation. These assumptions are the most significant for the impairment test of the goodwill recognized by the Group.
The recoverable amount of the Group’s CGUs was determined based on a value in use calculation using cash flow projections derived from financial budgets approved by the Board of Directors, covering a five-year period.
For goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, the impairment test was performed using cash flow projections covering a five-year period and a terminal value calculated using a perpetuity growth rate, in accordance with IAS 36.
For assets with finite useful lives, including property, plant and equipment, intangible assets with finite useful lives and right-of-use assets, the impairment assessment was performed based on value in use calculations limited to the estimated remaining useful life of the respective cash-generating units, without the use of perpetuity assumptions. The projected cash flows considered the expected operational wind-down or continuity of each CGU, consistent with approved strategic and operational plans.
The main assumptions used in the impairment test are as follows:
Cash-generating unit
Revenue growth rate
Inputs Operating margin average
Pre Tax discount rate
Recoverable amount
10.21
17.00
18.60
450,729
North CGU
-100.00
18.98
15.85
323,470
East CGU
24.78
28.01
171,638
South CGU
29.78
28.26
180,967
Biological Products and special fertilizers CGU
13.86
45.93
19.80
684,943
F-61
As a result of the test, the recoverable amount of these CGUs was lower than their carrying amounts, resulting in the recognition of impairment losses for goodwill, customer relationships, property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets and other finite-lived intangible assets, as presented below:
PP&E, Intangibles and others
125,185
32,757
8,857
166,799
107,298
54,660
5,146
167,104
278,487
68,844
347,331
149,083
6,280
2,274
157,637
9,328
660,053
162,541
25,605
The reduction in recoverable amounts relative to carrying amounts, and the resulting impairment losses, reflect the deterioration of the Group’s economic and financial conditions, as described in Note 1 and the approved stores closure plan of the North CGU (see note 34) in the following year.
In addition, for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, the Group performed a sensitivity analysis of the impairment test for the Colombia CGU and Biological Products and special fertilizers CGU, considering the following independent adverse changes in key assumptions: (i) a 100 basis point increase in the pre-tax discount rate; and (ii) a 300 basis point decrease in net revenue and the resulting impacts on free cash flow over the five-year forecast period.
The results of the sensitivity analysis did not indicate any impairment of the carrying amounts of Biological Products and special fertilizers CGU. Accordingly, the Group did not recognize any impairment loss for Crop Care, as the value in use of these CGUs significantly exceeds their respective carrying amounts and no reasonably possible change in key assumptions would result in the recognition of an impairment loss.
For Colombia CGU the result of the sensitivity analysis indicates the recoverable amount of this CGU was lower than their carrying amounts, resulting in an impairment loss for goodwill of R$ 38,845.
For assets with finite useful lives, the Group also performed a sensitivity analysis of the impairment test considering the same independent adverse changes in key assumptions used for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets: (i) a 100 basis point increase in the pre-tax discount rate; and (ii) a 300 basis point decrease in net revenue. Under these sensitivity scenarios, the results for the East and the South CGUs indicate that the recoverable amounts would be lower than their respective carrying amounts, which would result in additional impairment losses of R$47,869 for the East CGU and R$49,911 for the South CGU. However, as these amounts arise solely from estimated sensitivity scenarios no additional impairment losses were recorded in the consolidated financial statements.
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17. Trade payables
Trade payables related to the purchase of goods for resale of agricultural inputs are financial liabilities (see Note 7) initially recognized at fair value and subsequently stated at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method.
(a) Trade payables
Trade payables – Brazil
2,560,220
3,436,115
Trade payables – Colombia
331,609
409,018
The average effective interest rate used to discount trade payables for the year ended June 30, 2025 was 1.71% per month (1.55% as of June 30, 2024).
As described in Note 1(a), the Group entered into negotiations with its principal suppliers under the out-of-court restructuring plan, which is expected to generate financial relief.
(b) Guarantees
The Group obtains guarantees from financial institutions in connection with installment purchases of agricultural inputs from certain suppliers. These guarantees consist of the endorsement of trade receivables or rural product notes (CPRs) received from customers in the normal course of sales transactions. As of June 30, 2025 the outstanding balance of these guarantees totaled R$499,520 (R$1,082,199 as of June 30, 2024).
18. Borrowings
Borrowings are financial liabilities initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred in the transaction and are subsequently stated at amortized cost.
Any difference between the borrowed amounts (net of transaction costs) and total payments is recognized in the statements of profit or loss over the year during which the borrowings are outstanding using the effective interest rate method.
Borrowing in Colombia
Borrowings in Brazil
794,173
1,111,258
Total borrowings
The Group’s borrowings are contracted for the purpose of strengthening the working capital and have repayment terms scheduled in conjunction with the operating cycles of each harvest.
(a) Debt composition
Average interest rate June 30, 2025 (i)
Average interest rate June 30, 2024 (i)
Debt contracts in Brazil in:
R$, indexed to CDI (ii)
14.65
520,705
14.52
946,741
R$, with fixed interest
21.07
32,323
12.77
61,280
U.S. Dollars, with fixed interest
12.98
241,145
8.64
103,237
Debt contracts in Colombia in:
COP, indexed to IBR (iii)
9.20
11.75
COP, with fixed interest
(i) In order to determine the average interest rate for debt contracts with floating rates, the Group used the rates prevailing during the years.
(ii) Brazilian reais denominated debt that bears interest at the CDI Rate (see Note 7 for a definition of those indexes), plus spread.
(iii) Colombian peso-denominated debt that bears interest at the IBR rate (see Note 7 for a definition of those indexes), plus spread.
(b) Movement in borrowings
At June 30, 2022
710,552
Repayment of principal amount
Accrued interest
319,557
Borrowings from acquired companies
25,756
Exchange rate translation
11,921
Interest payment
965,475
226,755
61,793
17,215
(786)
(241,566)
177,573
1,409
(4,734)
(184,646)
(c) Schedule of maturity of non-current portion of borrowings
The installments are distributed by maturity year:
1,237
2026
987
2,732
2027
6,890
21,253
2028
5,254
9,387
2029
6,736
(d) Covenants
In June 2025, certain loans of the Brazil Ag Retail segment, amounting to R$20,430, were reclassified to current liabilities as a result of a breach of the contractual covenant related to the out-of-court reorganization proceeding.
