Companies: 10,796     total market cap: $144.532 T
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Ashford Hospitality Trust
AHT
#10299
Rank
$20.47 M
Marketcap
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ United States
Country
$3.06
Share price
3.03%
Change (1 day)
-48.31%
Change (1 year)
๐Ÿ  Real estate๐Ÿ’ฐ Investment ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ REITs
Categories
  1. Ashford Hospitality Trust
  2. Quarterly Reports (10-Q)
  3. Financial Year FY2019 Q2

Ashford Hospitality Trust - 10-Q quarterly report FY2019 Q2


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q
☑
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________________ to ________________

Commission file number: 001-31775

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland
 
86-1062192
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
(IRS employer identification number)
 
 
 
14185 Dallas Parkway
 
 
Suite 1100
 
 
Dallas
 
 
Texas
 
75254
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip code)

(972) 490-9600
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. þ Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). þ Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
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Accelerated filer
☐
Non-accelerated filer
☐
Smaller reporting company
☐
 
 
Emerging growth company
☐
    
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes þ No
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
 
Trading Symbol(s)
 
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock
 
AHT
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, Series D
 
AHT-PD
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, Series F
 
AHT-PF
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, Series G
 
AHT-PG
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, Series H
 
AHT-PH
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, Series I
 
AHT-PI
 
New York Stock Exchange
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
 
102,130,683
(Class)
 
Outstanding at August 2, 2019


ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC
FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTER ENDED JUNE 30, 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)
 
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
2
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018
3
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018
4
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018
5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018
9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
11
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
44
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
63
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
63
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
 
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
64
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
64
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
65
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
65
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
65
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
65
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
66
SIGNATURES
67



PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
ASSETS
 
 
 
Investments in hotel properties, net
$
4,235,263

 
$
4,105,219

Cash and cash equivalents
235,936

 
319,210

Restricted cash
162,746

 
120,602

Marketable securities
14,263

 
21,816

Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $746 and $485, respectively
65,223

 
37,060

Inventories
4,454

 
4,224

Investment in unconsolidated entities
2,858

 
4,489

Deferred costs, net
3,087

 
3,449

Prepaid expenses
32,826

 
19,982

Derivative assets, net
2,535

 
2,396

Operating lease right-of-use assets
41,114

 
—

Other assets
13,620

 
15,923

Intangible assets, net
797

 
9,824

Due from related party, net
2,297

 
—

Due from third-party hotel managers
19,642

 
21,760

Assets held for sale
33,336

 
—

Total assets
$
4,869,997

 
$
4,685,954

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
Indebtedness, net
$
4,143,957

 
$
3,927,266

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
158,200

 
136,757

Dividends and distributions payable
20,435

 
26,794

Due to Ashford Inc., net
6,171

 
23,034

Due to related party, net
—

 
1,477

Due to third-party hotel managers
3,539

 
2,529

Intangible liabilities, net
2,377

 
15,483

Derivative liabilities, net
171

 
50

Operating lease liabilities
43,758

 
—

Other liabilities
26,253

 
18,716

Liabilities related to assets held for sale
24,690

 
—

Total liabilities
4,429,551

 
4,152,106

Commitments and contingencies (note 15)


 


Redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
73,242

 
80,743

Equity:
 
 
 
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized:
 
 
 
Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock, 2,389,393 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
24

 
24

Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock, 4,800,000 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
48

 
48

Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock, 6,200,000 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
62

 
62

Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock, 3,800,000 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
38

 
38

Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock, 5,400,000 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
54

 
54

Common stock, $0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, 102,130,683 and 101,035,530 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively
1,021

 
1,010

Additional paid-in capital
1,819,177

 
1,814,273

Accumulated deficit
(1,453,824
)
 
(1,363,020
)
Total stockholders’ equity of the Company
366,600

 
452,489

Noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities
604

 
616

Total equity
367,204

 
453,105

Total liabilities and equity
$
4,869,997

 
$
4,685,954

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(unaudited, in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
REVENUE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rooms
$
328,252

 
$
309,381

 
$
608,633

 
$
580,074

Food and beverage
67,298

 
60,429

 
128,359

 
115,473

Other hotel revenue
18,475

 
18,558

 
34,679

 
34,049

Total hotel revenue
414,025

 
388,368

 
771,671

 
729,596

Other
1,123

 
796

 
2,195

 
1,775

Total revenue
415,148

 
389,164

 
773,866

 
731,371

EXPENSES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hotel operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rooms
68,179

 
64,214

 
128,826

 
123,300

Food and beverage
44,122

 
40,156

 
85,445

 
78,621

Other expenses
124,609

 
116,254

 
238,136

 
222,637

Management fees
14,783

 
14,371

 
27,772

 
27,108

Total hotel expenses
251,693

 
234,995

 
480,179

 
451,666

Property taxes, insurance, and other
21,762

 
20,230

 
42,159

 
38,589

Depreciation and amortization
67,511

 
64,566

 
134,689

 
127,613

Impairment charges
6,533

 
19

 
6,533

 
1,679

Transaction costs
2

 
9

 
2

 
11

Advisory services fee
16,281

 
23,079

 
32,585

 
40,156

Corporate, general and administrative
2,917

 
3,231

 
5,518

 
5,360

Total expenses
366,699

 
346,129

 
701,665

 
665,074

Gain (loss) on sale of assets and hotel properties
328

 
412

 
561

 
403

OPERATING INCOME (LOSS)
48,777

 
43,447

 
72,762

 
66,700

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities
(867
)
 
1,170

 
(1,930
)
 
582

Interest income
785

 
883

 
1,566

 
1,629

Other income (expense)
(338
)
 
206

 
(654
)
 
282

Interest expense and amortization of premiums and loan costs
(67,987
)
 
(58,206
)
 
(134,153
)
 
(112,949
)
Write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees
(90
)
 
(5,694
)
 
(2,152
)
 
(7,744
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities
598

 
(268
)
 
1,406

 
(826
)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
1,476

 
(1,916
)
 
(1,518
)
 
(1,587
)
INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES
(17,646
)
 
(20,378
)
 
(64,673
)
 
(53,913
)
Income tax (expense) benefit
(3,706
)
 
(2,973
)
 
(3,301
)
 
(2,087
)
NET INCOME (LOSS)
(21,352
)
 
(23,351
)
 
(67,974
)
 
(56,000
)
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(14
)
 
(20
)
 
12

 
18

Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
5,084

 
5,065

 
13,663

 
11,405

NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE COMPANY
(16,282
)
 
(18,306
)
 
(54,299
)
 
(44,577
)
Preferred dividends
(10,644
)
 
(10,644
)
 
(21,288
)
 
(21,288
)
NET INCOME (LOSS) ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS
$
(26,926
)
 
$
(28,950
)
 
$
(75,587
)
 
$
(65,865
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE - BASIC AND DILUTED
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
(0.27
)
 
$
(0.30
)
 
$
(0.77
)
 
$
(0.69
)
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic
99,942

 
96,889

 
99,685

 
96,137

Diluted:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
(0.27
)
 
$
(0.30
)
 
$
(0.77
)
 
$
(0.69
)
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted
99,942

 
96,889

 
99,685

 
96,137

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(unaudited, in thousands)
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Net income (loss)
$
(21,352
)
 
$
(23,351
)
 
$
(67,974
)
 
$
(56,000
)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Comprehensive income (loss)
(21,352
)
 
(23,351
)
 
(67,974
)
 
(56,000
)
Less: Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interest in consolidated entities
(14
)
 
(20
)
 
12

 
18

Less: Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
5,084

 
5,065

 
13,663

 
11,405

Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to the Company
$
(16,282
)
 
$
(18,306
)
 
$
(54,299
)
 
$
(44,577
)
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(unaudited, in thousands except per share amounts)
 
Preferred Stock
 
 
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Accumulated
Deficit
 
Noncontrolling
Interests In
Consolidated
Entities
 
Total
 
Redeemable Noncontrolling
Interests in
Operating
Partnership
 
Series D
 
Series F
 
Series G
 
Series H
 
Series I
 
Common Stock
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at March 31, 2019
2,389

 
$
24

 
4,800

 
$
48

 
6,200

 
$
62

 
3,800

 
$
38

 
5,400

 
$
54

 
102,166

 
$
1,022

 
$
1,815,946

 
$
(1,445,136
)
 
$
590

 
$
372,648

 
$
101,980

Purchases of common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(23
)
 
—

 
(128
)
 
—

 
—

 
(128
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,249

 
—

 
—

 
3,249

 
2,119

Forfeitures of restricted shares
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(29
)
 
(1
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Issuance of restricted shares/units
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
17

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5

Common stock offering costs
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
109

 
—

 
—

 
109

 
—

Dividends declared – common stock ($.06/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(6,223
)
 
—

 
(6,223
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series D
($.53/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,262
)
 
—

 
(1,262
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series F
($.46/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,213
)
 
—

 
(2,213
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series G
($.46/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,857
)
 
—

 
(2,857
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series H
($.47/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,781
)
 
—

 
(1,781
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series I
($.47/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,531
)
 
—

 
(2,531
)
 
—

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,317
)
Redemption value adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
24,461

 
—

 
24,461

 
(24,461
)
Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(16,282
)
 
14

 
(16,268
)
 
(5,084
)
Balance at June 30, 2019
2,389

 
$
24

 
4,800

 
$
48

 
6,200

 
$
62

 
3,800

 
$
38

 
5,400

 
$
54

 
102,131

 
$
1,021

 
$
1,819,177

 
$
(1,453,824
)
 
$
604

 
$
367,204

 
$
73,242


5

 
Preferred Stock
 
 
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Accumulated
Deficit
 
Noncontrolling
Interests In
Consolidated
Entities
 
Total
 
Redeemable Noncontrolling
Interests in
Operating
Partnership
 
Series D
 
Series F
 
Series G
 
Series H
 
Series I
 
Common Stock
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2018
2,389

 
$
24

 
4,800

 
$
48

 
6,200

 
$
62

 
3,800

 
$
38

 
5,400

 
$
54

 
101,036

 
$
1,010

 
$
1,814,273

 
$
(1,363,020
)
 
$
616

 
$
453,105

 
$
80,743

Impact of adoption of new accounting standard (1)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,755

 
—

 
1,755

 
—

Purchases of common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(210
)
 
(1
)
 
(1,030
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1,031
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
6,037

 
—

 
—

 
6,037

 
3,921

Forfeitures of restricted shares
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(35
)
 
(1
)
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Issuance of restricted shares/units
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,340

 
13

 
(13
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
28

Issuance of units for hotel acquisition
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
7,854

Common stock offering costs
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(91
)
 
—

 
—

 
(91
)
 
—

Dividends declared – common stock ($.18/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(18,673
)
 
—

 
(18,673
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series D
($1.06/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,524
)
 
—

 
(2,524
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series F
($.92/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,425
)
 
—

 
(4,425
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series G
($.92/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,715
)
 
—

 
(5,715
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series H
($.94/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,562
)
 
—

 
(3,562
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series I
($.94/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,062
)
 
—

 
(5,062
)
 
—

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,940
)
Redemption value adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,701

 
—

 
1,701

 
(1,701
)
Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(54,299
)
 
(12
)
 
(54,311
)
 
(13,663
)
Balance at June 30, 2019
2,389

 
$
24

 
4,800

 
$
48

 
6,200

 
$
62

 
3,800

 
$
38

 
5,400

 
$
54

 
102,131

 
$
1,021

 
$
1,819,177

 
$
(1,453,824
)
 
$
604

 
$
367,204

 
$
73,242

(1) see note 17.


6

 
Preferred Stock
 
 
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Accumulated
Deficit
 
Noncontrolling
Interests In
Consolidated
Entities
 
Total
 
Redeemable Noncontrolling
Interests in
Operating
Partnership
 
Series D
 
Series F
 
Series G
 
Series H
 
Series I
 
Common Stock
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at March 31, 2018
2,389

 
$
24

 
4,800

 
$
48

 
6,200

 
$
62

 
3,800

 
$
38

 
5,400

 
$
54

 
98,654

 
$
987

 
$
1,789,501

 
$
(1,207,063
)
 
$
608

 
$
584,259

 
$
112,967

Purchases of common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(21
)
 
(1
)
 
(135
)
 
—

 
—

 
(136
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,525

 
—

 
—

 
4,525

 
5,276

Forfeitures of restricted shares
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(24
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Issuance of restricted shares/units
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4

Preferred stock issuance costs
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(22
)
 
—

 
—

 
(22
)
 
—

Issuance of common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Dividends declared – common stock ($.12/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(11,957
)
 
—

 
(11,957
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series D
($.53/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,262
)
 
—

 
(1,262
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series F
($.46/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,213
)
 
—

 
(2,213
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series G
($.46/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,857
)
 
—

 
(2,857
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series H
($.47/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,781
)
 
—

 
(1,781
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series I
($.47/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,531
)
 
—

 
(2,531
)
 
—

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,479
)
Redemption value adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(35,546
)
 
—

 
(35,546
)
 
35,546

Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(18,306
)
 
20

 
(18,286
)
 
(5,065
)
Balance at June 30, 2018
2,389

 
$
24

 
4,800

 
$
48

 
6,200

 
$
62

 
3,800

 
$
38

 
5,400

 
$
54

 
98,612

 
$
986

 
$
1,793,869

 
$
(1,283,516
)
 
$
628

 
$
512,193

 
$
146,249


7

 
Preferred Stock
 
 
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Accumulated
Deficit
 
Noncontrolling
Interests In
Consolidated
Entities
 
Total
 
Redeemable Noncontrolling
Interests in
Operating
Partnership
 
Series D
 
Series F
 
Series G
 
Series H
 
Series I
 
Common Stock
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2018
2,389

 
$
24

 
4,800

 
$
48

 
6,200

 
$
62

 
3,800

 
$
38

 
5,400

 
$
54

 
97,409

 
$
974

 
$
1,784,997

 
$
(1,153,697
)
 
$
646

 
$
633,146

 
$
116,122

Purchases of common stock
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(249
)
 
(3
)
 
(1,595
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1,598
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
10,411

 
—

 
—

 
10,411

 
6,392

Forfeitures of restricted shares
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(38
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Issuance of restricted shares/units
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,490

 
15

 
108

 
—

 
—

 
123

 
53

Common stock offering costs
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(52
)
 
—

 
—

 
(52
)
 
—

Dividends declared – common stock ($.24/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(23,918
)
 
—

 
(23,918
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series D
($1.06/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,524
)
 
—

 
(2,524
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series F
($.92/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,425
)
 
—

 
(4,425
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series G
($.92/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,715
)
 
—

 
(5,715
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series H
($.94/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,562
)
 
—

 
(3,562
)
 
—

Dividends declared – preferred stock - Series I
($.94/share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,062
)
 
—

 
(5,062
)
 
—

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,949
)
Redemption value adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(40,036
)
 
—

 
(40,036
)
 
40,036

Net income (loss)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(44,577
)
 
(18
)
 
(44,595
)
 
(11,405
)
Balance at June 30, 2018
2,389

 
$
24

 
4,800

 
$
48

 
6,200

 
$
62

 
3,800

 
$
38

 
5,400

 
$
54

 
98,612

 
$
986

 
$
1,793,869

 
$
(1,283,516
)
 
$
628

 
$
512,193

 
$
146,249

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

8

ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited, in thousands)
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
$
(67,974
)
 
$
(56,000
)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash flow from operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
134,689

 
127,613

Impairment charges
6,533

 
1,679

Amortization of intangibles
(119
)
 
(119
)
Recognition of deferred income
(466
)
 
(288
)
Bad debt expense
1,669

 
909

Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
1,085

 
490

Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated entities
1,930

 
(582
)
(Gain) loss on sale of assets and hotel properties
(561
)
 
(403
)
Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on marketable securities
(1,422
)
 
677

Purchases of marketable securities
(3,854
)
 
(11,161
)
Sales of marketable securities
12,829

 
13,338

Net settlement of trading derivatives
(875
)
 
309

Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives
1,906

 
1,587

Amortization of loan costs and premiums and write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees
16,898

 
15,549

Equity-based compensation
9,958

 
16,803

Changes in operating assets and liabilities, exclusive of the effect of acquisitions and dispositions of hotel properties:
 
 
 
Accounts receivable and inventories
(30,733
)
 
(14,679
)
Prepaid expenses and other assets
(9,248
)
 
(7,206
)
Operating lease right-of-use asset
(2,272
)
 
—

Operating lease liability
491

 
—

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
22,964

 
11,248

Due to/from related party
(3,696
)
 
(1,686
)
Due to/from third-party hotel managers
3,128

 
(3,389
)
Due to/from Ashford Inc., net
(1,244
)
 
2,602

Other liabilities
655

 
1,698

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
92,271

 
98,989

Cash Flows from Investing Activities
 
 
 
Investment in unconsolidated entity
(299
)
 
(667
)
Proceeds from franchise agreement
4,000

 
—

Acquisition of hotel properties and assets, net of cash and restricted cash acquired
(213,073
)
 
(111,777
)
Improvements and additions to hotel properties
(81,541
)
 
(117,744
)
Net proceeds from sales of assets and hotel properties
13,089

 
40,938

Payments for initial franchise fees
(200
)
 
