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UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
Commission File Number 1-10560
BENCHMARK ELECTRONICS, INC. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o.
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).Yes ý No o
As of June 30, 2002, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock was 24,191,442. As of such date, the aggregate market value of the shares of Common Stock held by non-affiliates, based on the closing price of the Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange on such date, was approximately $680.2 million.
Documents Incorporated by Reference:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PART I
Item 1. Business
Background
Benchmark Electronics, Inc., formerly named Electronics, Inc., began operations in 1979 and was incorporated under Texas law in 1981 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Intermedics, Inc., a medical implant manufacturer based in Angleton, Texas. In 1986, Intermedics sold 90% of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Company to Electronic Investors Corp., a corporation formed by Donald E. Nigbor, Steven A. Barton and Cary T. Fu, three of our executive officers. In 1988, Electronic Investors Corp. was merged into Benchmark, and in 1990 we completed the initial public offering of our common stock.
General
We are in the business of manufacturing electronics and provide our services to original equipment manufacturers of computers and related products for business enterprises, medical devices, video/audio/entertainment products, industrial control equipment, testing and instrumentation products, and telecommunication equipment. The services that we provide are commonly referred to as electronics manufacturing services. We offer our customers comprehensive and integrated design and manufacturing services, from initial product design to volume production and direct order fulfillment. We provide specialized engineering services, including product design, printed circuit board layout, prototyping and test development. We believe that we have developed strengths in the manufacturing process for large, complex, high-density printed circuit boards as well as the ability to manufacture high and low volume products in lower cost regions such as Latin America and Southeast Asia. As our customers expand internationally, they increasingly require their electronics manufacturing services partners to have strategic regional locations and global procurement capabilities. We believe that our global manufacturing presence of 16 facilities in eight countries increases our ability to be responsive to our customers' needs by providing accelerated time-to-market and time-to-volume production of high quality products. These capabilities should enable us to build stronger strategic relationships with our customers and to become a more integral part of their operations.
Substantially all of our manufacturing services are provided on a turnkey basis, whereby we purchase customer-specified components from our suppliers, assemble the components on finished printed circuit boards, perform post-production testing and provide our customers with production process and testing documentation. We offer our customers flexible, "just-in-time" delivery programs allowing product shipments to be closely coordinated with our customers' inventory requirements. Additionally, we complete the assembly of our customers' products at our facilities by integrating printed circuit board assemblies into other elements of our customers' products. We also provide manufacturing services on a consignment basis, whereby we utilize components supplied by the customer to provide assembly and post-production testing services. We currently operate, on approximately 2.0 million square feet, a total of 51 surface mount production lines at our domestic facilities in Alabama, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Oregon, Texas and Virginia; and 54 surface mount production lines at our international facilities in Brazil, China, England, Ireland, Mexico, Scotland, Singapore and Thailand. Surface mount production lines are assembly lines where electrical components are soldered directly onto printed circuit boards.
Since July 1996, we have completed six acquisitions that have broadened our service offerings, diversified our customer base with leading original equipment manufacturers and expanded our geographic presence. Our July 2002 acquisition of ACT Manufacturing (Thailand) Public Company Limited and ACT Manufacturing Holdings UK Limited provided us with additional manufacturing capacity in Thailand and England. Our October 2000 acquisition of the assets of the MSI Division of Outreach Technologies, Inc. provided us with additional manufacturing capacity in the northeastern
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United States. Our August 1999 acquisition of AVEX Electronics, Inc. and Kilbride Holdings B.V. provided us with a global presence and enabled us to increase our scale of operations and expand our customer base significantly. We have also acquired EMD Technologies, Inc., Lockheed Commercial Electronics Company, and certain assets from Stratus Computer Ireland, which improved our engineering capabilities, increased our manufacturing capacity and expanded our international presence. In addition to these acquisitions, the opening of new systems integration facilities in Huntsville, Alabama in 2000 and Singapore in 2001 expanded our systems integration capabilities and we recently opened a facility in Suzhou, China that will begin production during 2003.