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19. Obligations to quota holders
155,495
272,804
Others quota holders
73,587
On July 22, 2022, the Group entered into an agreement to transfer receivables to FIAGRO, a structured entity, as defined by IFRS 10, established under Brazilian law designed specifically for investing in agribusiness credit rights receivables. The acquisition of such receivables by the FIAGRO investment fund enables the Group to anticipate the receipt of funds from such receivables. The Group holds all subordinated quotas issued by the FIAGRO, representing approximately 5% of the total outstanding quotas in an aggregate amount of R$8,100 while other parties hold all senior and mezzanine quotas, representing approximately 95% of the total outstanding quotas, which includes certain of Patria’s related parties that acquired the mezzanine quotas of FIAGRO in an aggregate amount of R$56,000. Under the terms of the FIAGRO, the Group is not liable in case there is a default on the credit rights acquired by the fund, but any such default may adversely affect our stake in FIAGRO quotas. Our agreement to assign certain credit rights to FIAGRO will expire when all assigned receivables have been liquidated. The bylaws of the FIAGRO were established by the Group at their inception, and grant the Group significant decision-making authority over these entities, such as the right to determine which credits rights are eligible to be acquired by the FIAGRO. In addition, senior and mezzanine quota holders receive interest at a benchmark rate of return ranging from the CDI rate +2.45% per year up to the CDI rate +8.0% per year. Residual returns from the FIAGRO fund, if any, are paid on the subordinated quotas, which do not bear interest and are not otherwise entitled to any pre-established rate of return. Senior and mezzanine quotas amortize annually over a three-year period after an initial 24-month grace period, whereas subordinated quotas amortize at the end of the fifth annual period.
On August 02, 2024, the Group entered into an agreement to transfer receivables in the aggregate amount of R$315 million to Lavoro Agro Fundo de Investimentos nas Cadeias Produtivas Agroindustriais (Fiagro II) an investment fund legal structure established under Brazilian law designed specifically for investing in agribusiness credit rights receivables. The proceeds from this issuance will be used to support Lavoro's ongoing working capital needs and other general corporate purposes. This represents Lavoro's second facility, following the inaugural R$167 million (Fiagro I) established in 2022.
The Group holds all subordinated quotas issued by FIAGRO II, representing approximately 19.63% of the total outstanding quotas, in an aggregate amount of R$61,596, while other parties hold all senior quotas, representing approximately 80.37% of the total outstanding quotas.
In accordance with IFRS 10, the Group controls FIAGRO I and FIAGRO II and, therefore, they are consolidated in our financial statements. The senior and mezzanine quotas are accounted for as a financial liability under “Obligations to quota holders” and the remuneration paid to senior and mezzanine quota holders is recorded as interest expense.
During the current period, the Group entered into other agreements to transfer receivables in the aggregate amount of R$425 million to investment funds established under Brazilian law, which the Group does not hold any interest in quotas. Under these agreements the Group has not transferred substantially all the risk and rewards of these assets and therefore, in accordance with IFRS 9, the Group continues to recognize the receivables and recognizes the related liability under as “Obligations to quota holders”.
20. Agribusiness Receivables Certificates
(a) Composition
Maturity
Average interest rate June 30, 2025
Serie I
December 22, 2027
CDI + 3.00
68,316
Serie II
14.20
353,165
Transaction cost
(10,966)
(b) Movement in Agribusiness Receivables Certificates
Transaction cost amortization
3,849
57,456
(56,355)
(c) Restrictive Clauses (Covenants)
This debt includes restrictive clauses (covenants) related to the level of indebtedness, requiring the maintenance of a net debt-to-EBITDA ratio not exceeding 2.5x, to be calculated on June 30 of each year. As of June 30, 2025, Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. was not in compliance with covenants agreed with the financial institution, exceeding the 2.5x limit established in the Agribusiness Receivables Certificate (CRA).
Until June 30, 2025, the Company did not obtain a waiver related to the breach of the financial covenants established in the CRA. Thus, in accordance with applicable accounting standards, the outstanding balance of this debt was reclassified to current liabilities.
The Company also has loan and financing agreements that include non-financial clauses, which monitor cross-default events. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, there is no loan agreements with cross-default clause related to the breach of covenants established in the CRA.
21. Payables for the acquisition of subsidiaries
The purchase agreements for acquisition of subsidiaries include payments to the seller in the event of successful collection, after the acquisition date of outstanding receivables and certain tax credits subject to administrative proceedings.
Consideration paid during the year ended June 30, 2025, amounted to R$37,571, which relates to acquisitions completed in previous years (R$222,962 on June 30, 2024, including payments for acquisitions made in previous years in the amount of R$179,148).
22. Acquisition of subsidiaries
The acquisition method is used to account for each business combination carried out by the Group, which consists of the following:
• Determining the acquisition date;
• Determining the acquirer and the acquiree;
• Determining the consideration transferred for the acquisition of control;
• Determining the fair value of separately identifiable assets and liabilities; and
• Determining the residual goodwill or gain on bargain purchase.
The acquisition date is typically the date on which the Group assumes the control of the business.
Consideration transferred is measured at the acquisition date at the fair value of the assets transferred, including cash, the liabilities incurred, and the equity instruments issued by the Group at the acquisition date.
For each business combination, the Group measures the non-controlling interests in the acquiree based on its share of the subsidiary’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.
When the Group acquires a business, it assesses the fair value of the assets and liabilities assumed in order to allocate them according to the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions at the acquisition date.
Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer is recognized at the acquisition date fair value. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration, considered an asset or a liability, shall be recognized in accordance with IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, in the statements of profit or loss.
Goodwill or a gain on bargain purchase is the difference between the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and the consideration transferred. When the consideration transferred is higher than the fair value of the net assets acquired goodwill is recognized for the difference, and it is subsequently tested for impairment. When the consideration transferred is lower that the fair value of net assets acquired, a gain on bargain purchase is recognized in the statements of profit or loss.
Intangible assets recognized within the scope of a business combination are accounted for in accordance with the accounting policy described in Note 15.