(105
)
Proceeds from property insurance
231

 
651

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
(277,793
)
 
(188,704
)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
 
 
 
Borrowings on indebtedness
388,694

 
2,733,201

Repayments of indebtedness
(181,241
)
 
(2,455,813
)
Payments for loan costs and exit fees
(9,107
)
 
(54,438
)
Payments for dividends and distributions
(50,260
)
 
(47,837
)
Purchases of common stock
(906
)
 
(1,598
)
Payments for derivatives
(1,049
)
 
(3,095
)
Preferred stock offering costs
—

 
(52
)
Other
28

 
53

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
146,159

 
170,421

Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
(39,363
)
 
80,706

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period
439,812

 
472,072

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and at end of period
$
400,449


$
552,778


9

 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
 
 
 
Interest paid
$
118,740

 
$
106,238

Income taxes paid (refunded)
(1,611
)
 
1,154

Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activity
 
 
 
Accrued but unpaid capital expenditures
$
22,581

 
$
15,971

Non-cash dividends paid
—

 
123

Accrued stock offering costs
90

 
—

Common stock purchases accrued but not paid
126

 
—

Issuance of units for hotel acquisition
7,854

 
—

Assumption of debt in hotel acquisition
24,922

 
—

Dividends and distributions declared but not paid
20,435

 
27,240

Supplemental Disclosure of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
$
319,210

 
$
354,805

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period included in assets held for sale
—

 
78

Restricted cash at beginning of period
120,602

 
116,787

Restricted cash at beginning of period included in assets held for sale
—

 
402

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period
$
439,812

 
$
472,072

 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$
235,936

 
$
417,359

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period included in assets held for sale
1,281

 
—

Restricted cash at end of period
162,746

 
135,419

Restricted cash at end of period included in assets held for sale
486

 
—

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period
$
400,449

 
$
552,778

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

10
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)



1. Organization and Description of Business
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Ashford Trust”), is a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) focused on investing opportunistically in the hospitality industry with a focus predominantly on full-service upscale and upper upscale hotels in the U.S. that have revenue per available room (“RevPAR”) generally less than twice the U.S. national average, and in all methods including direct real estate, equity, and debt. Future investments will predominantly be in upper upscale hotels. We own our lodging investments and conduct our business through Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership (“Ashford Trust OP”), our operating partnership. Ashford OP General Partner LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashford Trust, serves as the sole general partner of our operating partnership. In this report, terms such as the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and all entities included in its consolidated financial statements.
Our hotel properties are primarily branded under the widely recognized upscale and upper upscale brands of Hilton, Hyatt, Marriott, and Intercontinental Hotel Group. As of June 30, 2019, we owned interests in the following assets:
•
121 consolidated hotel properties, including 119 directly owned and two owned through a majority-owned investment in a consolidated entity, which represent 25,579 total rooms (or 25,552 net rooms excluding those attributable to our partner);
•
92 hotel condominium units at WorldQuest Resort in Orlando, Florida (“WorldQuest”);
•
a 24.2% ownership in Ashford Inc. common stock with a carrying value of $182,000 and a fair value of $19.0 million; and
•
a 16.6% ownership in OpenKey with a carrying value of $2.7 million.
For federal income tax purposes, we have elected to be treated as a REIT, which imposes limitations related to operating hotels. As of June 30, 2019, our 121 hotel properties were leased or owned by our wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries that are treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries for federal income tax purposes (collectively, these subsidiaries are referred to as “Ashford TRS”). Ashford TRS then engages third-party or affiliated hotel management companies to operate the hotels under management contracts. Hotel operating results related to these properties are included in the consolidated statements of operations.
We are advised by Ashford Hospitality Advisors LLC (“Ashford LLC”), a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., through an advisory agreement. All of the hotel properties in our portfolio are currently asset-managed by Ashford LLC. We do not have any employees. All of the services that might be provided by employees are provided to us by Ashford LLC.
We do not operate any of our hotel properties directly; instead we employ hotel management companies to operate them for us under management contracts. As of June 30, 2019, Remington Lodging & Hospitality, LLC, together with its affiliates (“Remington Lodging”), which is beneficially wholly owned by Mr. Monty J. Bennett, our Chairman, and his father Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., our Chairman Emeritus, managed 83 of our 121 hotel properties and WorldQuest Resort. Third-party management companies managed the remaining hotel properties. On May 31, 2019, Ashford Inc., the parent company of Ashford LLC, entered into an agreement to acquire the hotel management business of Remington Holdings, L.P. (as amended by the First Amendment thereto dated July 17, 2019, the “Combination Agreement”).
Ashford Inc. also provides other products and services to us or our hotel properties through certain entities in which Ashford Inc. has an ownership interest. These products and services include, but are not limited to project management services, debt placement services, audio visual services, real estate advisory services, insurance claims services, hypoallergenic premium rooms, investment management services and mobile key technology.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation—The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., its majority-owned subsidiaries, and its majority-owned joint ventures in which it has a controlling interest. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions between consolidated entities have been eliminated in these consolidated financial statements. We have condensed or omitted certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements. We believe the disclosures made herein are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading. However, the financial statements should

11
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our 2018 Annual Report to Stockholders on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 1, 2019.
Ashford Trust OP is considered to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”), as defined by authoritative accounting guidance. A VIE must be consolidated by a reporting entity if the reporting entity is the primary beneficiary because it has (i) the power to direct the VIE’s activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE. All major decisions related to Ashford Trust OP that most significantly impact its economic performance, including but not limited to operating procedures with respect to business affairs and any acquisitions, dispositions, financings, restructurings or other transactions with sellers, purchasers, lenders, brokers, agents and other applicable representatives, are subject to the approval of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Ashford Trust OP General Partner LLC, its general partner. As such, we consolidate Ashford Trust OP.
Historical seasonality patterns at some of our hotel properties cause fluctuations in our overall operating results. Consequently, operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2019.
The following acquisitions and dispositions affect reporting comparability of our consolidated financial statements:
Hotel Property 
 
Location 
 
Type
 
Date
SpringHill Suites
 
Glen Allen, VA
 
Disposition
 
February 20, 2018
SpringHill Suites
 
Centreville, VA
 
Disposition
 
May 1, 2018
Residence Inn
 
Tampa, FL
 
Disposition
 
May 10, 2018
Hilton Alexandria Old Town
 
Alexandria, VA
 
Acquisition
 
June 29, 2018
La Posada de Santa Fe
 
Santa Fe, NM
 
Acquisition
 
October 31, 2018
Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square
 
New York, NY
 
Acquisition
 
January 22, 2019
Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley
 
Santa Cruz, CA
 
Acquisition
 
February 26, 2019

Use of Estimates—The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Restricted Cash—Restricted cash includes reserves for debt service, real estate taxes, and insurance, as well as excess cash flow deposits and reserves for furniture, fixtures, and equipment replacements of approximately 4% to 6% of property revenue for certain hotels, as required by certain management or mortgage debt agreement restrictions and provisions.
Impairment of Investments in Hotel Properties—Hotel properties are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the hotel is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the hotel to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows, which take into account current market conditions and our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the hotel. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the hotel is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the property’s net book value exceeds its estimated fair value, or fair value, less cost to sell. In evaluating impairment of hotel properties, we make many assumptions and estimates, including projected cash flows, expected holding period, and expected useful life. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including internally developed discounted cash flow models, comparable market transactions and third-party appraisals, where considered necessary. Asset write-downs resulting from property damage are recorded up to the amount of the allocable property insurance deductible in the period that the property damage occurs. See note 6.
Investments in Unconsolidated Entities—Investments in entities in which we have ownership interests ranging from 16.6% to 24.2%, at June 30, 2019, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting by recording the initial investment and our percentage of interest in the entities’ net income/loss. We review the investments in our unconsolidated entities for impairment in each reporting period pursuant to the applicable authoritative accounting guidance. An investment is impaired when its estimated fair value is less than the carrying amount of our investment. Any impairment is recorded in equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities. No such impairment was recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.
Our investments in certain unconsolidated entities are considered to be variable interests in the underlying entities. Each VIE, as defined by authoritative accounting guidance, must be consolidated by a reporting entity if the reporting entity is the primary

12
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

beneficiary because it has (i) the power to direct the VIE’s activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE. Because we do not have the power and financial responsibility to direct the unconsolidated entities’ activities and operations, we are not considered to be the primary beneficiary of these entities on an ongoing basis and therefore such entities should not be consolidated. In evaluating VIEs, our analysis involves considerable management judgment and assumptions.
Leases—We determine if an arrangement is a lease at the commencement date. Operating leases, as lessee, are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We currently do not have any finance leases.
Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and initial direct costs incurred and excludes lease incentives. The lease terms used to calculate our right-of-use asset may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which under the elected practical expedients under ASC 842, we are not accounting for separately. For certain equipment leases, such as office equipment, we account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.
Equity-Based Compensation—Prior to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”) in the third quarter of 2018, stock/unit-based compensation for non-employees was accounted for at fair value based on the market price of the shares at period end that resulted in recording expense, included in “advisory services fee” and “management fees,” equal to the fair value of the award in proportion to the requisite service period satisfied during the period. Performance stock units (“PSUs”) and Performance Long-Term Incentive Plan (“Performance LTIP”) units granted to certain executive officers were accounted for at fair value at period end based on a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model that resulted in recording expense, included in “advisory services fee,” equal to the fair value of the award in proportion to the requisite service period satisfied during the period. Stock/unit grants to certain independent directors are recorded at fair value based on the market price of the shares at grant date, which amount is fully expensed as the grants of stock/units are fully vested on the date of grant.
After the adoption of ASU 2018-07 in the third quarter of 2018, stock/unit-based compensation for non-employees is measured at the grant date and expensed ratably over the vesting period based on the original measurement as of the grant date. This results in the recording of expense, included in “advisory services fee,” “management fees” and “corporate, general and administrative” expense, equal to the ratable amount of the grant date fair value based on the requisite service period satisfied during the period. PSUs and Performance LTIP units granted to certain executive officers vest based on market conditions and are measured at the grant date fair value based on a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model. The subsequent expense is then ratably recognized over the service period as the service is rendered regardless of when, if ever, the market conditions are satisfied. This results in recording expense, included in “advisory services fee,” equal to the ratable amount of the grant date fair value based on the requisite service period satisfied during the period. Stock/unit grants to certain independent directors are measured at the grant date based on the market price of the shares at grant date, which amount is fully expensed as the grants of stock/units are fully vested on the date of grant.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards—In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”). The new standard establishes a ROU model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Under the new standard, leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases ("ASU 2018-10") and ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements (“ASU 2018-11”). The amendments in ASU 2018-10 affect only narrow aspects of the guidance issued in the amendments in ASU 2016-02, including but not limited to lease residual value guarantee, rate implicit in the lease, lease term and purchase option. The amendments in ASU 2018-11 provide an optional transition method for adoption of the new standard, which allows entities to continue to apply the legacy guidance in ASC 840, including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods presented in the year of adoption. In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842), Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors (“ASU 2018-20”). The amendments create a lessor practical expedient applicable to sales and other similar taxes incurred in connection with a lease, and simplify lessor accounting for lessor costs paid by the lessee.

13
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

We adopted the standard effective January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis and implemented internal controls to enable the preparation of financial information on adoption. We elected the practical expedients which provide us the option to apply the new guidance at its effective date on January 1, 2019 without having to adjust the comparative prior period financial statements. The package of practical expedients also allowed us to carry forward the historical lease classification. Additionally, we elected the practical expedients allowing us not to separate lease and non-lease components and not record leases with an initial term of twelve months or less (“short-term leases”) on the balance sheet across all existing asset classes.
The adoption of this standard has resulted in the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities primarily related to our ground lease arrangements for which we are the lessee. As of January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease liabilities of $43.3 million as well as a corresponding operating lease ROU asset of $38.8 million, which includes, among other things, reclassified intangible assets of $9.0 million, intangible liabilities of $13.0 million and deferred rent of $485,000. The standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations and statements of cash flows. See related disclosures in note 5.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards—In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). The ASU sets forth an “expected credit loss” impairment model to replace the current “incurred loss” method of recognizing credit losses. The standard requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for most financial assets held. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for periods beginning after December 15, 2018. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASU 2018-19”). ASU 2018-19 clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842, Leases. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2016-13 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
3. Revenue
Rooms revenue represents revenue from the occupancy of our hotel rooms and is driven by the occupancy and average daily rate charged. Rooms revenue includes revenue for guest no-shows, day use, and early/late departure fees. The contracts for room stays with customers are generally short in duration and revenues are recognized as services are provided over the course of the hotel stay.
Food & Beverage (“F&B”) revenue consists of revenue from the restaurants and lounges at our hotel properties, in-room dining and mini-bars revenue, and banquet/catering revenue from group and social functions. Other F&B revenue may include revenue from audio-visual equipment/services, rental of function rooms, and other F&B related revenue. Revenue is recognized as the services or products are provided. Our hotel properties may employ third parties to provide certain services at the property, for example, audio visual services. We evaluate each of these contracts to determine if the hotel is the principal or the agent in the transaction, and record the revenue as appropriate (i.e. gross vs. net).
Other hotel revenue consists of ancillary revenue at the property, including attrition and cancellation fees, resort and destination fees, spas, parking, entertainment and other guest services, as well as rental revenue; primarily consisting of leased retail outlets at our hotel properties. Attrition and cancellation fees are recognized from non-cancellable deposits when the customer provides notification of cancellation within established management policy time frames. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded $1.9 million and $2.5 million of business interruption income for the St. Petersburg Hilton and Key West Crowne Plaza related to a settlement for lost profits from the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.
Taxes specifically collected from customers and submitted to taxing authorities are not recorded in revenue. Interest income is recognized when earned.

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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

The following tables present our revenue disaggregated by geographical areas (in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Primary Geographical Market
 
Number of Hotels
 
Rooms
 
Food and Beverage
 
Other Hotel
 
Other
 
Total
Atlanta, GA Area
 
9

 
$
18,001

 
$
4,607

 
$
1,195

 
$
—

 
$
23,803

Boston, MA Area
 
3

 
18,880

 
2,272

 
1,002

 
—

 
22,154

Dallas / Ft. Worth Area
 
7

 
15,986

 
4,078

 
871

 
—

 
20,935

Houston, TX Area
 
3

 
6,939

 
2,131

 
219

 
—

 
9,289

Los Angeles, CA Metro Area
 
6

 
20,282

 
4,113

 
1,294

 
—

 
25,689

Miami, FL Metro Area
 
3

 
6,812

 
2,593

 
239

 
—

 
9,644

Minneapolis / St. Paul, MN / WI Area
 
4

 
9,197

 
2,293

 
1,318

 
—

 
12,808

Nashville, TN Area
 
1

 
14,539

 
6,272

 
523

 
—

 
21,334

New York / New Jersey Metro Area
 
7

 
27,391

 
7,598

 
685

 
—

 
35,674

Orlando, FL Area
 
3

 
7,597

 
512

 
413

 
—

 
8,522

Philadelphia, PA Area
 
3

 
7,037

 
1,010

 
197

 
—

 
8,244

San Diego, CA Area
 
2

 
4,734

 
257

 
273

 
—

 
5,264

San Francisco / Oakland, CA Metro Area
 
7

 
24,239

 
2,514

 
708

 
—

 
27,461

Tampa, FL Area
 
2

 
6,395

 
1,765

 
294

 
—

 
8,454

Washington D.C. / MD / VA Area
 
9

 
39,610

 
8,159

 
2,339

 
—

 
50,108

Other Areas
 
52

 
99,595

 
17,087

 
6,607

 
—

 
123,289

Orlando WorldQuest
 
—

 
1,018

 
37

 
298

 
—

 
1,353

Corporate
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,123

 
1,123

Total
 
121

 
$
328,252

 
$
67,298

 
$
18,475

 
$
1,123

 
$
415,148

 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Primary Geographical Market
 
Number of Hotels
 
Rooms
 
Food and Beverage
 
Other Hotel
 
Other
 
Total
Atlanta, GA Area
 
9

 
$
17,029

 
$
3,993

 
$
1,404

 
$
—

 
$
22,426

Boston, MA Area
 
3

 
17,606

 
2,116

 
905

 
—

 
20,627

Dallas / Ft. Worth Area
 
7

 
16,534

 
4,229

 
919

 
—

 
21,682

Houston, TX Area
 
3

 
7,249

 
2,571

 
204

 
—

 
10,024

Los Angeles, CA Metro Area
 
6

 
19,995

 
3,763

 
1,233

 
—

 
24,991

Miami, FL Metro Area
 
3

 
6,948

 
2,521

 
238

 
—

 
9,707

Minneapolis - St. Paul, MN - WI Area
 
4

 
9,454

 
2,618

 
1,251

 
—

 
13,323

Nashville, TN Area
 
1

 
14,319

 
3,530

 
368

 
—

 
18,217

New York / New Jersey Metro Area
 
6

 
20,712

 
7,199

 
619

 
—

 
28,530

Orlando, FL Area
 
3

 
7,179

 
418

 
336

 
—

 
7,933

Philadelphia, PA Area
 
3

 
6,782

 
1,196

 
236

 
—

 
8,214

San Diego, CA Area
 
2

 
4,823

 
261

 
254

 
—

 
5,338

San Francisco - Oakland, CA Metro Area
 
6

 
21,394

 
1,598

 
628

 
—

 
23,620

Tampa, FL Area
 
2

 
5,489

 
1,568

 
251

 
—

 
7,308

Washington D.C. - MD - VA Area
 
9

 
35,084

 
6,653

 
1,573

 
—

 
43,310

Other Areas
 
51

 
96,657

 
16,151

 
7,796

 
—

 
120,604

Orlando WorldQuest
 
—

 
1,182

 
44

 
306

 
—

 
1,532

Sold properties
 
3

 
945

 
—

 
37

 
—

 
982

Corporate
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
796

 
796

Total
 
121

 
$
309,381

 
$
60,429

 
$
18,558

 
$
796

 
$
389,164


15
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Primary Geographical Market
 