We believe our primary competitive advantages are our design, manufacturing, testing and supply chain management capabilities. We offer our customers complete and flexible manufacturing solutions that provide accelerated time-to-market, time-to-volume production, and reduced production costs. As a result of working closely with our customers and responding promptly to their needs, we have become an integral part of their operations. In addition, our workforce is led by a management team that founded the Company and has an average of 21 years of industry experience.
Our internet address is www.bench.com. We make available free of charge through our internet website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such material with, or furnishing it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Business Strategy
Our goal is to be the electronics manufacturing services outsourcing provider of choice to leading original equipment manufacturers in the high growth segments of the electronics industry. To meet this goal, we have implemented the following strategies:
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design and test to final product assembly and distribution to the original equipment manufacturers' customers. We also offer our customers high volume production in low cost regions of the world, such as Brazil, China, Mexico and Thailand. These full service capabilities allow us to offer customers the flexibility to move quickly from design and initial introduction to production and distribution.
We believe that growth by selective acquisitions is critical for achieving the scale, flexibility and breadth of customer services required to remain competitive in the electronics manufacturing services industry.
Acquisitions
Since July 1996, we have completed six acquisitions. These acquisitions were:
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55,000 square foot manufacturing facility in Leicester, England provides electronics manufacturing services, including PCB design, assembly and test, and systems assembly and test.
Electronics Manufacturing Services Industry
Many original equipment manufacturers in the electronics industry are increasingly using electronics manufacturing service providers in their business and manufacturing strategies and are seeking to outsource a broad range of manufacturing and related engineering services. Outsourcing allows original equipment manufacturers to take advantage of the manufacturing expertise of, and capital investments by, electronics manufacturing service providers. This enables original equipment manufacturers to concentrate on what they believe to be their core strengths, such as product development, marketing and sales. Original equipment manufacturers utilize electronics manufacturing service providers to enhance their competitive position by:
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Services We Provide
Engineering. Our approach is to coordinate and integrate our design, prototype and other engineering capabilities. Through this approach, we provide a broad range of engineering services and, in some cases, dedicated production lines for prototypes. These services strengthen our relationships with manufacturing customers and attract new customers requiring specialized engineering services.
To assist customers with initial design, we offer computer assisted engineering, computer assisted design, engineering for manufacturability, circuit board layout and test development. We also coordinate industrial design and tooling for product manufacturing. After product design, we offer quickturn prototyping, which means a rapid process of prototyping. During this process, we assist with the transition to volume production. By participating in product design and prototype development, we can reduce manufacturing costs and accelerate the cycle from product introduction to large-scale production.
Materials Procurement and Management. Materials procurement and management consists of the planning, purchasing, expediting and warehousing of components and materials. Our inventory management and volume procurement capabilities contribute to cost reductions and reduce total cycle time. Our materials strategy is focused on leveraging our procurement volume company wide while providing local execution for maximum flexibility at the division level. In addition, our Dublin, Ireland facility has developed material processes required to support high-end computer system integration operations.
Assembly and Manufacturing. Our manufacturing and assembly operations include printed circuit boards and subsystem assembly, box build and systems integration, the process of integrating sub-systems and downloading software before producing a fully configured product. We purchase the printed circuit boards used in our assembly operations from third parties. A substantial portion of our sales is derived from the manufacture and assembly of complete products. We employ various inventory management techniques, such as just-in-time, ship-to-stock and autoreplenish, which are programs designed to ensure timely, convenient and efficient delivery of assembled products to our customers. As original equipment manufacturers seek to provide greater functionality in smaller products, they increasingly require more sophisticated manufacturing technologies and processes. Our investment in advanced manufacturing equipment and our experience in innovative packaging and interconnect technologies enable us to offer a variety of advanced manufacturing solutions. These packaging and interconnect technologies include:
Testing. We offer computer-aided testing of assembled printed circuit boards, subsystems and systems, which contributes significantly to our ability to deliver high-quality products on a consistent basis. We work with our customers to develop product-specific test strategies. Our test capabilities include manufacturing defect analysis, in-circuit tests to test the circuitry of the board and functional tests. We either custom design test equipment and software ourselves or use test equipment and software provided by our customers. In addition, we provide environmental stress tests of assemblies of boards or systems.