(a) Acquisitions in the year ended June 30, 2025
For the year ended June 30, 2025, the Group did not complete any business acquisitions.
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(b) Acquisitions in the year ended June 30, 2024
The fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities, consideration transferred and goodwill as of the date of each acquisition was:
Fair value as of the acquisition date
Referência Agroinsumos (e)
CORAM (f)
8,135
15,352
23,487
31,464
61,791
93,255
43,680
47,481
91,161
11,473
12,779
24,252
1,556
1,804
3,360
30,494
15,003
45,497
126,802
154,210
281,012
56,137
79,298
135,435
32,429
29,364
40,757
1,263
42,020
4,168
10,259
14,427
133,491
120,184
253,675
Total identifiable net assets at fair value
(6,689)
34,026
27,337
Goodwill arising on acquisition
106,794
15,847
Consideration transferred
102,112
49,873
151,985
Cash paid
67,112
20,000
87,112
Payable in installments
35,000
29,873
64,873
F-71
(c) Acquisitions in the year ended June 30, 2023
Floema (g)
Casa Trevo
Provecampo
Sollo Sul and Dissul
Cromo
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
24,167
12,306
10,479
16,307
8,735
71,994
19,892
32,106
7,499
132,467
11,907
203,871
52,133
61,734
11,320
84,226
5,311
214,724
11,739
4,750
46,663
664
63,839
1,152
867
983
2,372
3,151
8,525
14,879
1,676
12,117
2,083
2,722
33,477
123,962
113,439
42,421
284,118
32,490
596,430
88,902
48,070
10,980
80,811
1,200
229,963
10,245
1,543
13,659
6,910
87,921
4,056
114,089
90,445
71,974
17,890
194,488
5,256
380,053
33,517
41,465
24,531
89,630
27,233
216,376
(6,220)
(8,169)
(14,389)
25,796
9,625
2,010
57,719
5,331
100,481
59,313
44,870
26,541
147,349
24,395
302,468
25,294
23,619
17,682
52,832
8,120
127,547
Shares issued
12,296
21,723
21,251
8,859
94,517
16,275
162,625
F-72
(d) Fair value of assets acquired
The Group estimated the fair value of significant assets acquired using the following valuation methods:
Item
Nature
Valuation method
45,462
A loyal relationship between the acquirees and its customers, which translates into recurring purchases of products and services
Multi Period Excess Earnings Method (MPEEM)
Selling price less all expenses related to the distribution of that good
136,623
252,883
There were no differences between accounting basis and tax basis on fair value adjustments, and therefore no deferred income taxes were recorded, except for Provecampo, where the Group recorded a corresponding deferred income tax liability since the Group does not have a viable tax plan that will permit that the accounting basis and tax basis be the same after the acquisition.
(e) Acquisition of Referência Agroinsumos
On February 28, 2023, the Group signed an agreement for the acquisition of Referência Agroinsumos Ltda, (“Referência Agroinsumos”), establishing the terms and other conditions for its acquisition.
The acquisition was completed on July 31, 2023. The purchase price for this transaction was R$67.1 million, of which R$35.0 million is expected to be paid one year after the closing date.
Goodwill is attributable to strong market position and geographic regions and will result in a more diversified portfolio, as well as expected future profitability and operational synergies, such as distribution and efficiency of the administrative structure and revenue growth.
(f) Acquisition of CORAM
On July 24, 2023, the Group signed an agreement for the acquisition of CORAM - Comércio e Representações Agrícolas Ltda., (“CORAM”), establishing the terms and other conditions for its acquisition.
The acquisition was completed on November 30, 2023. The purchase price for this transaction was R$49.9 million, of which R$29.9 million is expected to be paid one year after the closing date.
F-73
(g) Acquisition of Floema
On March 22, 2022, the Group signed an agreement for the acquisition of Floema Soluções Nutricionais de Cultivos Ltda. (“Floema”), establishing the terms and other conditions for its acquisition.
The fair value of the shares issued to this acquisition was based on an equity transaction with third parties close to the acquisition date.
The acquisition was completed on August 4, 2022.
(h) Acquisition of Casa Trevo Participações S.A.
On May 5, 2022, the Group signed an agreement for the acquisition of Casa Trevo Participações S.A. (“Casa Trevo”), establishing the terms and other conditions for its acquisition.
The acquisition was completed on August 31, 2022.
The consideration for the acquisition is subject to post-closing price adjustment.
(i) Acquisition of Provecampo
On June 16, 2022, the Group signed an agreement for the acquisition of Provecampo S.A.S. (“Provecampo”), an entity incorporated in Colombia, establishing the terms and other conditions for its acquisition.
The acquisition was completed on July 29, 2022.
(j) Acquisition of Sollo Sul e Dissul
On July 22, 2022, the Group signed an agreement for the acquisition of Sollo Sul Insumos Agrícolas Ltda (“Sollo Sul”) and Dissul Insumos Agrícolas Ltda. ("Dissul"), establishing the terms and other conditions for its acquisition.
The acquisition was completed on November 30, 2022.
(k) Acquisition of Cromo
On January 13, 2023, the Group signed an agreement for the acquisition of Cromo Indústria Química Ltda. (“Cromo”), establishing the terms and other conditions for its acquisition.
The acquisition was completed on May 31, 2023.
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(l) Pro forma information (unaudited)
The following table discloses the Group’s revenues and profit or loss for the year assuming all acquisitions completed during the year were completed at the beginning of such year:
Revenues
9,788,580
9,697,932
(802,196)
(187,082)
(m) Revenues and results from new subsidiaries
The revenues and profit or loss of the acquisitions from the acquisition date through the end of the fiscal year in which the acquisition was completed and included in the consolidated statements of profit or loss are as follows:
Acquisitions in the year ended June 30, 2024:
Profit (loss)
Period from
Referência Agroinsumos
263,788
24,183
July, 2023
CORAM
63,549
(7,463)
November, 2023
327,337
16,720
Acquisitions in the year ended June 30, 2023:
37,291
1,656
August, 2022
Floema
205,451
12,628
136,003
20,787
September, 2022
Sollo Sul
182,385
(10,064)
December, 2022
210
(719)
May, 2023
561,340
24,288
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23. Agreements assumed as part of the capital reorganization transaction
On February 28, 2023, Lavoro and TPB Acquisition Corp, consummated a capital reorganization transaction, as such agreements were assumed by Lavoro as part of this transaction.