Number of Hotels
 
Rooms
 
Food and Beverage
 
Other Hotel
 
Other
 
Total
Atlanta, GA Area
 
9

 
$
38,277

 
$
9,650

 
$
2,390

 
$
—

 
$
50,317

Boston, MA Area
 
3

 
28,350

 
3,873

 
1,814

 
—

 
34,037

Dallas / Ft. Worth Area
 
7

 
31,890

 
8,854

 
1,756

 
—

 
42,500

Houston, TX Area
 
3

 
13,580

 
4,692

 
418

 
—

 
18,690

Los Angeles, CA Metro Area
 
6

 
40,826

 
8,706

 
2,460

 
—

 
51,992

Miami, FL Metro Area
 
3

 
15,722

 
5,381

 
464

 
—

 
21,567

Minneapolis / St. Paul, MN / WI Area
 
4

 
15,566

 
3,915

 
2,111

 
—

 
21,592

Nashville, TN Area
 
1

 
26,621

 
11,470

 
1,220

 
—

 
39,311

New York / New Jersey Metro Area
 
7

 
46,268

 
12,304

 
1,451

 
—

 
60,023

Orlando, FL Area
 
3

 
16,583

 
1,048

 
873

 
—

 
18,504

Philadelphia, PA Area
 
3

 
11,704

 
1,803

 
353

 
—

 
13,860

San Diego, CA Area
 
2

 
9,063

 
659

 
492

 
—

 
10,214

San Francisco / Oakland, CA Metro Area
 
7

 
45,864

 
4,852

 
1,275

 
—

 
51,991

Tampa, FL Area
 
2

 
14,529

 
4,478

 
563

 
—

 
19,570

Washington D.C. / MD / VA Area
 
9

 
65,365

 
13,609

 
4,150

 
—

 
83,124

Other Areas
 
52

 
186,221

 
33,013

 
12,198

 
—

 
231,432

Orlando WorldQuest
 
—

 
2,204

 
52

 
691

 
—

 
2,947

Corporate
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,195

 
2,195

Total
 
121

 
$
608,633

 
$
128,359

 
$
34,679

 
$
2,195

 
$
773,866

 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Primary Geographical Market
 
Number of Hotels
 
Rooms
 
Food and Beverage
 
Other Hotel
 
Other
 
Total
Atlanta, GA Area
 
9

 
$
34,288

 
$
8,433

 
$
2,748

 
$
—

 
$
45,469

Boston, MA Area
 
3

 
26,772

 
3,517

 
1,681

 
—

 
31,970

Dallas / Ft. Worth Area
 
7

 
33,015

 
9,192

 
1,699

 
—

 
43,906

Houston, TX Area
 
3

 
14,221

 
5,213

 
419

 
—

 
19,853

Los Angeles, CA Metro Area
 
6

 
40,576

 
8,219

 
2,232

 
—

 
51,027

Miami, FL Metro Area
 
3

 
16,942

 
5,076

 
532

 
—

 
22,550

Minneapolis / St. Paul, MN / WI Area
 
4

 
18,298

 
4,880

 
2,371

 
—

 
25,549

Nashville, TN Area
 
1

 
25,297

 
5,849

 
840

 
—

 
31,986

New York / New Jersey Metro Area
 
6

 
37,035

 
12,123

 
1,363

 
—

 
50,521

Orlando, FL Area
 
3

 
15,521

 
789

 
531

 
—

 
16,841

Philadelphia, PA Area
 
3

 
11,689

 
2,226

 
425

 
—

 
14,340

San Diego, CA Area
 
2

 
8,996

 
501

 
475

 
—

 
9,972

San Francisco / Oakland, CA Metro Area
 
6

 
39,880

 
3,516

 
1,094

 
—

 
44,490

Tampa, FL Area
 
2

 
12,970

 
3,483

 
1,036

 
—

 
17,489

Washington D.C. / MD / VA Area
 
9

 
58,734

 
11,797

 
2,797

 
—

 
73,328

Other Areas
 
51

 
179,749

 
30,581

 
13,032

 
—

 
223,362

Orlando WorldQuest
 
—

 
2,573

 
77

 
645

 
—

 
3,295

Sold properties
 
3

 
3,518

 
1

 
129

 
—

 
3,648

Corporate
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,775

 
1,775

Total
 
121

 
$
580,074

 
$
115,473

 
$
34,049

 
$
1,775

 
$
731,371



16
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

4. Investments in Hotel Properties, net
Investments in hotel properties, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Land
$
781,438

 
$
670,362

Buildings and improvements
4,175,528

 
4,062,810

Furniture, fixtures, and equipment
492,235

 
504,806

Construction in progress
32,052

 
37,394

Condominium properties
12,340

 
12,091

Total cost
5,493,593

 
5,287,463

Accumulated depreciation
(1,258,330
)
 
(1,182,244
)
Investments in hotel properties, net
$
4,235,263

 
$
4,105,219


Acquisitions
Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square
On January 22, 2019, we acquired a 100% interest in the 310-room Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square for $195.0 million. In connection with this transaction, we entered into a $145.0 million mortgage loan (see note 8). 
We accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition because substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired were concentrated in a group of similar identifiable assets. We allocated the cost of the acquisition including transaction costs to the individual assets acquired on a relative fair value basis, which is considered a Level 3 valuation technique, as noted in the following table (in thousands):
Land
$
111,619

Buildings and improvements
80,047

Furniture, fixtures and equipment (1)
8,626

Investments in hotel properties, net
$
200,292

Key money
(3,800
)
 
$
196,492

Net other assets (liabilities)
$
1,559


_____________________________
(1) Furniture, fixtures and equipment was sold to Ashford Inc. as a part of the ERFP transaction for the Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square.
The results of operations of the hotel property have been included in our results of operations as of the acquisition date. The table below summarizes the total revenue and net income (loss) of the hotel property in our consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total revenue
$
7,569

 
$
10,963

Net income (loss)
(707
)
 
(3,078
)

Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley
On February 26, 2019, we acquired a 100% interest in the 178-room Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley for $47.5 million. Consideration included cash, approximately 1.5 million common units in our operating partnership and the assumption of a non-recourse mortgage loan with a face value of approximately $25.3 million and a fair value of $24.9 million (see note 8). The number

17
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

of common units was determined using a price of $7.00 per common unit. On February 26, 2019, the price per unit was $5.35 resulting in a fair value of $7.9 million.
We accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition because substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired were concentrated in a group of similar identifiable assets. We allocated the cost of the acquisition including transaction costs to the individual assets acquired on a relative fair value basis, which is considered a Level 3 valuation technique, as noted in the following table (in thousands):
Land
$
9,399

Buildings and improvements
34,276

Furniture, fixtures and equipment (1)
3,852

Investments in hotel properties, net
$
47,527

Debt discount
407

 
$
47,934

Net other assets (liabilities)
$
320

_____________________________
(1) Furniture, fixtures and equipment was sold to Ashford Inc. as a part of the ERFP transaction for the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley.
The results of operations of the hotel property have been included in our results of operations as of the acquisition date. The table below summarizes the total revenue and net income (loss) of the hotel property in our consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total revenue
$
2,923

 
$
3,743

Net income (loss)
158

 
(79
)

5. Leases
On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC 842 on a modified retrospective basis. We elected the practical expedients which allowed us to apply the new guidance at its effective date on January 1, 2019 without adjusting the comparative prior period financial statements. The package of practical expedients also allowed us to carry forward the historical lease classification. Additionally, we elected the practical expedients allowing us not to separate lease and non-lease components and not record leases with an initial term of twelve months or less (“short-term leases”) on the balance sheet across all existing asset classes.
The adoption of this standard has resulted in the recognition of operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities primarily related to our ground lease arrangements for which we are the lessee. As of January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease liabilities of $43.3 million as well as a corresponding operating lease ROU asset of $38.8 million which includes the reclassified intangible assets of $9.0 million, intangible liabilities of $13.0 million and deferred rent of $485,000. The standard did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated statements of operations and statements of cash flows.
The majority of our leases are operating ground leases. We also have operating equipment leases, such as copier and vehicle leases, at our hotel properties. Some leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one year to 99 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. Some leases have variable payments, however, if variable payments are contingent, they are not included in the ROU assets and liabilities. We have no finance leases as of June 30, 2019.
As of June 30, 2019, our leased assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
 
June 30, 2019
Assets
 
Operating lease right-of-use assets
$
41,114

Liabilities
 
Operating lease liabilities
$
43,758



18
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

We incurred the following lease costs related to our operating leases (in thousands):
 
 
Classification
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Operating lease cost (1)
 
Hotel operating expenses - other
 
$
1,390

 
$
2,221

_______________________________________
(1) For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 operating lease cost includes approximately $121,000 and $313,000, respectively, of variable lease cost associated with the ground leases and $117,000 and $78,000, respectively, of net amortization costs related to the intangible assets and liabilities that was reclassified upon adoption of ASC 842. Short-term lease costs in aggregate are immaterial.
Other information related to leases is as follows:
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2019
Supplemental Cash Flows Information
 
 
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
 
 
Operating cash flows from operating leases (in thousands)
 
$
1,360

Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term
 
 
Operating leases (1)
 
71 years

Weighted Average Discount Rate
 
 
Operating leases (1)
 
5.16
%
_______________________________________
(1) Calculated using the lease term, excluding extension options, and our calculated discount rates of the ground leases and owner managed leases.
Future minimum lease payments due under non-cancellable leases as of June 30, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):
 
 
Operating Leases
2019
 
$
1,360

2020
 
2,753

2021
 
2,579

2022
 
2,479

2023
 
2,419

Thereafter
 
167,006

Total future minimum lease payments
 
178,596

Less: interest
 
(134,838
)
Present value of lease liabilities
 
$
43,758


Future minimum lease payments due under non-cancellable leases under ASC 840 as of December 31, 2018 were as follows (in thousands):
2019
$
2,643

2020
2,506

2021
2,379

2022
2,297

2023
2,249

Thereafter
121,697

Total
$
133,771


Enhanced Return Funding Program
We lease certain assets from Ashford Inc. under the Enhanced Return Funding Program. See note 17.

19
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

6. Hotel Dispositions, Impairment Charges, Insurance Recoveries and Assets Held For Sale
Hotel Dispositions
On February 20, 2018, the Company sold the SpringHill Suites in Glen Allen, Virginia for approximately $10.9 million in cash. The sale resulted in a loss of approximately $13,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was included in “gain (loss) on sale of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company also repaid approximately $7.6 million of debt associated with the hotel property. See note 8.
On May 1, 2018, the Company sold the SpringHill Suites in Centreville, Virginia (“SpringHill Suites Centreville”) for approximately $7.5 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $98,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was included in “gain (loss) on sale of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company also repaid approximately $6.6 million of debt associated with the hotel property. See note 8.
On May 10, 2018, the Company sold the Residence Inn in Tampa, Florida for approximately $24.0 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $400,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018, which was included in “gain (loss) on sale of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company also repaid approximately $22.5 million of debt associated with the hotel property. See note 8.
We included the results of operations for these hotel properties through the date of disposition in net income (loss) as shown in the consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. The following table includes condensed financial information from these hotel properties in the consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2018
Total hotel revenue
$
982

 
$
3,648

Total hotel operating expenses
(620
)
 
(2,271
)
Gain (loss) on sale of assets and hotel properties
412

 
403

Property taxes, insurance and other
(70
)
 
(220
)
Depreciation and amortization
(39
)
 
(347
)
Impairment charges
—

 
(1,939
)
Operating income (loss)
665

 
(726
)
Interest expense and amortization of premiums and loan costs
(45
)
 
(525
)
Write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees
(462
)
 
(524
)
Income (loss) before income taxes
158

 
(1,775
)
(Income) loss before income taxes attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(24
)
 
264

Net income (loss) before income taxes attributable to the Company
$
134

 
$
(1,511
)

Impairment Charges and Insurance Recoveries
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we recorded a $6.5 million impairment charge, which was comprised of $1.4 million at the Wisconsin Dells Hilton Garden Inn and $5.1 million at the Savannah Courtyard. The impairment charges were based on methodologies discussed in note 2, which are considered Level 3 valuation techniques.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a $0 and $2.0 million impairment charge at the SpringHill Suites Centreville. The SpringHill Suites Centreville was sold on May 1, 2018. We also recorded impairment adjustments of $19,000 and $(283,000) for the three and six ended June 30, 2018, respectively, based on changes in estimates of property damages incurred from the hurricanes.
In August and September 2017, twenty-four of our hotel properties in Texas and Florida were impacted by the effects of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. The Company holds insurance policies that provide coverage for property damage and business interruption after meeting certain deductibles at all of its hotel properties.

20
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded revenue from business interruption losses associated with lost profits from the hurricanes of $0 and $401,000, respectively, which is included in “other” hotel revenue in our consolidated statement of operations. We received additional proceeds of $0 and $36,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and $142,000 and $642,000 during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, associated with property damage from the hurricanes. The Company will not record an insurance recovery receivable for business interruption losses associated with lost profits until the amount for such recoveries is known and the amount is realizable.
Assets Held For Sale
At June 30, 2019, the San Antonio Marriott was classified as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet based on methodologies discussed in note 2.
Since the sale of the hotel property does not represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations or financial results, its results of operations was not reported as discontinued operations in the consolidated financial statements. Depreciation and amortization were ceased as of the date the assets were deemed held for sale.
The major classes of assets and liabilities related to assets held for sale included in the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2019 were as follows:
 
June 30, 2019
Assets
 
Investments in hotel properties, net
$
30,661

Cash and cash equivalents
1,281

Restricted cash
486

Accounts receivable, net
619

Inventories
81

Prepaid expenses
153

Operating lease right-of-use assets
14

Other assets
41

Assets held for sale
$
33,336

 
 
Liabilities
 
Indebtedness, net
$
23,063

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
1,490

Due to related party, net
78

Due to Ashford Inc., net
25

Intangible liabilities, net
20

Operating lease liabilities
14

Liabilities related to assets held for sale
$
24,690


7. Investment in Unconsolidated Entities
Ashford Inc.
As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we held approximately 598,000 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock, which represented an approximate ownership of 24.2% and 25.0%, respectively. This ownership resulted in carrying value of $182,000 and $1.9 million, respectively, and a fair value of $19.0 million and $31.0 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

21
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

The following tables summarize the condensed consolidated balance sheets and our ownership interest in Ashford Inc. as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and the condensed consolidated statements of operations of Ashford Inc. and our equity in earnings (loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
Ashford Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(unaudited)
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Total assets
$
418,178

 
$
379,005

Total liabilities
$
142,743

 
$
108,726

Series B convertible preferred stock
201,822

 
200,847

Redeemable noncontrolling interests
3,615

 
3,531

Total stockholders’ equity of Ashford Inc.
69,588

 
65,443

Noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities
410

 
458

Total equity
69,998

 
65,901

Total liabilities and equity
$
418,178

 
$
379,005

Our ownership interest in Ashford Inc.
$
182

 
$
1,896


Ashford Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(unaudited)
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Total revenue
$
63,466

 
$
54,811

 
$
126,786

 
$
102,979

Total operating expenses
(62,523
)
 
(43,941
)
 
(123,301
)
 
(97,145
)
Operating income (loss)
943

 
10,870

 
3,485

 
5,834

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities
(298
)
 
—

 
(573
)
 
—

Interest expense and loan amortization costs
(515
)
 
(185
)
 
(881
)
 
(351
)
Other income (expense)
(33
)
 
(148
)
 
(66
)
 
(75
)
Income tax (expense) benefit
(426
)
 
(1,605
)
 
(1,726
)
 
(2,311
)
Net income (loss)
(329
)
 
8,932

 
239

 
3,097

(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interests
131

 
118

 
294

 
291

Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
310

 
(90
)
 
289

 
(151
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Ashford Inc.
112

 
8,960

 
822

 
3,237

Preferred dividends
(2,791
)
 
—

 
(5,583
)
 
—

Amortization of preferred stock discount
(484
)
 
—

 
(975
)
 
—

Net income attributable to common shareholders
$
(3,163
)
 
$
8,960

 
$
(5,736
)
 
$
3,237

Our equity in earnings (loss) of Ashford Inc.
$
(767
)
 