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Distribution. We offer our customers flexible, just-in-time delivery programs allowing product shipments to be closely coordinated with customers' inventory requirements. Increasingly, we ship products directly into customers' distribution channels or directly to the end-user. We believe that this service can provide our customers with a more comprehensive solution and enable them to be more responsive to market demands.
Marketing and Customers
We market our services through a direct sales force and independent marketing representatives. In addition, our divisional and executive management teams are an integral part of our sales and marketing teams. During 2002, our two largest customers, Sun Microsystems and EMC, each represented in excess of approximately 10% of total sales and, in the aggregate, represented 60.8% of total sales.
The following table sets forth the percentages of the Company's sales by industry for 2002, 2001 and 2000.
Suppliers
We maintain a network of suppliers of components and other materials used in assembling printed circuit boards. We procure components only when a purchase order or forecast is received from a customer and occasionally utilize components or other materials for which a supplier is the single source of supply. Although we experience component shortages and longer lead times of various components from time to time, we have generally been able to reduce the impact of the component shortages by working with customers to reschedule deliveries, by working with suppliers to provide the needed components using just-in-time inventory programs, or by purchasing components at somewhat higher prices from distributors, rather than directly from manufacturers. These procedures reduce, but do not eliminate, our inventory risk. In 2002 and 2001, customer modifications to orders for inventory previously procured by us resulted in excess and obsolete inventory for the related customers that could not be recovered through put backs to vendors or the specific customer concerned. In addition, by developing long-term relationships with suppliers, we have been better able to minimize the effects of component shortages than manufacturers without such relationships.
Backlog
We had a year-end backlog of approximately $994.3 million at December 31, 2002, as compared to the 2001 year-end backlog of $855.1 million. Although we expect to fill substantially all of our backlog during 2003, at December 31, 2002, we did not have long-term agreements with all of our customers and customer orders can be canceled, changed or delayed by customers. The timely replacement of canceled, changed or delayed orders with orders from new customers cannot be assured, nor can there be any assurance that any of our current customers will continue to utilize our services. Because of these factors, backlog is not a meaningful indicator of future financial results.
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Competition
The electronics manufacturing services we provide are available from many independent sources as well as in-house manufacturing capabilities of current and potential customers. Our competitors include Celestica, Inc., Flextronics International Ltd., Jabil Circuit, Inc., Sanmina-SCI Corporation and Solectron Corporation, who may be more established in the industry and have substantially greater financial, manufacturing or marketing resources than we do. We believe that the principal competitive factors in our targeted markets are product quality, flexibility and timeliness in responding to design and schedule changes, reliability in meeting product delivery schedules, pricing, technological sophistication and geographic location.
Governmental Regulation
Our operations, and the operations of businesses that we acquire, are subject to certain foreign, federal, state and local regulatory requirements relating to environmental, waste management, and health and safety matters. We believe we operate in substantial compliance with all applicable requirements. However, material costs and liabilities may arise from these requirements or from new, modified or more stringent requirements. In addition, our past, current and future operations, and those of businesses we acquire, may give rise to claims of exposure by employees or the public or to other claims or liabilities relating to environmental, waste management or health and safety concerns.
We periodically generate and temporarily handle limited amounts of materials that are considered hazardous waste under applicable law. We contract for the off-site disposal of these materials and have implemented a waste management program to address related regulatory issues.
Employees
As of December 31, 2002, we employed 6,380 people, of whom 4,528 were engaged in manufacturing and operations, 745 in materials control and procurement, 561 in design and development, 153 in marketing and sales, and 393 in administration. Although a majority of our workforce is non-union, employees in our facilities in Brazil and Mexico are unionized, and work councils have been established at our facilities in Cork, Ireland, and Scotland. The Company has not experienced a strike or similar work stoppage and its relations with its employees are satisfactory.