TPB Acquisition Corp. issued 10,083,606 public and private warrants to certain of its shareholders and its maturity is February 28, 2028. Such public and private warrants were assumed by Lavoro as a result of the SPAC Transaction. The outstanding warrants as of June 30, 2025, is 10,083,592 and aggregate fair value of the private and public warrants is 1,953, and the warrants are reported in the consolidated statements of financial position as warrant liabilities under current liabilities. For the year, the Group recognized a gain of R$20,469 related to changes to the fair value of public warrants and private warrants. The fair value of the warrants was calculated based on the listed market price of such warrants.
Vesting founder shares and unvested founder shares
As part of the SPAC Transaction certain TPB Acquisition Corp.’s shareholders were issued a number of Lavoro ordinary shares in exchange of TPB Acquisition Corp.’s Class B Ordinary Share that they held prior to the completion of the SPAC Transaction, of which (i) Two-thirds (3,060,662) of such Lavoro ordinary share were deemed to be vesting founder share, and (ii) one-third (1,503,025) of such Lavoro ordinary share were issued to those shareholders.
Vesting founder shares will be subject to certain vesting conditions. If at any time during the 3 -year period following the close of the SPAC Transaction, for over any 20 trading days within any consecutive 30 trading day period, the closing share price of Lavoro ordinary share is greater than or equal to:
-$12.50, then one-half of the vesting founder shares will vest; and
-$15.00, then an additional one-half of the vesting founder shares will vest.
Lavoro’s ordinary share price targets will be equitably adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, cash dividends, reorganizations, combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions affecting Lavoro’s ordinary shares. Any vesting founder shares that will not vest during the 3-year period following the closing of the SPAC Transaction will be forfeited after the 3-year period.
The vesting founder shares are considered equity classified contingent considerations under IFRS 2 and are reported as additional paid-in capital under equity at June 30, 2025.
In order to determine the fair value of the Vesting Founder Shares as of the closing of the SPAC Transaction, a Monte Carlo simulation was used, where the future stock price was modeled such that it follows a geometric Brownian motion with constant drift and volatility, where volatility was based on quoted prices of comparable companies. A volatility rate of 54.4% and a risk-free rate of 4.51% were used in the model. Value per share was $9.53 and $8.53 for the shares vesting at $12.50 and $15.00, respectively. In order to determine the fair value of the Unvested Founder Shares as of the closing of the SPAC Transaction, the shares were discounted using a Finnerty put model, assuming a risk-free rate of 4.88%, volatility rate of 54.4%, and a restricted term of 3 months (the estimated time to complete a registration statement). Value per share was determined to be $10.08.
Forward share purchase agreements
TPB Acquisition Corp. entered into certain Forward Share Purchase Agreements with certain shareholders of TPB Acquisition Corp., in which TPB Acquisition Corp. agreed to purchase, in the aggregate, up to 2,830,750 of TPB Acquisition Corp.’s Class A Ordinary Shares held by those equity holders, either after 24 months after closing of the SPAC Transaction or after meeting certain criteria as defined in the Forward Share Purchase Agreements. Such Forward Share Purchase Agreements were assumed by Lavoro, whereby Lavoro agreed to purchase the same number of Lavoro’s ordinary shares under the same conditions as defined in those Forward Share Purchase Agreements. Lavoro placed a designated balance of funds into an escrow account at the closing of the SPAC Transaction for the purpose acquiring such shares.
On February, 2025, which was the maturity date under the FPAs, the FPA Investors continued to hold all 2,830,750 ordinary shares subject to the agreements and had not disposed of any of such shares. In accordance with the terms of the FPAs, the FPA Investors elected to resell all of their ordinary shares to us. The total purchase price paid to the FPA Investors for these shares was R$ 168,861 million, which was funded with the escrowed funds in the escrow account in accordance with the FPAs.
The settlement of the transaction does not result in a direct cash flow impact, as the related amount has been maintained in restricted cash since the completion of the transaction in 2023, in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
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24. Income taxes
(a) Current income tax
Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Group operates and generates taxable income. Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statements of profit or loss.
Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.
Income taxes in Brazil and Colombia are paid by each legal entity on a stand alone basis.
(b) Deferred tax
Deferred taxes is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their tax basis.
Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:
• When the deferred income tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss;
• With respect to taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint arrangements, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred income tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:
• When the deferred income tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss
• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.
The carrying amount of deferred income tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred income tax asset to be utilized.
Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred income tax asset to be recovered. In assessing the recoverability of deferred income tax assets, the Group relies on the same forecast assumptions used elsewhere in the financial statements and in other management reports.
The benefits of uncertain tax positions are recorded only after determining, based on the position of its internal and external legal advisors, a more-likely-than-not probability that the uncertain tax positions will withstand challenge, if any, from taxing authorities.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset where there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and where the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority.
F-79
(c) Reconciliation of income taxes expense
(390,937)
Statutory rate (i)
Income taxes at statutory rate
(868,312)
(275,612)
(132,919)
Unrecognized deferred income tax asset (ii)
(986,830)
(305,270)
(193,898)
Difference from income taxes calculation based on taxable profit computed as a percentage of gross revenue
(50)
10,822
Deferred income taxes over goodwill tax recoverable
(1,514)
(3,897)
Tax benefit (iii)
71,130
244,718
(5,800)
(14,290)
(18,407)
Derecognition of deferred taxes assets (iv)
(205,742)
Income tax expense
Income tax and social contribution effective rate
(3.16)
Current income taxes
Deferred income taxes
(i) The effective tax rate reconciliation considers the statutory income taxes rates in Brazil, due to the significance of the Brazilian operation when compared to Colombia. The difference to reconcile the effective rate to the Colombian statutory rate (35%) is included in others.