$
1,293

 
$
(1,714
)
 
$
856



22
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

OpenKey
OpenKey, which is controlled and consolidated by Ashford Inc., is a hospitality-focused mobile key platform that provides a universal smart phone app for keyless entry into hotel guest rooms. Our investment is recorded as a component of “investment in unconsolidated entities” in our consolidated balance sheets and is accounted for under the equity method of accounting as we have been deemed to have significant influence over the entity under the applicable accounting guidance. As of June 30, 2019, the Company has made investments totaling $4.3 million. In 2019 and 2018, we made additional investments of $299,000 and $667,000, respectively.
The following table summarizes our carrying value and ownership interest in OpenKey:
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Carrying value of the investment in OpenKey (in thousands)
$
2,676

 
$
2,593

Ownership interest in OpenKey
16.6
%
 
16.3
%
The following table summarizes our equity in earnings (loss) in OpenKey (in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
Line Item
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entity
 
$
(100
)
 
$
(123
)
 
$
(216
)
 
$
(274
)


23
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

8. Indebtedness
Indebtedness consisted of the following (in thousands):
Indebtedness
 
Collateral
 
Maturity
 
Interest Rate
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Secured credit facility (3)
 
None
 
September 2019
 
Base Rate (2) + 1.65% or LIBOR (1) + 2.65%
 
$
—

 
$
—

Mortgage loan (4)
 
1 hotel
 
July 2019
 
LIBOR (1) + 4.15%
 
35,200

 
35,200

Mortgage loan (4)
 
8 hotels
 
July 2019
 
LIBOR (1) + 4.09%
 
144,000

 
144,000

Mortgage loan (5)
 
1 hotel
 
July 2019
 
4.00%
 
—

 
5,232

Mortgage loan (6)
 
1 hotel
 
August 2019
 
LIBOR (1) + 4.95%
 
7,778

 
7,778

Mortgage loan (7)
 
17 hotels
 
November 2019
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.00%
 
427,000

 
427,000

Mortgage loan (7)
 
8 hotels
 
February 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 2.92%
 
395,000

 
395,000

Mortgage loan (7) (8)
 
21 hotels
 
April 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.20%
 
962,575

 
962,575

Mortgage loan (9)
 
1 hotel
 
May 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 2.90%
 
16,100

 
16,100

Mortgage loan (10)
 
1 hotel
 
June 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 5.10%
 
43,750

 
43,750

Mortgage loan (7)
 
7 hotels
 
June 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.65%
 
180,720

 
180,720

Mortgage loan (7)
 
7 hotels
 
June 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.39%
 
174,400

 
174,400

Mortgage loan (7)
 
5 hotels
 
June 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.73%
 
221,040

 
221,040

Mortgage loan (7)
 
5 hotels
 
June 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 4.02%
 
262,640

 
262,640

Mortgage loan (7)
 
5 hotels
 
June 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 2.73%
 
160,000

 
160,000

Mortgage loan (7)
 
5 hotels
 
June 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.68%
 
215,120

 
215,120

Mortgage loan
 
1 hotel
 
November 2020
 
6.26%
 
92,494

 
93,433

Mortgage loan (11)
 
1 hotel
 
November 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 2.55%
 
25,000

 
25,000

Mortgage loan (12)
 
2 hotels
 
March 2021
 
LIBOR (1) + 2.75%
 
240,000

 
—

Mortgage loan (9)
 
1 hotel
 
February 2022
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.90%
 
145,000

 
—

Mortgage loan (12)
 
2 hotels
 
June 2022
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.00%
 
—

 
178,099

Mortgage loan
 
1 hotel
 
November 2022
 
LIBOR (1) + 2.00%
 
97,000

 
97,000

Mortgage loan
 
1 hotel
 
May 2023
 
5.46%
 
52,346

 
52,843

Mortgage loan
 
1 hotel
 
June 2023
 
LIBOR (1) + 2.45%
 
73,450

 
73,450

Mortgage loan
 
1 hotel
 
January 2024
 
5.49%
 
6,821

 
6,883

Mortgage loan
 
1 hotel
 
January 2024
 
5.49%
 
9,957

 
10,045

Mortgage loan
 
1 hotel
 
May 2024
 
4.99%
 
6,353

 
6,414

Mortgage loan (5)
 
1 hotel
 
June 2024
 
LIBOR (1) + 2.00%
 
8,881

 
—

Mortgage loan
 
3 hotels
 
August 2024
 
5.20%
 
64,808

 
65,242

Mortgage loan
 
2 hotels
 
August 2024
 
4.85%
 
11,963

 
12,048

Mortgage loan
 
3 hotels
 
August 2024
 
4.90%
 
23,917

 
24,086

Mortgage loan
 
2 hotels
 
February 2025
 
4.45%
 
19,669

 
19,835

Mortgage loan
 
3 hotels
 
February 2025
 
4.45%
 
50,875

 
51,304

Mortgage loan
 
1 hotel
 
March 2025
 
4.66%
 
25,162

 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,199,019

 
3,966,237

Premiums, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
766

 
1,293

Deferred loan costs, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(32,765
)
 
(40,264
)
Indebtedness, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
4,167,020

 
$
3,927,266

 
 

 
 
 

 


 


Indebtedness related to assets held for sale, net (8)
 
1 hotel
 
April 2020
 
LIBOR (1) + 3.20%
 
23,063

 
—

Indebtedness, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
4,143,957

 
$
3,927,266

_____________________________
(1) 
LIBOR rates were 2.398% and 2.503% at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
(2) 
Base Rate, as defined in the secured credit facility agreement, is the greater of (i) the prime rate set by Bank of America, or (ii) federal funds rate + 0.5%, or (iii) LIBOR + 1.0%.
(3) 
The secured credit facility has borrowing capacity of up to $100.0 million.
(4)  
This mortgage loan has three one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The second one-year extension period began in July 2019.

24
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

(5) 
On June 7, 2019, we amended this mortgage loan totaling $5.2 million. The amended mortgage loan totaling $8.9 million has a five year term, is interest only and bears interest at a rate of LIBOR +2.00%.
(6) 
This mortgage loan has two one-year extension options subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The first one-year extension period began in August 2018.
(7) 
This mortgage loan has five one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.
(8) 
A portion of this mortgage loan at June 30, 2019 relates to the Marriott San Antonio. See note 6.
(9) 
This mortgage loan has two one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.
(10) 
This mortgage loan has three one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The third one-year extension period began in June 2019.
(11) 
This mortgage loan has three one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.
(12) 
On March 5, 2019, we refinanced this mortgage loan totaling $178.1 million with a new $240.0 million mortgage loan with a two-year initial term and five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The new mortgage loan is interest only and bears interest at a rate of LIBOR + 2.75%.
On January 17, 2018, we refinanced our $376.8 million mortgage loan. The new mortgage loan totaled $395.0 million. The new mortgage loan has a two-year initial term and five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 2.92%. The new mortgage loan is secured by eight hotels: Embassy Suites Portland, Embassy Suites Crystal City, Embassy Suites Orlando, Embassy Suites Santa Clara, Crowne Plaza Key West, Hilton Costa Mesa, Sheraton Minneapolis, and Historic Inns of Annapolis.
On February 20, 2018, we repaid $7.6 million of principal on our mortgage loan partially secured by the SpringHill Suites Glen Allen. This hotel property was sold on February 20, 2018. See note 6.
On April 9, 2018, we refinanced our $971.7 million mortgage loan secured by 22 hotel properties. The new mortgage loan totaled $985.0 million, is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 3.20%. The stated maturity is April 2020 with five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The new mortgage loan is secured by the same 22 hotel properties that include: the Courtyard Boston Downtown, Courtyard Denver, Courtyard Gaithersburg, Courtyard Savannah, Hampton Inn Parsippany, Hilton Parsippany, Hilton Tampa, Hilton Garden Inn Austin, Hilton Garden Inn BWI, Hilton Garden Inn Virginia Beach, Hyatt Windwatch Long Island, Hyatt Savannah, Marriott DFW Airport, Marriott Omaha, Marriott San Antonio, Marriott Sugarland, Renaissance Palm Springs, Ritz-Carlton Atlanta, Residence Inn Tampa, Churchill, Melrose and Silversmith.
On May 1, 2018, we repaid $6.6 million of principal on our mortgage loan partially secured by the SpringHill Suites Centreville. This hotel property was sold on May 1, 2018. See note 6.
On May 10, 2018, we repaid $22.5 million of principal on our mortgage loan partially secured by the Residence Inn Tampa. This hotel property was sold on May 10, 2018. See note 6.

25
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

On June 13, 2018, we refinanced seven mortgage loans with existing outstanding balances totaling $1.068 billion. The new financing is comprised of six separate mortgage loans that total approximately $1.270 billion. Each has a two-year initial term with five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The original principal amounts of each mortgage loan and the hotel properties securing each mortgage loan are set forth in the following table:
Mortgage Loan
 
Principal Amount (in thousands)
 
Interest Rate
 
Secured Hotel Properties
A
 
$180,720
 
LIBOR + 3.65%
 
Courtyard Columbus Tipton Lakes
 
 
 
 
 
 
Courtyard Scottsdale Old Town
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residence Inn Phoenix Airport
 
 
 
 
 
 
SpringHill Suites Manhattan Beach
 
 
 
 
 
 
SpringHill Suites Plymouth Meeting
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residence Inn Las Vegas Hughes Center
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residence Inn Newark
B
 
$174,400
 
LIBOR + 3.39%
 
Courtyard Newark
 
 
 
 
 
 
SpringHill Suites BWI
 
 
 
 
 
 
Courtyard Oakland Airport
 
 
 
 
 
 
Courtyard Plano Legacy
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residence Inn Plano
 
 
 
 
 
 
TownePlace Suites Manhattan Beach
 
 
 
 
 
 
Courtyard Basking Ridge
C
 
$221,040
 
LIBOR + 3.73%
 
Sheraton San Diego Mission Valley
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sheraton Bucks County
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hilton Ft. Worth
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hyatt Regency Coral Gables
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hilton Minneapolis
D
 
$262,640
 
LIBOR + 4.02%
 
Hilton Santa Fe
 
 
 
 
 
 
Embassy Suites Dulles
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marriott Beverly Hills
 
 
 
 
 
 
One Ocean
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marriott Suites Dallas Market Center
E (1)
 
$216,320
 
LIBOR + 4.36%
 
Marriott Memphis East
 
 
 
 
 
 
Embassy Suites Philadelphia Airport
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sheraton Anchorage
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lakeway Resort & Spa
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marriott Fremont
F
 
$215,120
 
LIBOR + 3.68%
 
W Atlanta Downtown
 
 
 
 
 
 
Embassy Suites Flagstaff
 
 
 
 
 
 
Embassy Suites Walnut Creek
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marriott Bridgewater
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marriott Durham Research Triangle Park

_____________________________
(1) On July 3, 2018, we purchased $56.3 million of mezzanine debt related to the Pool E loan that was issued in conjunction with the June 13, 2018 refinancing. The net interest rate after the purchase of the Pool E loan is LIBOR + 2.73%.
On June 29, 2018, in connection with the acquisition of the Hilton Alexandria Old Town in Alexandria Virginia, we completed the financing of a $73.5 million mortgage loan. This mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 2.45%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is June 2023, with no extension options. The mortgage loan is secured by the Hilton Alexandria Old Town.
On July 3, 2018, we purchased $56.3 million of mezzanine debt related to the Pool E loan that was issued in conjunction with the June 13, 2018 refinancing. The net interest rate after the purchase of the Pool E loan is LIBOR + 2.73%. The mezzanine debt receivable purchase and corresponding mezzanine debt eliminate in consolidation.
On September 27, 2018, we established a secured credit facility with a borrowing capacity of up to $100.0 million, which is secured by a pledge of 100% of the equity interests in the subsidiaries that own the hotel property for which revolving credit facility funds would be used to acquire. The interest rate associated with the secured credit facility is either the base rate + 1.65% or LIBOR + 2.65% at the Company’s election. The base rate is the greater of (i) the prime rate set by Bank of America; (ii) federal funds rate + 0.5%; or (iii) LIBOR + 1.0%.

26
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

On November 8, 2018, in connection with the acquisition of the La Posada de Santa Fe, we completed the financing of a $25.0 million mortgage loan. This mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 2.55%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is November 2020, with three one-year extension options. The mortgage loan is secured by the La Posada de Santa Fe.
On January 22, 2019, in connection with the acquisition of the Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square, we completed the financing of a $145.0 million mortgage loan. This mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 3.90%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is February 2022, with two one-year extensions. The mortgage loan is secured by the Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square.
On February 26, 2019, in connection with the acquisition of the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley, we assumed a $25.3 million non-recourse mortgage loan with a fair value of $24.9 million. This mortgage loan amortizes monthly and provides for a fixed interest rate of 4.66%. The stated maturity date is March 2025. The mortgage loan is secured by the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley.
On March 5, 2019, we refinanced our $178.1 million mortgage loan, secured by the Renaissance Nashville and Westin Princeton. The new mortgage loan totals $240.0 million. The new mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 2.75%. The stated maturity is March 2021 with five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The mortgage loan is secured by the Renaissance Nashville and Westin Princeton.
On June 7, 2019, we amended the mortgage loan secured by the Fort Worth Ashton totaling $5.2 million. The amended mortgage loan totaling $8.9 million has a five-year term, is interest only and bears interest at a rate of LIBOR + 2.00%.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, we recognized net premium amortization as presented in the table below (in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
Line Item
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Interest expense and amortization of premium and loan costs
 
$
55

 
$
69

 
$
120

 
$
138


The amortization of the net premium is computed using a method that approximates the effective interest method, which is included in “interest expense and amortization of premiums and loan costs” in the consolidated statements of operations.
We are required to maintain certain financial ratios under various debt and related agreements. If we violate covenants in any debt or related agreement, we could be required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. The assets of certain of our subsidiaries are pledged under non-recourse indebtedness and are not available to satisfy the debts and other obligations of Ashford Trust or Ashford Trust OP, our operating partnership, and the liabilities of such subsidiaries do not constitute the obligations of Ashford Trust or Ashford Trust OP. As of June 30, 2019, we were in compliance in all material respects with all covenants or other requirements set forth in our debt and related agreements as amended.
9. Income (Loss) Per Share
Basic income (loss) per common share is calculated using the two-class method by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income (loss) per common share is calculated using the two-class method, or treasury stock method if more dilutive, and reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares were exercised or converted into common shares, whereby such exercise or conversion would result in lower income per share.

27
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

The following table reconciles the amounts used in calculating basic and diluted income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Income (loss) allocated to common stockholders - basic and diluted:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income (loss) attributable to the Company
$
(16,282
)
 
$
(18,306
)
 
$
(54,299
)
 
$
(44,577
)
Less: Dividends on preferred stock
(10,644
)
 
(10,644
)
 
(21,288
)
 
(21,288
)
Less: Dividends on common stock
(5,865
)
 
(11,628
)
 
(17,844
)
 
(23,241
)
Less: Dividends on unvested performance stock units
(95
)
 
(122
)
 
(285
)
 
(245
)
Less: Dividends on unvested restricted shares
(263
)
 
(207
)
 
(544
)
 
(432
)
Undistributed income (loss)
(33,149
)
 
(40,907
)
 
(94,260
)
 
(89,783
)
Add back: Dividends on common stock
5,865

 
11,628

 
17,844

 
23,241

Distributed and undistributed income (loss) - basic and diluted
$
(27,284
)
 
$
(29,279
)
 
$
(76,416
)
 
$
(66,542
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted
99,942

 
96,889

 
99,685

 
96,137

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic income (loss) per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders per share
$
(0.27
)
 
$
(0.30
)
 
$
(0.77
)
 
$
(0.69
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diluted income (loss) per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders per share
$
(0.27
)
 
$
(0.30
)
 
$
(0.77
)
 
$
(0.69
)

Due to their anti-dilutive effect, the computation of diluted income (loss) per share does not reflect adjustments for the following items (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Income (loss) allocated to common stockholders is not adjusted for:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income (loss) allocated to unvested restricted shares
$
263

 
$
207

 
$
544

 
$
432

Income (loss) allocated to unvested performance stock units
95

 
122

 
285

 
245

Income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest in operating partnership units
(5,084
)
 
(5,065
)
 
(13,663
)
 
(11,405
)
Total
$
(4,726
)
 
$
(4,736
)
 
$
(12,834
)
 
$
(10,728
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average diluted shares are not adjusted for:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Effect of unvested restricted shares
6

 
73

 
120

 
127

Effect of unvested performance stock units
—

 
449

 
139

 
500

Effect of assumed conversion of operating partnership units
19,302

 
18,023

 
18,823

 
17,782

Effect of advisory services incentive fee shares
—

 
320

 
—

 
301

Total
19,308

 
18,865

 
19,082

 
18,710


10. Derivative Instruments and Hedging
Interest Rate Derivatives—We are exposed to risks arising from our business operations, economic conditions and financial markets. To manage these risks, we primarily use interest rate derivatives to hedge our debt and our cash flows. The interest rate derivatives currently include interest rate caps and interest rate floors. These derivatives are subject to master netting settlement arrangements. To mitigate the nonperformance risk, we routinely use a third party’s analysis of the creditworthiness of the counterparties, which supports our belief that the counterparties’ nonperformance risk is limited. All derivatives are recorded at fair value.