Segments and International Operations
Benchmark has 16 manufacturing facilities in the Americas, Europe, and Asia regions to serve its customers. Benchmark is operated and managed geographically and management evaluates performance and allocates Benchmark's resources on a geographic basis. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for segment and geographical information. Prior to the acquisitions in 1999, all of our operations were in the Americas region. We currently operate outside the United States in Brazil, China, Ireland, Mexico, Singapore, Thailand and the United Kingdom. In 2002, approximately 22.1% of our sales were from operations outside of the United States. As a result of continuous customer demand overseas, we expect foreign sales to increase. Our foreign sales and operations are subject to risk of doing business abroad, including fluctuations in the value of currency, export duties, import controls and trade barriers, including stoppages, longer payment cycles, greater difficulty in accounts receivable collection, burdens of complying with wide variety of foreign laws and, in certain parts of the world, political instability. While, to date, these factors have not had a material adverse affect on Benchmark's results of operations, we cannot assure that there will not be an adverse impact in the future.
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Item 2. Properties
Benchmark currently has 16 manufacturing facilities worldwide.
The following chart summarizes the facilities owned or leased by Benchmark and its subsidiaries:
In addition, we own manufacturing facilities in Pulaski, Tennessee, Korat, Thailand, and Rangsit, Thailand with a total of 329,000 sq. ft. that are currently being held for sale. Also, we have a leased facility in Mansfield, Massachusetts with 44,000 sq. ft. that is currently not in operation.
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Item 3. Legal Proceedings
On October 18, 1999, we announced that our third quarter 1999 earnings announcement would be delayed and subsequently, on October 22, we announced our earnings for the third quarter 1999 were below the level of the same period during 1998 and were below expectations. Several class action lawsuits were filed in federal district court in Houston, Texas against Benchmark and two of its officers and directors alleging violations of the federal securities laws. These lawsuits were consolidated in February 2000. The lawsuits sought to recover unspecified damages. We deny the allegations in the lawsuits, however, and further deny that such allegations provide a basis for recovery of damages as we believe that we have made all required disclosures on a timely basis. On August 16, 2002, the United States District Court granted our Motion to Dismiss in the Consolidated Action. Plaintiff filed an appeal on December 6, 2002 to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals (the "Fifth Circuit") of the Court's ruling. However, in late January 2003, Plaintiff offered to withdraw the appeal and Plaintiff and Benchmark subsequently entered into an agreement wherein Benchmark agreed not to seek sanctions against Plaintiff in exchange for Plaintiff's covenant not to sue Benchmark for the subject matter made the basis of the current suit and to file with the Fifth Circuit a motion to withdraw the appeal. On January 31, 2003, Plaintiff filed the Motion to Withdraw with the Fifth Circuit and the Fifth Circuit entered a dismissal of the appeal on February 4, 2003.
Benchmark filed suit against J.M. Huber Corporation (the "Seller") in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas for breach of contract, fraud and negligent misrepresentation on December 14, 1999 and is seeking an unspecified amount of damages in connection with the Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Agreement dated August 12, 1999 between the parties whereby Benchmark acquired all of the stock of AVEX from Seller. On January 5, 2000, Seller filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging that Benchmark failed to comply with certain obligations under the contract requiring Benchmark to register shares of its common stock issued to Seller as partial consideration for the acquisition. Seller's suit has been consolidated with Benchmark's suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (the "Court"). On March 18, 2002, the Court entered an interlocutory judgement denying Benchmark's claims against Seller, but preserving Seller's counterclaims against Benchmark. On May 1, 2002, the Court entered a final judgment dismissing without prejudice the claims and counterclaims of Seller. On May 29, 2002, Benchmark filed a notice of appeal of the Court's final judgment to the Fifth Circuit, and on August 7, 2002, Benchmark filed its appellate brief with the Fifth Circuit. On October 10, 2002, the Seller filed its appellee brief with the Fifth Circuit and on October 25, 2002, Benchmark filed a reply brief in response to Seller's appellee brief. On March 10, 2003, the parties presented oral arguments to the Fifth Circuit. Benchmark intends to vigorously pursue its claims against Seller and defend against Seller's allegations.