(ii) The Group has accumulated tax loss carryforwards in some subsidiaries in the amount as of June 30, 2025 of R$1,620,022 (R$547,354 for June 30, 2024) for which a deferred income tax asset was not recognized and are available indefinitely for offsetting against future taxable profits of the companies in which the losses arose. Deferred income tax assets have not been recognized with respect of these losses as they cannot be used to offset taxable profits between subsidiaries of the Group, and there is no other evidence of probable recoverability in the near future.
(iii) This amount reflects the tax benefit from the deduction of the ICMS tax benefits in the calculation of the income tax (See Note 10).
(iv) For the year ended June 30, 2025, in the Brazil Ag Retail segment, the carrying amount of deferred income tax assets was reviewed and fully written down in the amount of R$205,742 to the extent that the Company’s projections no longer indicate future taxable profits that would support their recoverability in the near term.
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(d) Deferred income taxes balances
Deferred income tax assets
Amortization of fair value adjustment
24,978
36,328
Tax losses
232,554
215,336
30,359
38,323
Adjustment to present value
24,689
32,717
Allowance for inventory losses
1,632
4,559
Financial effect on derivatives
12,129
Fair value of commodity forward contracts
13,923
Unrealized exchange gains or losses
4,384
5,202
Unrealized profit in Inventories
10,281
22,156
Amortized right-of-use assets
16,797
20,320
Provision for management bonuses
12,643
17,478
Other provisions
8,933
9,434
Deferred asset loss allowance (i)
185,448
419,625
Deferred income tax liabilities
(27,236)
(23,571)
(14,203)
(6,343)
(34,354)
(30,747)
(14,694)
(2,742)
(19,681)
(12,257)
Deferred income tax on goodwill
(10,133)
(1,892)
(8,492)
(1,083)
(2,312)
(12,505)
(141,158)
(91,140)
Deferred income tax, net
44,290
328,485
(i) Refers to the recognition of an allowance for losses on deferred assets arising from the operational reorganization and the closure of stores, as described in Note 1.
Deferred income taxes balances net by entity
(9,621)
(12,424)
F-81
Deferred income tax and social contribution
316,731
Recognized in the statements of profit or loss
Tax income during the period
11,754
Tax expense during the period
(284,212)
Deferred asset loss allowance
The aging analysis of net deferred income tax is as follow:
13,071
113,149
Over 1 year
31,219
F-82
25. Provisions for contingencies
Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are reviewed and adjusted to reflect management’s best estimate at the reporting dates.
Probable losses
The balance of probable losses from civil, tax, labor and environmental contingencies recognized by the Group is as follow:
Civil
5,586
481
Tax
5,439
4,230
Labor
2,804
9,161
Environmental
Possible losses
The Group is a party to various proceedings involving tax, environmental, labor and other matters that were assessed by management, under advice of legal counsel, as possibly leading to losses. Contingencies with losses considered more likely than not amounted to R$278,315 and R$160,699 as of June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively.
26. Advances from customers
Advances from customers arise from the “Cash sale” modality, in which rural producers advance payments to the Group at the beginning of a harvest, before the billing of agricultural inputs. These advances are settled in the short term.
(a) Movement in the year
Opening balance
488,578
320,560
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the year
(520,227)
(670,862)
(320,560)
Increase in advances
369,134
376,563
427,463
Advances from acquired companies
40,758
61,115
27. Related parties
Related parties of the Group that have receivable, payable or other balances are either (i) Non-controlling shareholders, (ii) Patria Investments Limited, which manages the funds that control the Group, (iii) Key management personnel, and (iv) entities controlled by Patria Investments.
(a) Significant transactions with related parties
During the fiscal year 2025, the Group entered into significant transactions with related parties controlled by funds managed by Pátria Investments, involving the purchase of agricultural inputs at market prices plus a fixed margin for the duration of the transaction, commercial advances, and non-recourse assignments of performed accounts receivable from rural producers. These transactions were carried out to guarantee cash flow and ensure continued supply of agricultural inputs to customers during the period in which the Group was restructuring its capital structure and implementing actions in connection with the extrajudicial reorganization plan. A summary of these transactions is presented in the table below:
Assets and liabilities
Other liabilities (i)
75,338
Statement of profit or loss
Financial interest for related parties transactions (ii)
(157,036)
Statement of cash flow
Proceeds from related parties (iii)
(i) Amounts received from customers for which trade receivables were transferred to related parties as payment for the above-mentioned transactions. This balance will be subsequently transferred to related parties.
(ii) Financial interest related to working capital transactions with related parties.
(iii) Amount received from related parties to guarantee cash flow, this balance was repaid through the transfer of agricultural inputs.
Transfer of trade receivable
The Group transferred trade receivables with no recourse in the total amount of R$743,400 to related parties controlled by funds managed by Patria Investments to settle liabilities related to the acquisition of agricultural inputs.
(b) Other transactions with related parties
Trade receivables (i)
7,713
Advances to suppliers (i)
7,185
8,841
7,741
Trade payables (i)
2,014
2,793
Advances from customers (i)
1,046
Payables for the acquisition of subsidiaries (ii)
56,551
73,703
Borrowings (iii)
Total liabilities
159,437
77,542
(i) Refer to commercial transactions in the ordinary course of business with non-controlling shareholders of subsidiaries. Such transactions are carried at the same commercial terms as non-related parties customers.
(ii) Payments in installments to the non-controlling shareholders related to certain business combinations as described in Note 21.
(iii) Proceeds from shareholder loans.
Revenue from sales of products (i)
23,966
23,152
33,032
Monitoring expenses (ii)
(7,494)
(17,500)
(18,681)
Interest on payables for the acquisition of subsidiaries
(929)
(4,356)
(4,841)
Cost of goods sold (iii)
(266,009)
Other expenses
(745)
(2,924)
(i) Refer to commercial transactions in the ordinary course of business with non-controlling shareholders of subsidiaries. Such transactions are carried at the same commercial terms as non-related party customers.
(ii) Expenses paid to the Parent in relation to management support services rendered by the investee Gestão e Transformação S.A. in connection with acquisition transactions.
(iii) Transactions with companies controlled by Patria Investments for the purchase agricultural inputs.