28
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

The following table presents a summary of our interest rate derivatives entered into over the applicable periods:
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
Interest rate caps:
 
 
 
Notional amount (in thousands)
$
624,050

 
$
3,582,000

Strike rate low end of range
1.50
%
 
1.50
%
Strike rate high end of range
4.00
%
 
5.22
%
Effective date range
January 2019 - June 2019

 
January 2018 - June 2018

Termination date range
June 2020 - February 2022

 
January 2019 - July 2020

Total cost (in thousands)
$
1,048

 
$
3,095

 
 
 
 
Interest rate floors:
 
 
 
Notional amount (in thousands)
$
6,000,000

 
$
—

Strike rate low
1.63
%
 
—

Effective date
January 2019

 
n/a

Termination date
March 2020

 
n/a

Total cost (in thousands)
$
225

 
$
—

None of these instruments were designated as cash flow hedges.
We held interest rate instruments as summarized in the table below:
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Interest rate caps:
 
 
 
 
Notional amount (in thousands)
$
3,986,718

(1) 
$
3,953,718

(1) 
Strike rate low end of range
1.50
 %
 
1.50
 %
 
Strike rate high end of range
5.71
 %
 
5.71
 %
 
Termination date range
July 2019 - February 2022

 
January 2019 - November 2020

 
Aggregate principle balance on corresponding mortgage loans (in thousands)
$
3,737,654

 
$
3,521,872

 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate floors: (2)
 
 
 
 
Notional amount (in thousands)
$
24,025,000

(1) 
$
28,775,000

(1) 
Strike rate low end of range
(0.25
)%
 
(0.25
)%
 
Strike rate high end of range
2.00
 %
 
2.00
 %
 
Termination date range
September 2019 - November 2021

 
March 2019 - November 2021

 
_______________
(1) 
These instruments were not designated as cash flow hedges.
(2) 
Cash collateral is posted by us as well as our counterparties. We offset the fair value of the derivative and the obligation/right to return/reclaim cash collateral.
Credit Default Swap Derivatives—We use credit default swaps, tied to the CMBX index, to hedge financial and capital market risk. A credit default swap is a derivative contract that functions like an insurance policy against the credit risk of an entity or obligation. The seller of protection assumes the credit risk of the reference obligation from the buyer (us) of protection in exchange for annual premium payments. If a default or a loss, as defined in the credit default swap agreements, occurs on the underlying bonds, then the buyer of protection is protected against those losses. The only liability for us, the buyer, is the annual premium and any change in value of the underlying CMBX index (if the trade is terminated prior to maturity). For all CMBX trades completed to date, we were the buyer of protection. Credit default swaps are subject to master-netting settlement arrangements and credit support annexes. As of June 30, 2019, we held credit default swaps with notional amounts totaling $212.5 million. These credit default swaps had effective dates from February 2015 to August 2017 and expected maturity dates from October 2023 to October 2026. Assuming the underlying bonds pay off at par over their remaining average life, our total exposure for these trades was approximately $4.3 million as of June 30, 2019. Cash collateral is posted by us as well as our counterparties. We offset the fair value of the derivative and the obligation/right to return/reclaim cash collateral. The change in market value of credit default swaps

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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

is settled net through posting cash collateral or reclaiming cash collateral between us and our counterparties when the change in market value is over $250,000.
11. Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Hierarchy—For disclosure purposes, financial instruments, whether measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis or not measured at fair value, are classified in a hierarchy consisting of three levels based on the observability of valuation inputs in the market place as discussed below:
•
Level 1: Fair value measurements that are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally is obtained from exchange or dealer markets.
•
Level 2: Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
•
Level 3: Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.
Fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts/payments and the discounted expected variable cash payments/receipts. Fair values of interest rate caps, floors, flooridors and corridors are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates fell below the strike rates of the floors or rise above the strike rates of the caps. Variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts and payments on the swaps, caps, and floors are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves (LIBOR forward curves) and volatilities (Level 2 inputs). We also incorporate credit valuation adjustments (Level 3 inputs) to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk.
Fair values of credit default swaps are obtained from a third party who publishes various information including the index composition and price data (Level 2 inputs). The fair value of credit default swaps does not contain credit-risk-related adjustments as the change in fair value is settled net through posting cash collateral or reclaiming cash collateral between us and our counterparty.
Fair values of interest rate floors are calculated using a third-party discounted cash flow model based on future cash flows that are expected to be received over the remaining life of the floor. These expected future cash flows are probability-weighted projections based on the contract terms, accounting for both the magnitude and likelihood of potential payments, which are both computed using the appropriate LIBOR forward curve and market implied volatilities as of the valuation date (Level 2 inputs). 
Fair value of options on futures contracts is determined based on the last reported settlement price as of the measurement date (Level 1 inputs). These exchange-traded options are centrally cleared, and a clearinghouse stands in between all trades to ensure that the obligations involved in the trades are satisfied.
Fair values of marketable securities and liabilities associated with marketable securities, including public equity securities, equity put and call options, and other investments, are based on their quoted market closing prices (Level 1 inputs).
When a majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. However, when valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties, which we consider significant (10% or more) to the overall valuation of our derivatives, the derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Transfers of inputs between levels are determined at the end of each reporting period. In determining the fair values of our derivatives at June 30, 2019, the LIBOR interest rate forward curve (Level 2 inputs) assumed a downtrend from 2.398% to 1.440% for the remaining term of our derivatives. Credit spreads (Level 3 inputs) used in determining the fair values of hedge and non-hedge designated derivatives assumed an uptrend in nonperformance risk for us and all of our counterparties through the maturity dates.

30
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table presents our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis aggregated by the level within which measurements fall in the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):
 
 
Quoted Market Prices (Level 1)
 
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
 
Counterparty and Cash Collateral Netting(1)
 
Total
 
 
 
 
June 30, 2019:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
$
—

 
$
2,399

 
$
—

 
$
(1,645
)
 
$
754

(2) 
 
Interest rate derivatives - caps
—

 
536

 
—

 
—

 
536

(2) 
 
Credit default swaps
—

 
(1,271
)
 
—

 
2,516

 
1,245

(2) 
 
 
—

 
1,664

 
—

 
871

 
2,535

 
 
Non-derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities
14,263

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
14,263

(3) 
 
Total
$
14,263

 
$
1,664

 
$
—

 
$
871

 
$
16,798

 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit default swaps
$
—

 
$
(921
)
 
$
—

 
$
750

 
$
(171
)
(4) 
 
Net
$
14,263

 
$
743

 
$
—

 
$
1,621

 
$
16,627

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
$
—

 
$
255

 
$
—

 
$
208

 
$
463

(2) 
 
Interest rate derivatives - caps
—

 
601

 
—

 
—

 
601

(2) 
 
Credit default swaps
—

 
520

 
—

 
812

 
1,332

(2) 
 
 
—

 
1,376

 
—

 
1,020

 
2,396

 
 
Non-derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities
21,816

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
21,816

(3) 
 
Total
$
21,816

 
$
1,376

 
$
—

 
$
1,020

 
$
24,212

 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Credit default swaps
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(50
)
 
$
(50
)
(4) 
 
Net
$
21,816

 
$
1,376

 
$
—

 
$
970

 
$
24,162

 
____________________________________
(1) 
Represents net cash collateral posted between us and our counterparties.
(2) 
Reported net as “derivative assets, net” in our consolidated balance sheets.
(3) 
Reported as “marketable securities” in our consolidated balance sheets.
(4) 
Reported net as “derivative liabilities, net” in our consolidated balance sheets.

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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

Effect of Fair-Value-Measured Assets and Liabilities on Consolidated Statements of Operations
The following tables summarize the effect of fair-value-measured assets and liabilities on the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
 
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
$
2,115

 
$
(147
)
 
Interest rate derivatives - caps
(472
)
 
(1,845
)
 
Credit default swaps
(257
)
(4) 
76

(4) 
 
1,386

 
(1,916
)
 
Non-derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
Equity
618

 
(229
)
 
Total
2,004

 
(2,145
)
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
Credit default swaps
(135
)
(4) 
—

 
Net
$
1,869

 
$
(2,145
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total combined
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
$
2,340

 
$
(147
)
 
Interest rate derivatives - caps
(472
)
 
(1,845
)
 
Credit default swaps
(392
)
 
76

 
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
1,476

(1) 
(1,916
)
(1) 
Realized gain (loss) on interest rate floors
(225
)
(2) 
—

 
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities
598

(3) 
(268
)
(3) 
Realized gain (loss) on marketable securities
20

(2) 
39

(2) 
Net
$
1,869

 
$
(2,145
)
 
____________________________________
(1) 
Reported as “unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives” in the consolidated statements of operations.
(2) 
Included in “other income (expense)” in the consolidated statements of operations.
(3) 
Reported as “unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities” in the consolidated statements of operations.
(4) 
Excludes costs of $271 and $271 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, included in “other income (expense)” associated with credit default swaps.

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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

 
Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
$
1,919

 
$
(238
)
 
Interest rate derivatives - caps
(1,114
)
 
(1,711
)
 
Credit default swaps
(1,790
)
(4) 
362

(4) 
 
(985
)
 
(1,587
)
 
Non-derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
Equity
1,422

 
(677
)
 
Total
437

 
(2,264
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
Credit default swaps
(921
)
(4) 
—

(4) 
Net
$
(484
)
 
$
(2,264
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total combined
 
 
 
 
Interest rate derivatives - floors
$
2,307

 
$
(238
)
 
Interest rate derivatives - caps
(1,114
)
 
(1,711
)
 
Credit default swaps
(2,711
)
 
362

 
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
(1,518
)
(1) 
(1,587
)
(1) 
Realized gain (loss) on options on interest rate floors
(388
)
(2) 
—

(2) 
Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities
1,406

(3) 
(826
)
(3) 
Realized gain (loss) on marketable securities
16

(2) 
149

(2) 
Net
$
(484
)
 
$
(2,264
)
 

____________________________________
(1) 
Reported as “unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives” in the consolidated statements of operations.
(2) 
Included in “other income (expense)” in the consolidated statements of operations.
(3) 
Reported as “unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities” in the consolidated statements of operations.
(4) 
Excludes costs of $537 and $537 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively, included in “other income (expense)” associated with credit default swaps.

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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

12. Summary of Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Determining estimated fair values of our financial instruments such as indebtedness requires considerable judgment to interpret market data. Market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies used may have a material effect on estimated fair value amounts. Accordingly, estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of amounts at which these instruments could be purchased, sold, or settled. Carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments, for periods indicated, were as follows (in thousands):
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Carrying Value
 
Estimated Fair Value
 
Carrying Value
 
Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Marketable securities
$
14,263

 
$
14,263

 
$
21,816

 
$
21,816

Derivative assets, net
2,535

 
2,535

 
2,396

 
2,396

Derivative liabilities, net
171

 
171

 
50

 
50

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets not measured at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents (1)
$
237,217

 
$
237,217

 
$
319,210

 
$
319,210

Restricted cash (1)
163,232

 
163,232

 
120,602

 
120,602

Accounts receivable, net (1)
65,842

 
65,842

 
37,060

 
37,060

Due from related party, net (1)
2,219

 
2,219

 
—

 
—

Due from third-party hotel managers
19,642

 
19,642

 
21,760

 
21,760

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial liabilities not measured at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Indebtedness (1)
$
4,199,785

 
$3,947,189 to $4,362,687

 
$
3,967,530

 
$3,773,343 to $4,170,538

Accounts payable and accrued expenses (1)
159,690

 
159,690

 
136,757

 
136,757

Dividends and distributions payable
20,435

 
20,435

 
26,794

 
26,794

Due to Ashford Inc., net (1)
6,196

 
6,196

 
23,034

 
23,034

Due to related party, net
—

 
—

 
1,477

 
1,477

Due to third-party hotel managers
3,539

 
3,539

 
2,529

 
2,529


____________________________________
(1) Includes balances associated with assets held for sale and liabilities associated with assets held for sale as of June 30, 2019.
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. These financial assets bear interest at market rates and have original maturities of less than 90 days. The carrying value approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. This is considered a Level 1 valuation technique.
Accounts receivable, net, accounts payable and accrued expenses, dividends and distributions payable, due to/from related party, net, due to Ashford Inc., net and due to/from third-party hotel managers. The carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. This is considered a Level 1 valuation technique.
Marketable securities. Marketable securities consist of U.S. treasury bills, publicly traded equity securities, and put and call options on certain publicly traded equity securities. The fair value of these investments is based on quoted market closing prices at the balance sheet date. See note 11 for a complete description of the methodology and assumptions utilized in determining the fair values.
Derivative assets, net and derivative liabilities, net. Fair value of interest rate caps is determined using the net present value of expected cash flows of each derivative based on the market-based interest rate curve and adjusted for credit spreads of us and our counterparties. Fair values of credit default swap derivatives are obtained from a third party who publishes the CMBX index composition and price data. Fair values of interest rate floors are calculated using a third-party discounted cash flow model based on future cash flows that are expected to be received over the remaining life of the floor. Fair values of options on futures contracts are valued at their last reported settlement price as of the measurement date. See notes 10 and 11 for a complete description of the methodology and assumptions utilized in determining fair values.
Indebtedness. Fair value of indebtedness is determined using future cash flows discounted at current replacement rates for these instruments. Cash flows are determined using a forward interest rate yield curve. Current replacement rates are determined by using the U.S. Treasury yield curve or the index to which these financial instruments are tied and adjusted for credit spreads.

34
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

Credit spreads take into consideration general market conditions, maturity, and collateral. We estimated the fair value of total indebtedness to be approximately 94.0% to 103.9% of the carrying value of $4.2 billion at June 30, 2019 and approximately 95.1% to 105.1% of the carrying value of $4.0 billion at December 31, 2018. This is considered a Level 2 valuation technique.
13. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Partnership
Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the operating partnership represents the limited partners’ proportionate share of equity in earnings/losses of the operating partnership, which is an allocation of net income/loss attributable to the common unit holders based on the weighted average ownership percentage of these limited partners’ common units of limited partnership interest in the operating partnership (the “common units”) and the units issued under our Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP units”) that are vested. Each common unit may be redeemed for either cash or, at our sole discretion, up to one share of our REIT common stock, which is either: (i) issued pursuant to an effective registration statement, (ii) included in an effective registration statement providing for the resale of such common stock; or (iii) issued subject to a registration rights agreement.
LTIP units, which are issued to certain executives and employees of Ashford LLC as compensation, have vesting periods ranging from three years to five years. Additionally, certain independent members of the board of directors have elected to receive LTIP units as part of their compensation, which are fully vested upon grant. Upon reaching economic parity with common units, each vested LTIP unit can be converted by the holder into one common unit which can then be redeemed for cash or, at our election, settled in our common stock. An LTIP unit will achieve parity with the common units upon the sale or deemed sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the operating partnership at a time when our stock is trading at a level in excess of the price it was trading on the date of the LTIP issuance. More specifically, LTIP units will achieve full economic parity with common units in connection with (i) the actual sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the operating partnership or (ii) the hypothetical sale of such assets, which results from a capital account revaluation, as defined in the partnership agreement, for the operating partnership.
The compensation committee of the board of directors of the Company approves the issuance of Performance LTIP units to certain executive officers and directors from time to time. The award agreements provide for the grant of a target number of Performance LTIP units that will be settled in common units of Ashford Trust OP, if and when the applicable vesting criteria have been achieved following the end of the performance and service period. The number of Performance LTIP units actually earned may range from 0% to 200% of target based on achievement of specified absolute and relative total stockholder returns based on the formulas determined by the Company’s compensation committee on the grant date. As of June 30, 2019, there were approximately 1.9 million Performance LTIP units, representing 200% of the target number granted, outstanding. The performance criteria for the performance LTIP units are based on market conditions under the relevant literature, and the performance LTIP units were granted to non-employees. Upon the adoption of ASU 2018-07, the corresponding compensation cost is recognized ratably over the service period for the award as the service is rendered, based on the grant date fair value of the award, regardless of the actual outcome of the market condition as opposed to being accounted for at fair value based on the market price of the shares at each quarterly measurement date.
As of June 30, 2019, we have issued a total of 11.9 million LTIP and Performance LTIP units, net of Performance LTIP cancellations. All LTIP and Performance LTIP units other than approximately 769,000 units (none of which are Performance LTIP units) have reached full economic parity with, and are convertible into, common units upon vesting.
We recorded compensation expense for Performance LTIP units and LTIP units as presented in the table below (in thousands):
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
Type
 
Line Item
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Performance LTIP units
 
Advisory services fee
 
$
907

 
$
3,805

 
$
1,759

 
$
4,213

LTIP units
 
Advisory services fee
 
766

 
935

 
1,716

 
1,643

LTIP units - independent directors
 
Corporate, general and administrative
 
446

 
536

 
446

 
536

 
 
 
 
$
2,119

 
$
5,276

 
$
3,921

 
$
6,392


The unamortized cost of the unvested Performance LTIP units, which was $4.3 million at June 30, 2019, will be expensed over a period of 2.5 years with a weighted average period of 1.2 years.
The unamortized cost of the unvested LTIP units, which was $4.2 million at June 30, 2019, will be expensed over a period of 2.7 years with a weighted average period of 1.8 years.