On April 14, 2000, Benchmark, along with numerous other companies, was named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona by the Lemelson Medical, Education & Research Foundation (the "Foundation"). The lawsuit alleges that Benchmark has infringed certain of the Foundation's patents relating to machine vision and bar code technology utilized in machines the Company has purchased. On November 2, 2000, Benchmark filed an Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and a Motion to Stay based upon Declaratory Judgement Actions filed by Cognex and Symbol, manufacturers of the equipment at issue. On March 29, 2001, the Court granted the defendants' Motion to Stay and ordered that the lawsuit be stayed pending the entry of a final non-appealable judgement in the cases filed by Cognex and Symbol (the "Symbol/Cognex case"). The bench trial for the Symbol/Cognex case began on November 18, 2002 and concluded on January 17, 2003. The trial briefing is scheduled to be completed on May 16, 2003. The decision of the Court on the Symbol/Cognex case is expected to be issued some time in 2003. Management intends to vigorously defend against such claim and pursue all rights it has against third parties. At the present time, we are unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss, if any, associated with these matters.
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Benchmark is also involved in various other legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on Benchmark's consolidated financial position or results of operations.
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders during the fourth quarter of 2002.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity and Related Shareholder Matters
The information on page 54 of the Company's Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (the "2002 Annual Report") is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The information on page 55 of the 2002 Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The information on pages 9 through 27 of the 2002 Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The information on pages 21 through 27 of the 2002 Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The information on pages 28 through 55 of the 2002 Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant
The information under the captions "Election of Directors," "Executive Officers" and "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" in the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2003 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the "2003 Proxy Statement"), to be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the Company's fiscal year, is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information under the caption "Executive Compensation and Other Matters" in the 2003 Proxy Statement, to be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the Company's fiscal year, is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management
The information under the caption "Common Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the 2003 Proxy Statement, to be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the Company's fiscal year, is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions
The information under the caption "Certain Transactions" in the 2003 Proxy Statement, to be filed not later than 120 days after the close of the Company's fiscal year, is incorporated herein by reference in response to this item.
Item 14. Controls And Procedures
(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.
Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-14(c) and 15d-14(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")), as of a date within 90 days of the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, they have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were reasonably designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
(b) Changes in internal controls.
There were no significant changes in our internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to the date of evaluation by our principal executive officer and principal financial officer. There were no corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules, and Reports on Form 8-K
1. Financial Statements of the Company
Reference is made to the Financial Statements, the report thereon, the notes thereto and supplementary data commencing at page 32 of the 2002 Annual Report, which financial statements, report, notes and data are incorporated by reference in response to Item 8 of this report. Set forth below is a list of such Financial Statements:
Consolidated Financial Statements of the CompanyIndependent Auditors' ReportConsolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2002 and 2001Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Financial Statement Schedule
Benchmark Electronics, Inc.
Schedule IIValuation Accounts(in thousands)
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Independent Auditors' Report on Schedule
The Board of Directors and ShareholdersBenchmark Electronics, Inc.:
Under date of February 5, 2003, we reported on the consolidated balance sheets of Benchmark Electronics, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2002 and 2001, and the related consolidated statements of income (loss), shareholders' equity and comprehensive income (loss), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2002, as incorporated by reference in this annual report on form 10-K for the year 2002. In connection with the audits of the aforementioned consolidated financial statements, we also have audited the related consolidated financial statement schedule included in Item 14(a)2. This financial statement schedule is the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on this financial statement schedule based on our audits.
In our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets" on January 1, 2002, and in 2001 changed its method of accounting for derivative instruments and hedging activities.
KPMG LLP
Houston, TexasFebruary 5, 2003
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3. Exhibits
Each exhibit marked with an asterisk is filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Benchmark Electronics, Inc.'s Amended Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed October 11, 2002 disclosing certain financial information relating to the acquisition of stock of ACT Manufacturing (Thailand) Public Company Limited ("ACT Thailand") and ACT Manufacturing Holding UK Ltd. ("ACT UK") under Item 7.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated and on the dates indicated.
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CERTIFICATIONS
I, Donald E. Nigbor, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Benchmark Electronics, Inc. (the "Registrant") certify that:
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I, Gayla J. Delly, Chief Financial Officer of Benchmark Electronics, Inc. (the "Registrant") certify that:
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