(c) Key management personnel compensation
Wages
6,650
17,497
14,268
Direct and indirect benefits
524
690
Variable compensation (bonuses)
946
16,737
25,478
Short-term benefits
35,471
40,436
Share-based payment benefits
18,746
51,118
54,969
Key management personnel compensation includes payments to Group board of directors and the executive officers.
F-85
(d) Acquisition of non-controlling interest
A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary that does not result in a loss of control is accounted for as an equity transaction. When the proportion of equity held by non-controlling interests changes, the Company adjusts the carrying amounts of the controlling and non-controlling interests to reflect the changes in their relative ownership interests in the subsidiary. The Company recognizes directly in equity any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interest is adjusted, and the fair value of the consideration paid or received.
During the year ended June 30, 2025, the Group acquired additional interest in certain subsidiaries through an exchange for Lavoro’s shares, as described below.
Acquired equity interest
Facirolli Comércio e Representação S.A. (Agrozap)
12.46
5.21
2.45
Amounts recognized in connection with these transactions are described below:
Fair value of consideration paid to non-controlling shareholders recognized in:
Share capital
Additional paid-in capital
15,081
Carrying value of the additional interest in subsidiaries
Difference recognized as additional paid-in capital
(25,134)
F-86
28. Equity
The fully subscribed and paid-in share capital as of June 30, 2025 is R$593, represented by 116,996,507 ordinary shares.
Our authorized share capital is US$1,500,000 consisting of 1,400,000,000 Ordinary Shares and 100,000,000 preferred shares.
Ordinary Shares
Lavoro ordinary shares have a par value of US$0.001 and are entitled to one vote per share, excepted the 3,006,049 Founder Shares, that were detailed in Note 23.
Treasury Shares
As explained in note 23, the shares hold by FPA investors were sold to the Group in 2025 and hold as treasure shares, part of these shares were used to purchase the non-controlling interest as explained in note 27. As of June 30, 2025 the Group hold 2,410,750 in treasure shares.
Other capital reserves
Other capital reserves is comprised of a reserve set-up by the Group share-based payment (an equity-settled share-based compensation plan).
Accounting policy for share-based payment
Equity-settled transactions
The cost of equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date when the grant is made using an appropriate valuation model. That cost is recognized in personnel expenses (Note 30), together with a corresponding increase in equity (other capital reserves), over the period in which the service and, where applicable, the performance conditions are fulfilled (the vesting period). The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest.
Service conditions are not taken into account when determining the grant date fair value of awards, but the likelihood of the conditions being met is assessed as part of the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. Market performance conditions are reflected within the grant date fair value. Any other conditions attached to an award, but without an associated service requirement, are considered to be non-vesting conditions.
No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest because non-market performance and/or service conditions have not been met. Where awards include a market or non-vesting condition, the transactions are treated as vested irrespective of whether the market or non-vesting condition is satisfied, provided that all other performance and/or service conditions are satisfied.
When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the grant date fair value of the unmodified award, provided the original vesting terms of the award are met. An additional expense, measured as at the date of modification, is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee. Where an award is cancelled by the entity or by the counterparty, any remaining element of the fair value of the award is expensed immediately through profit or loss.
Share Options
On August 17, 2022, the Group approved the Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. Long-Term Incentive Policy (the “Lavoro Share Plan”). Under the Lavoro Share Plan, individuals selected by the Lavoro board of directors (“Selected Employees”) are eligible to receive incentive compensation consisting of cash, assets or share options issued by Lavoro Agro Limited, in an amount linked to the appreciation in the Lavoro Agro Limited share price at the time of the liquidity event, upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, as described below.
Lavoro has granted share options as incentive compensation to Selected Employees. Share options granted under the Lavoro Share Plan will vest in the event the following market conditions are met (the “Market Conditions”):
(i) the occurrence of a liquidity event satisfying a minimum internal rate of return specified in the Lavoro Share Plan; and
(ii) the price per share obtained under such liquidity event must be greater than or equal to one of the following amounts:
(a) a pre-established reference price multiplied by three; or
(b) an amount calculated in accordance with a pre-established formula, in each case specified under the Lavoro Share Plan.
Moreover, upon the satisfaction of the Market Conditions, such share options will vest according to the following schedule (the “Service Conditions”):
(i) one-third of the options vest on the third anniversary of the grant date;
(ii) one-third of the options vest on the fourth anniversary of the grant date; and
(iii) one-third of the options vest on the fifth anniversary of the grant date.
The Lavoro Share Plan has a term of five years: if the Market Conditions have not been satisfied within this year, all options granted under the Lavoro Share Plan will be extinguished, with no further payment or incentive obligation remaining due by Lavoro. The consummation of the SPAC Transaction (see note 1) did not satisfy the Market Conditions.
F-88
As of February 28, 2023, the shareholders of Lavoro approved the Lavoro Share Plan. As a result, Lavoro reserved for issuance the number of ordinary shares equal to the number of Lavoro Share Plan Shares under the Lavoro Share Plan, as adjusted in accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, in an amount of 1,663,405 ordinary shares.
The exercise price of the share-based payment is equal to the options price agreed with the employee in the contracts, representing the amount of R$1 monetarily adjusted until the date on which the liquidity event occurs.
The fair value of share options granted is estimated at the date of grant considering the terms and conditions using the Black-Scholes model, taking into account the terms and conditions on which the share options were granted. The model also takes into account historical and expected dividends, and the share price volatility of Lavoro.
The expense recognized for employee services received during the year and the number of options granted is shown in the following tables:
Share-based payments expense during the year
14,558
1,188
15,746
Options Outstanding
45,718,732
Forfeited options
(4,400,022)
41,318,710
(1,975,000)
39,343,710
The weighted average fair value of the options granted was R$0.44 per option. The significant data included in the model were: weighted average share price of R$2.88 on the grant date, exercise price presented above, volatility of 33.88%, no dividend yield, an expected option life of 3.37 years and a risk-free annual interest rate of 12.45%.
F-89
Lavoro Limited Restricted Stock Unit Plan (“RSU Plan”)
On May 26, 2023 the Board of Directors approved a long-term incentive plan (the “Restricted Stock Unit Plan” or the “RSU Plan”) in which beneficiaries will be granted equity awards pursuant to the terms and conditions of the RSU Plan and any applicable award agreement. Each RSU, once all the conditions under the plan are met, shall entitle the participant to receive one share issued by Lavoro Limited at no cost.