35
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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

On February 26, 2019, we issued 1.5 million common units in our operating partnership in conjunction with the acquisition of the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley. See note 4.
During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, there were no common units redeemed.
The following table shows the redeemable noncontrolling interest in Ashford Trust (in thousands) and the corresponding approximate ownership percentage:
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
$
73,242

 
$
80,743

Cumulative adjustments to redeemable noncontrolling interests (1)
144,390

 
146,091

Ownership percentage of operating partnership
15.88
%
 
14.64
%
____________________________________
(1) 
Reflects the excess of the redemption value over the accumulated historical costs.  
We allocated net income (loss) to the redeemable noncontrolling interests and declared aggregate cash distributions to holders of common units and holders of LTIP units, as presented in the table below (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Allocated net (income) loss to the redeemable noncontrolling interests
$
5,084

 
$
5,065

 
$
13,663

 
$
11,405

Aggregate cash distributions to holders of common units and LTIP units
1,317

 
2,479

 
3,940

 
4,949


14. Equity and Equity-Based Compensation
Common Stock Dividends—For each of the 2018 quarters, the board of directors declared quarterly dividends of $0.12 per outstanding share of common stock. For the first and second quarters of 2019, the board of directors declared quarterly dividends of $0.12 and $0.06 per outstanding share of common stock, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units—We incur stock-based compensation expense in connection with restricted stock units awarded to certain employees of Ashford LLC and its affiliates. We also issue common stock to certain of our independent directors, which immediately vests.
The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
Line Item
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Advisory services fee
$
1,556

 
$
1,451

 
$
3,094

 
$
3,748

Management fees
197

 
326

 
399

 
583

Corporate, general and administrative - Premier
86

 
—

 
185

 
—

Corporate, general and administrative - independent directors
90

 
—

 
90

 
—

 
$
1,929

 
$
1,777

 
$
3,768

 
$
4,331


During the six months ended June 30, 2018, approximately $1.5 million of the compensation expense was related to the accelerated vesting of equity awards granted to one of our executive officers upon his death, in accordance with the terms of the awards.
At June 30, 2019, the unamortized cost of the unvested restricted stock units was $11.8 million, which will be amortized over a period of 2.7 years with a weighted average period of 2.1 years and had vesting dates between February 2020 and February 2022.
Performance Stock Units—The compensation committee of the board of directors of the Company approves the issuance of PSUs, which have a cliff vesting period of three years, to certain executive officers and directors from time to time. The award agreements provide for the grant of a target number of PSUs that will be settled in shares of common stock of the Company, if and when the applicable vesting criteria have been achieved following the end of the performance and service period. The number of PSUs actually earned may range from 0% to 200% of target based on achievement of specified absolute and relative total

36
Table of Contents
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

stockholder returns based on the formulas determined by the Company’s Compensation Committee on the grant date. The performance criteria for the PSUs are based on market conditions under the relevant literature, and the PSUs were granted to non-employees. Upon the adoption of ASU 2018-07, the corresponding compensation cost is recognized ratably over the service period for the award as the service is rendered, based on the grant date fair value of the award, regardless of the actual outcome of the market condition as opposed to being accounted for at fair value based on the market price of the shares at each quarterly measurement date.
The following table summarizes the compensation expense (in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
Line Item
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Advisory services fee
 
$
1,320

 
$
2,748

 
$
2,269

 
$
6,080


During the six months ended June 30, 2018, approximately $3.0 million of the compensation expense was related to the accelerated vesting of PSUs granted to one of our executive officers upon his death, in accordance with the terms of the awards.
The unamortized cost of PSUs, which was $9.4 million at June 30, 2019, will be expensed over a period of approximately 2.5 years with a weighted average period of 1.9 years.
Preferred Dividends—The board of directors declared quarterly dividends as presented below:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
8.45% Series D cumulative preferred stock
$
0.5281

 
$
0.5281

7.375% Series F cumulative preferred stock
0.4609

 
0.4609

7.375% Series G cumulative preferred stock
0.4609

 
0.4609

7.50% Series H cumulative preferred stock
0.4688

 
0.4688

7.50% Series I cumulative preferred stock
0.4688

 
0.4688


Common Stock Repurchases—On December 5, 2017, the board of directors reapproved a stock repurchase program (the “Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which the board of directors granted a repurchase authorization to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate value of up to $200 million. The board of directors’ authorization replaced any previous repurchase authorizations. There were no repurchases under the Repurchase Program during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.
At-the-Market Equity Offering Program—On December 11, 2017, the Company established an “at-the-market” equity offering program pursuant to which it may, from time to time, sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100 million. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, no shares of its common stock were issued under this program. The table below summarizes the program as of June 30, 2019 (in thousands):
 
June 30, 2019
Shares issued to date
2,433,810

Gross proceeds of shares issued
$
15,522

Remaining issuances available under the program
$
84,478

 
 
 
 

Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Entities—Our noncontrolling entity partner had an ownership interest of 15% in two hotel properties. The below table summarized the total carrying value (in thousands), which is reported in equity in the consolidated balance sheets:
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Carrying value of noncontrolling interests
$
604

 
$
616


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

The below table summarizes the (income) loss allocated to noncontrolling interests in consolidating entities (in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
Line Item
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
(Income) loss allocated to noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities
 
$
(14
)
 
$
(20
)
 
$
12

 
$
18


15. Commitments and Contingencies
Restricted Cash—Under certain management and debt agreements for our hotel properties existing at June 30, 2019, escrow payments are required for insurance, real estate taxes, and debt service. In addition, for certain properties based on the terms of the underlying debt and management agreements, we escrow 4% to 6% of gross revenues for capital improvements.
Franchise Fees—Under franchise agreements for our hotel properties existing at June 30, 2019, we pay franchisor royalty fees between 3% and 6% of gross rooms revenue and, in some cases, 2% to 3% of food and beverage revenues. Additionally, we pay fees for marketing, reservations, and other related activities aggregating between 1% and 4% of gross rooms revenue and, in some cases, food and beverage revenues. These franchise agreements expire on varying dates between 2020 and 2047. When a franchise term expires, the franchisor has no obligation to renew the franchise. A franchise termination could have a material adverse effect on the operations or the underlying value of the affected hotel due to loss of associated name recognition, marketing support, and centralized reservation systems provided by the franchisor. A franchise termination could also have a material adverse effect on cash available for distribution to stockholders. In addition, if we breach the franchise agreement and the franchisor terminates a franchise prior to its expiration date, we may be liable for up to three times the average annual fees incurred for that property.
The below table summarizes the franchise fees incurred (in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
Line Item
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Other hotel expenses
 
$
20,954

 
$
19,405

 
$
38,702

 
$
36,808


Management Fees—Under property management agreements for our hotel properties existing at June 30, 2019, we pay monthly property management fee equal to the greater of approximately $14,000 (increased annually based on consumer price index adjustments) or 3% of gross revenues, or in some cases 1% to 7% of gross revenues, as well as annual incentive management fees, if applicable. These property management agreements expire from 2020 through 2039, with renewal options. If we terminate a property management agreement prior to its expiration, we may be liable for estimated management fees through the remaining term and liquidated damages or, in certain circumstances, we may substitute a new management agreement.
Income Taxes— We and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the federal jurisdiction and various states. Tax years 2015 through 2018 remain subject to potential examination by certain federal and state taxing authorities.
Potential Pension Liabilities—Upon our 2006 acquisition of a hotel property, certain employees of such hotel were unionized and covered by a multi-employer defined benefit pension plan. At that time, no unfunded pension liabilities existed. Subsequent to our acquisition, a majority of employees, who are employees of the hotel manager, Remington Lodging, petitioned the employer to withdraw recognition of the union. As a result of the decertification petition, Remington Lodging withdrew recognition of the union. At the time of the withdrawal, the National Retirement Fund, the union’s pension fund, indicated unfunded pension liabilities existed. The National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”) filed a complaint against Remington Lodging seeking, among other things, a ruling that Remington Lodging’s withdrawal of recognition was unlawful. The pension fund entered into a settlement agreement with Remington Lodging on November 1, 2011, providing that Remington Lodging will continue to make monthly pension fund payments pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement. As of June 30, 2019, Remington Lodging continues to comply with the settlement agreement by making the appropriate monthly pension fund payments. If Remington Lodging does not comply with the settlement agreement, we have agreed to indemnify Remington Lodging for the payment of the unfunded pension liability, if any, as set forth in the settlement agreement equal to $1.7 million minus the monthly pension payments made by Remington Lodging since the settlement agreement. To illustrate, if Remington Lodging - as of the date a final determination occurs - has made monthly pension payments equaling $100,000, Remington Lodging’s remaining withdrawal liability would be the unfunded pension liability of $1.7 million minus $100,000 (or $1.6 million). This remaining unfunded pension liability would be paid to the pension fund in annual installments of $84,000 (but may be made monthly or quarterly, at Remington Lodging’s election), which

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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

shall continue for the remainder of twenty years, which is capped, unless Remington Lodging elects to pay the unfunded pension liability amount earlier.
Litigation—Palm Beach Florida Hotel and Office Building Limited Partnership, et al. v. Nantucket Enterprises, Inc. This litigation involves a landlord tenant dispute from 2008 in which the landlord, Palm Beach Florida Hotel and Office Building Limited Partnership, a subsidiary of the Company, claimed that the tenant had violated various lease provisions of the lease agreement and was therefore in default. The tenant counterclaimed and asserted multiple claims including that it had been wrongfully evicted. The litigation was instituted by the plaintiff in November 2008 in the Circuit Court of the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, in and for Palm Beach County, Florida and proceeded to a jury trial on June 30, 2014. The jury entered its verdict awarding the tenant total claims of $10.8 million and ruling against the landlord on its claim of breach of contract. In 2016, the Court of Appeals reduced the original $10.8 million judgment to $8.8 million and added pre-judgment interest on the wrongful eviction judgment. The case was further appealed to the Florida Supreme Court. On May 23, 2017, the trial court issued an order compelling the company that issued the supersedeas bond, RLI Insurance Company (“RLI”), to pay approximately $10.0 million. On June 1, 2017, RLI paid Nantucket this amount and sought reimbursement from the Company, and on June 7, 2017, the Company paid $2.5 million of the judgement. On June 27, 2017, the Florida Supreme Court denied the Company’s petition for review. As a result, all of the appeals were exhausted and the judgment was final with the determination and reimbursement of attorney’s fees being the only remaining dispute. On June 29, 2017, the balance of the judgment of $3.9 million was paid to Nantucket by the Company. On July 26, 2018, we paid $544,000 as part of a settlement on certain legal fees. The negotiations relating to the potential payment of the remaining attorney’s fees are still ongoing. As of June 30, 2019, we have accrued approximately $504,000 in legal fees, which represents the Company’s estimate of the amount of potential remaining legal fees that could be owed.
We are engaged in other various legal proceedings which have arisen but have not been fully adjudicated. The likelihood of loss from these legal proceedings, based on definitions within contingency accounting literature, ranges from remote to reasonably possible and to probable. Based on estimates of the range of potential losses associated with these matters, management does not believe the ultimate resolution of these proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, the final results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and if we fail to prevail in one or more of these legal matters, and the associated realized losses exceed our current estimates of the range of potential losses, our consolidated financial position or results of operations could be materially adversely affected in future periods.
16. Segment Reporting
We operate in one business segment within the hotel lodging industry: direct hotel investments. Direct hotel investments refers to owning hotel properties through either acquisition or new development. We report operating results of direct hotel investments on an aggregate basis as substantially all of our hotel investments have similar economic characteristics. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, all of our hotel properties were domestically located.
17. Related Party Transactions
Ashford Inc.
Advisory Agreement
Ashford LLC, a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., acts as our advisor. Our Chairman, Mr. Monty J. Bennett, also serves as Chairman of the board of directors and Chief Executive Officer of Ashford Inc. Under our advisory agreement, we pay advisory fees to Ashford LLC. We are required to pay Ashford LLC a monthly base fee that is a percentage of our total market capitalization on a declining sliding scale plus the Net Asset Fee Adjustment, as defined in the advisory agreement, subject to a minimum monthly base fee, as payment for managing our day-to-day operations in accordance with our investment guidelines. Total market capitalization includes the aggregate principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness (including our proportionate share of debt of any entity that is not consolidated but excluding our joint venture partners’ proportionate share of consolidated debt). The range of base fees on the scale is between 0.70% and 0.50% per annum for total market capitalization that ranges from less than $6.0 billion to greater than $10.0 billion. At June 30, 2019, the monthly base fee was 0.70% based on our current market capitalization. We are also required to pay Ashford LLC an incentive fee that is measured annually (or stub period if the advisory agreement is terminated at other than year-end). Each year that our annual total stockholder return exceeds the average annual total stockholder return for our peer group we will pay Ashford LLC an incentive fee over the following three years, subject to the FCCR Condition, as defined in the advisory agreement, which relates to the ratio of adjusted EBITDA to fixed charges. We also reimburse Ashford LLC for certain reimbursable overhead and internal audit, risk management advisory and asset management services, as specified in the advisory agreement. We also record equity-based compensation expense for equity grants of common stock and LTIP units

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

awarded to our officers and employees of Ashford LLC in connection with providing advisory services equal to the fair value of the award in proportion to the requisite service period satisfied during the period.
The following table summarizes the advisory services fees incurred (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Advisory services fee
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Base advisory fee
$
9,362

 
$
8,873

 
$
18,351

 
$
17,488

Reimbursable expenses (1)
3,006

 
1,997

 
5,396

 
3,526

Equity-based compensation (2)
4,549

 
8,939

 
8,838

 
15,685

Incentive fee
(636
)
 
3,270

 
—

 
3,457

Total advisory services fee
$
16,281

 
$
23,079

 
$
32,585

 
$
40,156

________
(1) 
Reimbursable expenses include overhead, internal audit, risk management advisory and asset management services.
(2) 
Equity-based compensation is associated with equity grants of Ashford Trust’s common stock, LTIP units and Performance LTIP units awarded to officers and employees of Ashford LLC.
In accordance with our advisory agreement, our advisor, or entities in which our advisor has an interest, have a right to provide products or services to our hotels, provided such transactions are evaluated and approved by our independent directors. The following tables summarize the entities in which our advisor has an interest with which we or our hotel properties contracted for products and services, the amounts recorded by us for those services and the applicable classification on our consolidated financial statements (in thousands):
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Company
 
Product or Service
Total
Investments in Hotel Properties, net (1)
 
Indebtedness, net (2)
 
Other Hotel Revenue
 
Other Hotel Expenses
 
Advisory Services Fee
 
Corporate, General and Administrative
 
Write-off of Premiums, Loan Costs and Exit Fees
AIM
 
Cash management services
$
337

$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
337

 
$
—

Ashford LLC
 
Insurance claims services
20

—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
20

 
—

J&S Audio Visual
 
Audio visual commissions
1,981

12

 
—

 
1,969

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Lismore Capital
 
Debt placement services
79

—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
79

OpenKey
 
Mobile key app
25

—

 
—

 
—

 
25

 
—

 
—

 
—

Premier
 
Project management services
3,287

2,760

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
527

 
—

 
—

Pure Wellness
 
Hypoallergenic premium rooms
101

—

 
—

 
—

 
101

 
—

 
—

 
—


 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Company
 
Product or Service
Total
Investments in Hotel Properties, net (1)
 
Indebtedness, net (2)
 
Other Hotel Revenue
 
Other Hotel Expenses
 
Advisory Services Fee
 
Corporate, General and Administrative
 
Write-off of Premiums, Loan Costs and Exit Fees
AIM
 
Cash management services
$
695

$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
695

 
$
—

Ashford LLC
 
Insurance claims services
31

—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
31

 
—

J&S Audio Visual
 
Audio visual commissions
3,684

12

 
—

 
3,672

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Lismore Capital
 
Debt placement services
1,158

—

 
(1,079
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
79

OpenKey
 
Mobile key app
56

3

 
—

 
—

 
53

 
—

 
—

 
—

Premier
 
Project management services
10,015

9,139

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
876

 
—

 
—

Pure Wellness
 
Hypoallergenic premium rooms
484

355

 
—

 
—

 
129

 
—

 
—

 
—


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ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Company
 
Product or Service
Total
Investments in Hotel Properties, net (1)
 
Indebtedness, net (2)
 
Other Hotel Revenue
 
Other Hotel Expenses
 
Advisory Services Fee
 
Corporate, General and Administrative
AIM
 
Cash management services
$
330

$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
330

Ashford LLC
 
Insurance claims services
17

—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
17

J&S Audio Visual
 
Audio visual commissions
1,872

843

 
—

 
1,029

 
—

 
—

 
—

Lismore Capital
 
Debt placement services
3,960

—

 
(3,960
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

OpenKey
 
Mobile key app
28

—

 
—

 
—

 
28

 
—

 
—

Pure Wellness
 
Hypoallergenic premium rooms
151

148

 
—

 
—

 
3

 
—

 
—


 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Company
 
Product or Service
Total
Investments in Hotel Properties, net (1)
 