The total number of shares that may be delivered to the participants within the scope of the plan shall not exceed five percent of shares representing the Group’s total share capital.
On August 16, 2023 and September 28, 2023, (the grant date), the board of directors of Lavoro (the “Board”) approved the RSU Plan, which provides for the grant of restricted stock units to participants identified by the Board.
The RSUs will vest according to the following schedule, except if otherwise established by the Board of Directors:
(i) one-third of the options vest on the third anniversary of the vesting date;
(ii) one-third of the options vest on the fourth anniversary of the vesting date; and
(iii) one-third of the options vest on the fifth anniversary of the vesting date.
In the event of termination/dismissal of the participant, all unvested RSUs shall be automatically extinguished with not compensation rights. participant, all RSUs whose vesting period has not elapsed on the date of such termination/dismissal shall be automatically extinguished without being entitled any right to compensation.
The fair value of shares granted was measured at the market price of Lavoro’s share at the grant date.
On December 27, 2024, (the grant date), the board of directors of Lavoro (the “Board”) approved the RSU Plan, which provides for the grant of restricted stock units to participants identified by the Board.
As of June 30, 2025, the number of RSU granted is shown in the following tables:
RSUs Outstanding
Granted
1,597,076
Forfeited
(142,740)
1,454,336
359,591
(257,575)
1,556,352
F-90
The weighted average fair value of the shares granted was R$27.65 per share.
The expense for employee services received during the year was R$9,151.
Earnings per share
Earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the profit (loss) for the year attributable to equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of common shares available during the fiscal year. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of common shares, presuming the conversion of all the potential diluted common shares.
The table below show data used in calculating basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to the equity holders of the parent:
Weighted average ordinary shares of Lavoro
112,987
113,602
Effects of dilution from:
Share-based payment (i)
1,846
2,066
1,605
Restricted stock unit plan (ii)
1,406
1,410
Number of ordinary shares adjusted for the effect of dilution
116,239
117,078
115,207
Loss for the year attributable to net investment of the parent/equity holders of the parent
(762,452)
Basic loss per share
Diluted loss per share
(i) Based on the numbers of shares reserved by Lavoro Limited to the Lavoro Share Plan, as explained above.
(ii) Based on the numbers of shares reserved by Lavoro Limited to the Lavoro RSU Plan, as explained above.
The Group reported a loss for the year ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, accordingly the ordinary shares related to the share-based payment and RSU Plan have a non-dilutive effect and therefore were not considered in the total number of shares outstanding to determine the diluted earnings (loss) per share.
All public and private warrants are out of the money as of June 30, 2025 and 2024; therefore, the approximately 6,012,085 and 4,071,507 public and private warrants, respectively, were not included in the calculation of the diluted (loss) profit per share. Similarly, the 3,060,662 Founder Shares, that were detailed in Note 23 were not considered in the calculation of the diluted loss per share due to the Group’s market share price.
F-91
29. Revenue from contracts with customers
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of the goods or services are transferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. For sales of grains see Note 11.
Revenue from the sale of agricultural inputs is recognized at the point in time when control of the product is transferred to the customer as follows:
(i) Retail sales – Sale of products in retail locations, or delivered to the customers, including crop protection, fertilizers, seeds and specialty inputs;
(ii) Grains – Sale of grains as a result of Barter transactions (Note 11);
(iii) Private Label products – Products delivered to the client such as biological, special fertilizers and off-patent.
When products are delivered to the customer revenue is recognized when the customer receives the product at the specified location. The Group engages third parties to provide freight services.
The Group provides pulverization services. The Group recognizes revenues from these services when the customer receives and consumes the benefits provided to them, at the time the pulverization services take place.
The Group generally acts as a principal as it has the primary responsibility for delivering the contracted goods, bears the inventory risk, and has discretion to establish the price.
The average monthly interest rate applied was 1.12% for June 2025, 0.90% for June 2024 and 0.96% for June 2023.
Below is revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by product line and geographic location:
Inputs Retails sales
3,694,098
6,510,383
6,950,340
1,279,583
1,114,104
1,145,520
Private Label products
860,803
678,021
557,167
Grains (i)
560,401
1,013,312
633,565
93,729
41,045
33,360
Services
2,260
26,404
35,399
27,461
Total Revenues
Summarized by region
5,117,562
8,201,716
8,141,072
1,190,548
(i) As explained in Note 11, the Group receives grains from certain customers in exchange to the product sold. The fair value of such non-cash consideration received from the customer is included in the transaction price and measured when the Group obtains control of the grains. The Group estimates the fair value of the non-cash consideration by reference to its market price.
F-93
30. Costs and expenses by nature
(a) Cost of goods sold
The cost of goods sold comprises the cost of purchases, net of rebates, discounts and commercial agreements received from suppliers, variations in inventories and logistics costs (inbound and outbound). The cost of goods sold includes the cost of the logistics operations managed or outsourced by the Group, including storage, handling and freight costs incurred until goods are ready to be sold. For cost of grains see note 11.
Trade payables include a significant financing component. As such, trade payables are discounted, using the interest rate implicit in the contract (i.e., the interest rate that discounts the trade payable amount to the purchase paid in cash) and inventory is recorded at such amount. A significant financing component is recognized as financial expense under the amortized cost method. The average monthly interest rate applied was 1.71% per month for June 2025, 1.55% per month for June 2024 and 1.58% for June 2023.
(b) Sales, general and administrative expenses
Sales, general and administrative expenses refer to indirect expenses and the cost of the corporate departments, information technology, treasury function, sales force personnel and marketing and advertising expenses.
The breakdown of costs and expenses by nature is as follows:
Cost of inventory (i)
4,828,921
6,871,623
6,848,792
Cost of grains
655,852
1,045,788
670,613
Personnel expenses
583,425
597,759
657,965
Maintenance of the units
45,040
45,720
34,396
Consulting, legal and other services
111,492
116,040
118,610
Freight on sales
112,450
124,879
57,650
Commissions
80,196
79,278
52,040
Storage
9,558
18,494
7,613
Travel
24,235
33,149
Taxes and fees
32,854
25,253
32,266
Short term rentals
18,704
12,146
22,365
Business events
6,447
7,051
9,333
Marketing and advertising
10,356
15,675
14,631
Insurance
10,945
7,679
Utilities
14,179
13,836
22,302
Losses and damage of inventories
Fuels and lubricants
30,381
31,556
29,527
Other administrative expenditures
82,399
63,497
28,941
8,043,905
9,419,406
8,844,734
Classified as:
5,610,891
8,054,807
7,616,606
2,433,014
1,364,599
1,228,128
(i) Includes the fair value of inventory sold from acquired companies, in the amounts of R$979 and R$26,914 respectively for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.
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31. Finance income (costs)
Interest from cash equivalents
27,856
22,388
8,241
292,087
360,776
250,337
Interest from tax benefit (see note 24)
2,295
18,902
27,153
1,403
2,196
Interest on borrowings
(178,263)
(226,755)
(288,810)
Interest on Agribusiness Receivables Certificates
(59,134)
(28,535)
Interest on payables for the acquisitions of subsidiary
(4,475)
(15,361)
(5,916)
Interest on Obligations to FIAGRO and others quota holders
(127,435)
(76,698)
Interest on leases
(17,691)
(20,268)
(16,977)
Financial interest on related parties transactions
(644,753)
(675,706)
(502,434)
(72,964)
(79,843)
(30,076)
Other Financial Income (Cost)
Loss on fair value of commodity forward contracts
(78,013)
(111,081)
(98,674)
Gain on changes in fair value of derivative instruments
35,470
79,375
Loss on changes in fair value of derivative instruments
(48,400)
Foreign exchange differences on cash equivalents
(28,605)
Foreign exchange differences on trade receivables and trade payables, net
14,062
(32,642)
5,867
Foreign exchange differences on borrowings
(5,714)
(17,239)
7,507
20,469
14,024
3,756
32. Other operating (income) expenses, net
Listing expenses (i)
(319,554)
Sales of fixed assets
1,433
2,071
Other operating income
10,525
18,449
41,673
(i) This represents stock exchange listing service as a result of the SPAC Transaction. Refer to Note 22 for further discussion.
33. Non-cash transactions
The Group engages in non-cash transactions that are not reflected in the statement of cash flows. The principal non-cash transactions during the period are as follows:
The Group made certain non-cash transactions with related parties, as disclosed in Note 27.
The Group reported non-cash additions to right-of-use assets and lease liabilities of R$6,217 in the year ended June 30, 2025 (R$102,668 in the year ended June 30, 2024 and R$89,895 in the year ended June 30, 2023).
34. Subsequent events
Related party transactions
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, Lavoro entered into a new transaction related to the acquisition of agricultural inputs from related parties controlled by funds managed by Patria Investments Ltd, in the amount of R$165 million.
Waiver of the right to declare early maturity – Agribusiness Receivables Certificate (CRA)
As consideration for the waiver, the Group undertook to deposit, into an escrow account held by the securitization company, an amount equivalent to four subsequent monthly installments, as established in the issuance deed. This amount shall be used monthly to settle upcoming obligations and, until the final maturity date or any potential early settlement, a balance equivalent to one monthly installment must be maintained in the aforementioned account.
Additionally, beginning in October 2025 and every six months thereafter, Lavoro is required to make an additional deposit equivalent to six monthly remuneration installments, intended for the settlement of future obligations.
As a result of the waiver granted, the outstanding balance of this debt was reclassified to non-current liabilities as from July 2025.
Court Ratification of Out-of-Court Restructuring Plan
On September 9, 2025, Lavoro Agro Holding S.A. has obtained the statutory majority support of supplier creditors, reaching the creditor approval threshold required under Brazilian law to approve its out-of-court restructuring agreement ("EJ Plan”).
On November 25, 2025, the EJ Plan was ratified by the court. Court ratification grants binding effect to the EJ Plan’s terms with respect to all eligible supplier creditors, including those that did not adhere voluntarily, and represents the culmination of the restructuring process. The EJ Plan will result in the novation of affected obligations, the termination of any related judicial proceedings, the release of collateral and guarantees, and the regularization of Lavoro Brazil’s credit profile before Brazilian credit protection agencies. The Group believes that the EJ Plan provides a sustainable framework for the recovery of Lavoro Brazil’s commercial operations and financial position by improving cash flow visibility and operational planning, while preserving key supplier relationships and ensuring stable product availability.
Tax assessment notices
After June 30, 2025, the Group was notified of new tax assessment notices totaling approximately R$97 million, classified as possible loss, as well as new labor claims totaling approximately R$ 10 million, also classified as possible loss.
New financing transactions
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, certain subsidiaries entered into a number of financing agreements totaling an aggregate principal amount of R$376 million. These financings were entered into at interest rates ranging from the CDI rate plus 2.60% to 7.50% and fixed interest rates ranging from 8.90% to 115.08%, with maturities ranging from August 2025 to May 2030.
Corporate reorganization and disposal of equity interest
On December 15, 2025, Lavoro Uruguay S.A., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Lavoro, sold a 53.3% equity interest in Triagro Participações S.A. Under the terms of transaction, a majority stake in Triagro Participações S.A. has been acquired by certain funds managed by Patria Investments Limited, therefore a related party. The transaction was structured as an all-cash sale for approximately R$400 million, payable at closing. Lavoro has retained the remaining minority equity interest in the Triagro Participações S.A.
Following the separation from Lavoro’s business and sale of the majority stake, the Group intends for the commercial relationship between Lavoro and Crop Care to remain substantially unchanged
Closure of North CGU Operations
Subsequent to June 30, 2025, The Group approved the closure of retail operations comprising the North CGU, in our Brazil Ag Retail segment. The closure is in line with the going concern strategies described in Note 1. As of the date of this financial statements, the closure process was already in progress.
Change in Executive Leadership
On November 30, 2025, Ruy Cunha stepped down as our Chief Executive Officer, having served in the role since February 2022. The Board of Directors appointed Marcelo Pessanha to succeed Mr. Cunha as Chief Executive Officer, effective December 1, 2025.
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