Indebtedness, net (2)
 
Other Hotel Revenue
 
Other Hotel Expenses
 
Advisory Services Fee
 
Corporate, General and Administrative
AIM
 
Cash management services
$
511

$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
511

Ashford LLC
 
Insurance claims services
36

—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
36

J&S Audio Visual
 
Audio visual commissions
2,145

843

 
—

 
1,302

 
—

 
—

 
—

Lismore Capital
 
Debt placement services
4,592

—

 
(4,592
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

OpenKey
 
Mobile key app
53

—

 
—

 
—

 
53

 
—

 
—

Pure Wellness
 
Hypoallergenic premium rooms
489

486

 
—

 
—

 
3

 
—

 
—

________
(1) 
Recorded in furniture, fixtures and equipment and depreciated over the estimated useful life.
(2) 
Recorded as deferred loan costs, which are included in “indebtedness, net” on our consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the initial term of the applicable loan agreement.
The following table summarizes the amount due to Ashford Inc. (in thousands):
 
 
 
 
Due to Ashford Inc.
Company
 
Product or Service
 
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Ashford LLC (1)
 
Advisory services
 
$
1,036

 
$
2,362

Ashford LLC
 
Deposit on ERFP assets
 
—

 
16,100

Ashford LLC
 
Insurance claims services
 
21

 
23

AIM
 
Investment management services
 
123

 
99

J&S Audio Visual (1)
 
Audio visual services
 
1,188

 
855

OpenKey
 
Mobile key app
 
5

 
1

Premier (1)
 
Project management services
 
3,486

 
3,206

Pure Wellness
 
Hypoallergenic premium rooms
 
337

 
388

 
 
 
 
$
6,196

 
$
23,034

____________________________________
(1) Includes balances associated with liabilities associated with assets held for sale as of June 30, 2019.
In 2016, $4.0 million of key money consideration was invested in furniture, fixtures and equipment by Ashford LLC to be used by Ashford Trust, which represented all of the key money consideration for the Le Pavillon Hotel. Upon adoption of ASC 842, we evaluated this arrangement, which is accounted for as a lease that will expire in 2021. Under the applicable accounting guidance in ASC 842, as the related party lease is provided rent-free, there is no economic substance related to the lease which results in not recording an operating lease right-of-use asset, an operating lease liability or lease expense.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

Enhanced Return Funding Program
On June 26, 2018, Ashford Trust entered into the Enhanced Return Funding Program Agreement and Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement (the “ERFP Agreement”) with Ashford Inc. The Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement was also amended to name Ashford Inc. and its subsidiaries as the Company’s sole and exclusive provider of asset management, project management and other services offered by Ashford Inc. or any of its subsidiaries and to revise the payment terms such that the base fee and reimbursable expenses will be paid monthly. The independent members of the board of directors of each of Ashford Inc. and Ashford Trust, with the assistance of separate and independent legal counsel, engaged to negotiate the ERFP Agreement on behalf of Ashford Inc. and Ashford Trust, respectively.
The ERFP Agreement generally provides that Ashford LLC will make investments to facilitate the acquisition of properties by Ashford Trust OP that are recommended by Ashford LLC, in an aggregate amount of up to $50 million (subject to increase to up to $100 million by mutual agreement). The investments will equal 10% of the property acquisition price and will be made, either at the time of the property acquisition or at any time generally in the following two years, in exchange for furniture, fixture and equipment for use at the acquired property or any other property owned by Ashford Trust OP.
The initial term of the ERFP Agreement is two years (the “Initial Term”), unless earlier terminated pursuant to the terms of the ERFP Agreement. At the end of the Initial Term, the ERFP Agreement shall automatically renew for successive one year periods (each such period a “Renewal Term”) unless either Ashford Inc. or Ashford Trust provides written notice to the other at least sixty days in advance of the expiration of the Initial Term or Renewal Term, as applicable, that such notifying party intends not to renew the ERFP Agreement.
As a result of the Hilton Alexandria Old Town and La Posada de Santa Fe acquisitions in 2018, under the ERFP Agreement we were entitled to receive $11.1 million and $5.0 million from Ashford LLC, respectively, in the form of future purchases of hotel furniture, fixtures, and equipment. As of December 31, 2018, the Company sold $16.1 million of hotel furniture, fixtures, and equipment from certain Ashford Trust hotel properties to Ashford LLC which were subsequently leased back to the Company rent free. Under the applicable accounting guidance in ASC 842, as the related party lease is provided rent free, the lease has no economic substance. As a result, the Company has not recorded an operating lease right-of-use asset, an operating lease liability or lease expense for rents. As of December 31, 2018, Ashford LLC remitted payment of $16.1 million to the Company. Under the relevant accounting guidance related to sales-leaseback transactions, the transaction was not accounted for as a sale under Topic 606. As a result the applicable hotel furniture, fixtures, and equipment were not derecognized at December 31, 2018 and the Company recorded a $16.1 million liability to Ashford LLC. Upon adoption of Topic 842 on January 1, 2019, the Company reevaluated the transaction under the applicable accounting guidance and concluded that the transaction qualified as a sale. As a result, the Company recorded a $1.8 million gain directly to accumulated deficit and, in conjunction with the sale, derecognized the assets and removed the liability to Ashford LLC.
As a result of the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley and Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square acquisitions in 2019, under the ERFP Agreement we are entitled to receive $5.0 million and $19.5 million from Ashford LLC, respectively, in the form of future purchases of hotel furniture, fixtures, and equipment. As of June 30, 2019, the Company sold $5.0 million and $8.1 million, respectively, of hotel furniture, fixtures, and equipment from certain Ashford Trust hotel properties to Ashford LLC which were subsequently leased back to the Company rent free. In accordance with ASC 842, the Company evaluated the transactions and concluded that the transactions qualified as a sale. As a result, the Company recorded a gain of $233,000 and $326,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 in conjunction with the sale and derecognized the assets. Additionally, under the applicable accounting guidance in ASC 842, the Company has not recorded an operating lease right-of-use asset, an operating lease liability or lease expense for rents as the related party lease has no economic substance because the related party lease is provided rent free. As of June 30, 2019, Ashford LLC has remitted payments of $5.0 million and $8.1 million to the Company.
Project Management Agreement
In connection with Ashford Inc.’s August 8, 2018 acquisition of Remington Lodging’s project management business, we entered into a project management agreement with Ashford Inc.’s indirect subsidiary, Premier, pursuant to which Premier provides project management services to our hotels, including construction management, interior design, architectural services, and the purchasing, freight management, and supervision of installation of FF&E and related services. Pursuant to the project management agreement, we pay Premier: (a) project management fees of up to 4% of project costs; and (b) market service fees at current market rates with respect to construction management, interior design, FF&E purchasing, FF&E expediting/freight management, FF&E warehousing and FF&E installation and supervision.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
(unaudited)

Remington Lodging
On August 8, 2018, Ashford Inc. completed the acquisition of Premier. As a result of Ashford Inc.’s acquisition, the project management services are no longer provided by Remington Lodging and are now provided by a subsidiary of Ashford Inc. under the respective project management agreement with each customer, including Ashford Trust and Braemar. Remington Lodging continues to provide property management services to the Company.
At June 30, 2019, Remington Lodging managed 83 of our 121 hotel properties and the WorldQuest condominium properties included in continuing operations. We incurred the following fees related to our management agreement with Remington Lodging (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Property management fees, including incentive property management fees
$
8,619

 
$
9,376

 
$
15,429

 
$
16,027

Market service and project management fees
—

 
4,900

 
—

 
9,266

Corporate, general and administrative expenses
1,924

 
1,448

 
3,672

 
2,913

Total
$
10,543

 
$
15,724

 
$
19,101

 
$
28,206

Certain employees of Remington Lodging, who perform work on behalf of Ashford Trust, were granted shares of restricted stock under the Ashford Trust Stock Plan. These share grants are recorded as a component of “management fees” in our consolidated statements of operations (in thousands).
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Management fees
$
197

 
$
326

 
$
399

 
$
583

The unamortized cost of the unvested grants was $1.3 million as of June 30, 2019, which will be amortized over a period of 2.7 years.
18. Subsequent Events
On August 2, 2019, the Company sold the San Antonio Marriott for approximately $34.0 million in cash. The Company also repaid approximately $26.8 million of principal on our mortgage loan partially secured by the hotel property.
Subsequent to June 30, 2019, we received non-refundable deposits related to the potential sale of two hotel properties with an aggregate sales price of approximately $38 million. We estimate that the sales of the hotel properties will close prior to September 30, 2019.

43

ITEM 2.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere herein. This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) cautions investors that any forward-looking statements presented herein, or which management may express orally or in writing from time to time, are based on management’s beliefs and assumptions at that time.
Throughout this Form 10-Q, we make forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “potential,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximately,” “believe,” “could,” “project,” “predict,” or other similar words or expressions. Additionally, statements regarding the following subjects are forward-looking by their nature: 
•
our business and investment strategy, including our ability to complete proposed business transactions described herein or the expected benefit of any such transactions;
•
anticipated or expected purchases or sales of assets;
•
our projected operating results;
•
completion of any pending transactions;
•
our ability to obtain future financing arrangements;
•
our understanding of our competition;
•
market trends;
•
projected capital expenditures; and
•
the impact of technology on our operations and business.
Such forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions, and expectations of our future performance taking into account all information currently known to us. These beliefs, assumptions, and expectations can change as a result of many potential events or factors, not all of which are known to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans, and other objectives may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements. Additionally, the following factors could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements:
•
factors discussed in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 1, 2019, including those set forth under the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business,” and “Properties,” as updated in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other filings under the Exchange Act;
•
general and economic business conditions affecting the lodging and travel industry;
•
general volatility of the capital markets and the market price of our common and preferred stock;
•
changes in our business or investment strategy;
•
availability, terms, and deployment of capital;
•
unanticipated increases in financing and other costs, including a rise in interest rates;
•
availability of qualified personnel to our advisor;
•
changes in our industry and the market in which we operate, interest rates, or local economic conditions;
•
the degree and nature of our competition;
•
actual and potential conflicts of interest with Braemar Hotels & Resorts, Ashford Inc., Ashford LLC, Remington Lodging & Hospitality, LLC, our executive officers and our non-independent directors;
•
changes in personnel of Ashford LLC or the lack of availability of qualified personnel;
•
changes in governmental regulations, accounting rules, tax rates and similar matters;
•
legislative and regulatory changes, including changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and related rules, regulations and interpretations governing the taxation of REITs; and
•
limitations imposed on our business and our ability to satisfy complex rules in order for us to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

44

Overview
Based on our primary business objectives and forecasted operating conditions, our current key priorities and financial strategies include, among other things:
•
acquisition of hotel properties to be accretive to our portfolio;
•
disposition of non-core hotel properties;
•
pursuing capital market activities to enhance long-term stockholder value;
•
preserving capital, enhancing liquidity, and continuing current cost-saving measures;
•
implementing selective capital improvements designed to increase profitability;
•
implementing effective asset management strategies to minimize operating costs and increase revenues;
•
financing or refinancing hotels on competitive terms;
•
utilizing hedges and derivatives to mitigate risks; and
•
making other investments or divestitures that our board of directors deems appropriate.
Our current investment strategy is to focus on owning predominantly full-service hotels in the upscale and upper upscale segments in domestic and international markets that have revenue per available room (“RevPAR”) generally less than twice the U.S. national average. We believe that as supply, demand, and capital market cycles change, we will be able to shift our investment strategy to take advantage of new lodging-related investment opportunities as they may develop. Our board of directors may change our investment strategy at any time without stockholder approval or notice. We will continue to seek ways to benefit from the cyclical nature of the hotel industry.
We are advised by Ashford Hospitality Advisors LLC (“Ashford LLC”), a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., through an advisory agreement. All of the hotel properties in our portfolio are currently asset-managed by Ashford LLC. We do not have any employees. All of the services that might be provided by employees are provided to us by Ashford LLC.
We do not operate any of our hotel properties directly; instead we employ hotel management companies to operate them for us under management contracts. As of June 30, 2019, Remington Lodging & Hospitality, LLC, together with its affiliates (“Remington Lodging”), which is beneficially wholly owned by Mr. Monty J. Bennett, our Chairman, and his father Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., our Chairman Emeritus, managed 83 of our 121 hotel properties and WorldQuest Resort. Third-party management companies managed the remaining hotel properties.
Ashford Inc. also provides other products and services to us or our hotel properties through certain entities in which Ashford Inc. has an ownership interest. These products and services include, but are not limited to project management services, debt placement services, audio visual services, real estate advisory services, insurance claims services, hypoallergenic premium rooms, investment management services and mobile key technology. Mr. Monty J. Bennett is chairman and chief executive officer of Ashford Inc. and, together with Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., as of June 30, 2019, owned approximately 314,685 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock, which represented an approximate 12.7% ownership interest in Ashford Inc., and owned 7,520,000 shares of Ashford Inc. Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, which is exercisable (at an exercise price of $140 per share) into an additional approximate 1,342,857 shares of Ashford Inc. common stock, which if exercised as of June 30, 2019 would have increased the Bennetts’ ownership interest in Ashford Inc. to 43.4%.
Recent Developments
On January 22, 2019, the Company acquired a 100% interest in the 310-room Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square for $195.0 million. In connection with this acquisition, we closed on a $145.0 million mortgage loan. This mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 3.90%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is February 2022, with two one-year extension options. The mortgage loan is secured by the Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square. As a result of the acquisition under the ERFP agreement, we are entitled to receive $19.5 million from Ashford LLC in the form of future purchases of hotel furniture, fixtures, and equipment at Ashford Trust properties that will be leased to us by Ashford LLC rent free. As of June 30, 2019, we received $8.1 million from Ashford LLC in exchange for purchases of hotel furniture, fixtures, and equipment at Ashford Trust properties that was leased to us by Ashford LLC rent free.
On February 6, 2019, we made an additional investment of $299,000 in OpenKey.
On February 26, 2019, the Company acquired a 100% interest in the 178-room Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley for $47.5 million. Consideration included cash and approximately 1.5 million common units in our operating partnership. Additionally, we assumed a $25.3 million non-recourse mortgage loan with a fair value of $24.9 million. This mortgage loan amortizes monthly and provides for a fixed interest rate of 4.66%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is March 2025. The mortgage loan is secured by the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley. As a result of the acquisition under the ERFP agreement, we received $5.0

45

million from Ashford LLC in exchange for purchases of hotel furniture, fixtures, and equipment at Ashford Trust properties that was leased to us by Ashford LLC rent free.
On March 5, 2019, we refinanced our $178.1 million mortgage, secured by the Renaissance Nashville and Westin Princeton. The new mortgage loan totals $240.0 million. The mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 2.75%. The stated maturity is March 2021 with five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The mortgage loan is secured by the Renaissance Nashville and Westin Princeton.
On June 7, 2019, we amended the mortgage loan secured by the Fort Worth Ashton totaling $5.2 million. The amended mortgage loan totaling $8.9 million has a five-year term, is interest only and bears interest at a rate of LIBOR + 2.00%.
On July 19, 2019, we filed an Amendment No. 2 to our Schedule 13D with the SEC (as amended, the “Schedule 13D”). As disclosed in the Schedule 13D, each party’s obligation to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Combination Agreement is subject to certain conditions, including, among other things: (i) the receipt of a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service that Ashford Hospitality Services LLC, a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., will not fail to qualify as an “eligible independent contractor” within the meaning of Section 856(d)(9)(A) of the Code with respect to specified clients solely as a result of (a) Ashford Hospitality Services LLC being a brother-sister affiliate of Ashford Hospitality Advisors LLC, or (b) the taxable REIT subsidiaries (within the meaning of Code Section 856(i.c.l)) of such clients receiving specified incentives from Ashford Hospitality Advisors LLC; and (ii) the completion of the divestiture by Ashford Trust and Braemar of their securities of Ashford Inc. in a manner that complies with the private letter ruling.
Ashford Trust, acting at the direction of a committee of independent directors of Ashford Trust, who are independent within the meaning of applicable rules of the NYSE and do not have a material financial interest within the meaning of Section 2-419 of the Maryland General Corporation Law in the transactions contemplated by the Combination Agreement, intends, as of the date of the Schedule 13D, to vote or cause to be voted all of the shares beneficially owned by Ashford Trust in favor of each proposal presented to the stockholders at the Ashford Inc. special meeting of stockholders to consider and vote upon on the transactions contemplated by the Combination Agreement; and, as of the date of the Schedule 13D, intends to divest (or cause the divestiture) of all of the securities of Ashford Inc. beneficially owned by Ashford Trust as required by the closing conditions set forth in the Combination Agreement.
On August 2, 2019, the Company sold the San Antonio Marriott for approximately $34.0 million in cash. The Company also repaid approximately $26.8 million of principal on our mortgage loan partially secured by the hotel property.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenue per available room, or RevPAR, is a commonly used measure within the hotel industry to evaluate hotel operations. RevPAR is defined as the product of the ADR charged and the average daily occupancy achieved. RevPAR does not include revenues from food and beverage or parking, telephone, or other guest services generated by the property. Although RevPAR does not include these ancillary revenues, it is generally considered the leading indicator of core revenues for many hotels. We also use RevPAR to compare the results of our hotels between periods and to analyze results of our comparable hotels (comparable hotels represent hotels we have owned for the periods under comparison). RevPAR improvements attributable to increases in occupancy are generally accompanied by increases in most categories of variable operating costs. RevPAR improvements attributable to increases in ADR are generally accompanied by increases in limited categories of operating costs, such as management fees and franchise fees.

46

The following table summarizes changes in key line items from our consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Favorable/
(Unfavorable)
Change
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Favorable/
(Unfavorable)
Change
 
2019
 
2018
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
Total revenue
$
415,148

 
$
389,164

 
$
25,984

 
$
773,866

 
$
731,371

 
$
42,495

Total hotel operating expenses
(251,693
)
 
(234,995
)
 
(16,698
)
 
(480,179
)
 
(451,666
)
 
(28,513
)
Property taxes, insurance and other
(21,762
)
 
(20,230
)
 
(1,532
)
 
(42,159
)
 
(38,589
)
 
(3,570
)
Depreciation and amortization
(67,511
)
 
(64,566
)
 
(2,945
)
 
(134,689
)
 
(127,613
)
 
(7,076
)
Impairment charges
(6,533
)
 
(19
)
 
(6,514
)
 
(6,533
)
 
(1,679
)
 
(4,854
)
Transaction costs
(2
)
 
(9
)
 
7

 
(2
)
 
(11
)
 
9

Advisory services fee
(16,281
)
 
(23,079
)
 
6,798

 
(32,585
)
 
(40,156
)
 
7,571

Corporate, general and administrative
(2,917
)
 
(3,231
)
 
314

 
(5,518
)
 
(5,360
)
 
(158
)
Gain (loss) on sale of assets and hotel properties
328

 
412

 
(84
)
 
561

 
403

 
158

Operating income (loss)
48,777

 
43,447

 
5,330

 
72,762

 
66,700

 
6,062

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities
(867
)
 
1,170

 
(2,037
)
 
(1,930
)
 
582

 
(2,512
)
Interest income
785

 
883

 
(98
)
 
1,566

 
1,629

 
(63
)
Other income (expense)
(338
)
 
206

 
(544
)
 
(654
)
 
282

 
(936
)
Interest expense and amortization of loan costs
(67,987
)
 
(58,206
)
 
(9,781
)
 
(134,153
)
 
(112,949
)
 
(21,204
)
Write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees
(90
)
 
(5,694
)
 
5,604

 
(2,152
)
 
(7,744
)
 
5,592

Unrealized gain (loss) on marketable securities
598

 
(268
)
 
866

 
1,406

 
(826
)
 
2,232

Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives
1,476

 
(1,916
)
 
3,392

 
(1,518
)
 
(1,587
)
 
69

Income tax (expense) benefit
(3,706
)
 
(2,973
)
 
(733
)
 
(3,301
)
 
(2,087
)
 
(1,214
)
Net income (loss)
(21,352
)
 
(23,351
)
 
1,999

 
(67,974
)
 
(56,000
)
 
(11,974
)
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interests
(14
)
 
(20
)
 
6

 
12

 
18

 
(6
)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
5,084

 
5,065

 
19

 
13,663

 
11,405

 
2,258

Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
$
(16,282
)
 
$
(18,306
)
 
$
2,024

 
$
(54,299
)
 
$
(44,577
)
 
$
(9,722
)
All hotel properties owned during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 have been included in our results of operations during the respective periods in which they were owned. Based on when a hotel property was acquired or disposed, operating results for certain hotel properties are not comparable for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The hotel properties listed below are not comparable hotel properties for the periods indicated and all other hotel properties are considered comparable hotel properties. The following acquisitions and dispositions affect reporting comparability related to our consolidated financial statements:
Hotel Property
 
Location 
 
Type
 
Date
SpringHill Suites (1)
 
Glen Allen, VA
 
Disposition
 
February 20, 2018
SpringHill Suites (1)
 
Centreville, VA
 
Disposition
 
May 1, 2018
Residence Inn Tampa (1)
 
Tampa, FL
 
Disposition
 
May 10, 2018
Hilton Alexandria Old Town (2)
 
Alexandria, VA
 
Acquisition
 
June 29, 2018
La Posada de Santa Fe (2)
 
Santa Fe, NM
 
Acquisition
 
October 31, 2018
Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square (2)
 
New York, NY
 
Acquisition
 
January 22, 2019
Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley (2)
 
Santa Cruz, CA
 
Acquisition
 
February 26, 2019
____________________________________
(1) 
Collectively referred to as “Hotel Dispositions”
(2) 
Collectively referred to as “Hotel Acquisitions”

47

The following table illustrates the key performance indicators of all hotel properties and WorldQuest owned for the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
RevPAR (revenue per available room)
$
139.86

 
$
136.07

 
$
130.86

 
$
127.71

Occupancy
80.74
%
 
80.66
%
 
76.83
%
 
77.32
%
ADR (average daily rate)
$
173.22

 
$
168.70

 
$
170.33

 
$
165.17

The following table illustrates the key performance indicators of the 117 comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest that were included for the full three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
RevPAR (revenue per available room)
$
137.42

 
$
136.16

 
$
129.44

 
$
127.99

Occupancy
80.37
%
 
80.81
%
 
76.60
%
 
77.40
%
ADR (average daily rate)
$
170.99

 
$
168.81

 
$
168.97

 
$
165.35

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to the Company. Net loss attributable to the Company decreased $2.0 million, from $18.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 (the “2018 quarter”) to $16.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 (the “2019 quarter”) as a result of the factors discussed below.
Revenue. Rooms revenue from our hotel properties and WorldQuest increased $18.9 million, or 6.1%, to $328.3 million in the 2019 quarter compared to the 2018 quarter. This increase is attributable to higher rooms revenue of $16.9 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $2.9 million at our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest. These increases were partially offset by lower rooms revenue of $944,000 from our Hotel Dispositions. Our comparable hotel properties experienced an increase of 1.3% in room rates and a decrease of 44 basis points in occupancy.
Food and beverage revenue increased $6.9 million, or 11.4%, to $67.3 million. This increase is attributable to higher food and beverage revenue of $4.1 million at our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest and $2.8 million from our Hotel Acquisitions. The Hotel Dispositions did not generate food and beverage revenue in the 2018 quarter.
Other hotel revenue, which consists mainly of Internet access, parking, spa and business interruption revenue, decreased $83,000, or 0.4%, to $18.5 million. This decrease is primarily attributable to decreases in business interruption revenue of $1.8 million. In the 2018 quarter we received $1.9 million of business interruption income for the Key West Crowne Plaza related to a settlement for lost profits from the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. In the 2019 quarter we received $91,000 of business interruption income related to SpringHill Suites BWI Hotel. There was an additional decrease of $37,000 from our Hotel Dispositions. These decreases were partially offset by higher other hotel revenue of $986,000 from our Hotel Acquisitions and $812,000 from our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest. Other non-hotel revenue increased $327,000, or 41.1%, to $1.1 million in the 2019 quarter as compared to the 2018 quarter.
Hotel Operating Expenses. Hotel operating expenses increased $16.7 million, or 7.1%, to $251.7 million. Hotel operating expenses consist of direct expenses from departments associated with revenue streams and indirect expenses associated with support departments and management fees. Direct expenses increased $8.6 million in the 2019 quarter as compared to the 2018 quarter, which was comprised of an increase of $6.0 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $2.8 million from our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by a decrease of $251,000 from our Hotel Dispositions. Direct expenses were 28.3% of total hotel revenue for the 2019 quarter and 28.0% for the 2018 quarter. Indirect expenses and management fees increased $8.1 million in the 2019 quarter as compared to the 2018 quarter, which was comprised of an increase of $6.1 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $2.4 million from our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by a decrease of $358,000 from our Hotel Dispositions.
Property Taxes, Insurance and Other. Property taxes, insurance and other increased $1.5 million, or 7.6%, to $21.8 million during the 2019 quarter compared to the 2018 quarter, which was primarily due to an increase of $1.4 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $216,000 at our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by a $70,000 decrease from our Hotel Dispositions.

48

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased $2.9 million, or 4.6%, to $67.5 million during the 2019 quarter compared to the 2018 quarter, which was primarily due to an increase of $2.4 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $625,000 at our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by a decrease of $39,000 from our Hotel Dispositions.
Impairment Charges. We recorded an impairment charge of $6.5 million in the 2019 quarter which was comprised of $5.1 million at the Courtyard Savannah Downtown and $1.4 million at the Wisconsin Dells Hilton Garden Inn. In the 2018 quarter we recorded an impairment charge of $19,000 for damages to hotel properties from Hurricanes Harvey and Irma.
Advisory Services Fee. Advisory services fee decreased $6.8 million, or 29.5%, to $16.3 million in the 2019 quarter compared to the 2018 quarter. The advisory services fee represents fees incurred in connection with the advisory agreement between Ashford Inc. and the Company. In the 2019 quarter, the advisory services fee was comprised of a base advisory fee of $9.4 million, equity-based compensation of $4.5 million associated with equity grants of our common stock and LTIP units awarded to the officers and employees of Ashford Inc., reimbursable expenses of $3.0 million and a credit to incentive fee of $636,000. In the 2018 quarter, the advisory services fee was comprised of a base advisory fee of $8.9 million, equity-based compensation of $8.9 million associated with equity grants of our common stock and LTIP units awarded to the officers and employees of Ashford Inc., an incentive fee of $3.3 million and reimbursable expenses of $2.0 million. 
Corporate, General and Administrative. Corporate, general and administrative expense decreased $314,000, or 9.7%, to $2.9 million during the 2019 quarter compared to the 2018 quarter. The decrease was primarily attributable to lower transaction, acquisition and management conversion costs of $213,000 and lower public company costs, office expenses, professional fees and other miscellaneous expenses of $187,000, partially offset by higher equity-based compensation to Premier Project Management employees of $86,000 in the 2019 quarter compared to the 2018 quarter.
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets and Hotel Properties. Gain on sale of assets and hotel properties was $328,000 and $412,000 in the 2019 and 2018 quarters, respectively. The gain in the 2019 quarter was primarily related to sales of assets at the Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square related to ERFP. The gain in the 2018 quarter was related to the sale of Tampa Residence Inn and SpringHill Suites Centreville.
Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Entities. Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities changed $2.0 million, from equity in earnings of $1.2 million in the 2018 quarter to equity in loss of $867,000 in the 2019 quarter. The 2019 quarter included equity in loss of $767,000 from Ashford Inc. and $100,000 from OpenKey. The 2018 quarter included equity in earnings of $1.3 million from Ashford Inc., partially offset by equity in loss of $123,000 from OpenKey. 
Interest Income. Interest income was $785,000 and $883,000 for the 2019 quarter and the 2018 quarter, respectively.
Other Income (Expense). Other income (expense) changed $544,000, from income of $206,000 in the 2018 quarter to expense of $338,000 in the 2019 quarter. In the 2019 quarter, we recorded other expense of $271,000 related to CMBX premiums and interest paid on collateral and a realized loss of $225,000 on interest rate floors. These expenses were partially offset by dividend income of $74,000, other income of $65,000 and a realized gain on marketable securities of $19,000. In the 2018 quarter, we recorded a realized gain on marketable securities of $40,000, dividend income of $145,000 and miscellaneous other income of $293,000 and expense of $272,000 related to CMBX premiums and interest paid on collateral.
Interest Expense and Amortization of Loan Costs. Interest expense and amortization of loan costs increased $9.8 million, or 16.8%, to $68.0 million during the 2019 quarter compared to the 2018 quarter. The increase is primarily due to higher interest expense and amortization of loan costs of $5.6 million at our comparable hotel properties due to higher LIBOR rates and higher amortization of loan costs from refinanced mortgage loans and $4.2 million as a result of our Hotel Acquisitions, partially offset by lower interest expense and amortization of loan costs of $45,000 from our Hotel Dispositions. The average LIBOR rates in the 2019 quarter and the 2018 quarter were 2.44% and 1.91%, respectively.
Write-off of Premiums, Loan Costs and Exit Fees. Write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees decreased $5.6 million to $90,000 in the 2019 quarter compared to the 2018 quarter. In the 2019 quarter, we incurred other costs of $90,000. In the 2018 quarter, we incurred write-off of loan costs and exit fees of $5.7 million consisting of the write-off of unamortized loan costs of $1.7 million and other costs of $4.0 million as a result of loan refinances and hotel property sales.
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Marketable Securities. We recognized a $598,000 unrealized gain on marketable securities in the 2019 quarter and a $268,000 unrealized loss on marketable securities in the 2018 quarter, which are based on changes in closing market prices during the quarter.
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives. Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives changed $3.4 million from a $1.9 million loss in the 2018 quarter to a $1.5 million gain in the 2019 quarter. In the 2019 quarter, we recognized an unrealized gain of $2.3 million

49

related to interest rate floors, partially offset by an unrealized loss of $472,000 associated with interest rate caps and $393,000 from CMBX tranches. In the 2018 quarter, we recognized unrealized losses of $1.8 million and $147,000 associated with interest rate caps and interest rate floors, respectively. These unrealized losses were partially offset by an unrealized gain of $76,000 from CMBX tranches. The fair value of interest rate floors and interest rate caps are primarily based on movements in the LIBOR forward curve and the passage of time. The fair value of credit default swaps is based on the change in value of CMBX indices.
Income Tax (Expense) Benefit. Income tax expense increased $733,000, or 24.7% from $3.0 million in the 2018 quarter to $3.7 million in the 2019 quarter primarily due to normal changes quarter over quarter in the valuation allowance recorded on our TRS entities’ deferred tax assets.
(Income) Loss from Consolidated Entities Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. Our noncontrolling interest partner in consolidated entities were allocated income of $14,000 and $20,000 for the 2019 quarter and the 2018 quarter, respectively.
Net (Income) Loss Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Partnership. Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership increased $19,000, from $5.1 million in the 2018 quarter to $5.1 million in the 2019 quarter. Redeemable noncontrolling interests represented ownership interests of 15.88% and 14.89% in the operating partnership at June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to the Company. Net loss attributable to the Company increased $9.7 million from $44.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (the “2018 period”) to $54.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 (the “2019 period”) as a result of the factors discussed below.
Revenue. Rooms revenue from our hotel properties and WorldQuest increased $28.6 million, or 4.9%, to $608.6 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. This increase is attributable to higher rooms revenue of $25.5 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $6.6 million at our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest. These increases were partially offset by lower rooms revenue of $3.5 million from our Hotel Dispositions. Our comparable hotel properties experienced an increase of 2.2% in room rates and a decrease of 80 basis points in occupancy.
Food and beverage revenue increased $12.9 million, or 11.2%, to $128.4 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. This increase is attributable to higher food and beverage revenue of $8.2 million at our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest and $4.7 million from our Hotel Acquisitions. The Hotel Dispositions did not generate food and beverage revenue in the 2018 period.
Other hotel revenue, which consists mainly of Internet access, parking, spa and business interruption revenue, increased $630,000, or 1.9%, to $34.7 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. This increase is attributable to higher other revenue of $1.6 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $1.9 million from our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by lower other revenue of $129,000 from our Hotel Dispositions and lower business interruption revenue of $2.8 million. In the 2018 period we received $2.5 million of business interruption income for the St. Petersburg Hilton and Key West Crowne Plaza related to a settlement for lost profits from the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 and $401,000 of business interruption income related to Hurricane Irma. In the 2019 period we received $91,000 of business interruption income related to SpringHill Suites BWI Hotel. Other non-hotel revenue increased $420,000, or 23.7%, to $2.2 million in the 2019 period.
Hotel Operating Expenses. Hotel operating expenses increased $28.5 million, or 6.3%, to $480.2 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. Hotel operating expenses consist of direct expenses from departments associated with revenue streams and indirect expenses associated with support departments and management fees. Direct expenses increased $13.1 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period, which was comprised of an increase of $10.1 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $3.9 million from our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by a decrease of $940,000 from our Hotel Dispositions. Direct expenses were 29.0% of total hotel revenue for 2019 and 28.8% for the 2018 period. Indirect expenses and management fees increased $15.4 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period, which was comprised of an increase of $10.2 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $6.6 million from our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by a decrease of $1.4 million from our Hotel Dispositions.
Property Taxes, Insurance and Other. Property taxes, insurance and other increased $3.6 million or 9.3%, to $42.2 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period, which was primarily due to an increase of $2.5 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $1.9 million at our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by a property tax refund of $590,000 and a decrease of $220,000 from our Hotel Dispositions.

50

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased $7.1 million or 5.5%, to $134.7 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period, which was primarily due to $4.3 million from our Hotel Acquisitions and $3.2 million at our comparable hotel properties and WorldQuest, partially offset by a decrease of $347,000 from our Hotel Dispositions.
Impairment Charges. Impairment charges increased $4.9 million, or 289.1%, to $6.5 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. We recorded an impairment charge of $6.5 million in the 2019 period which was comprised of $5.1 million at the Courtyard Savannah Downtown and $1.4 million at the Wisconsin Dells Hilton Garden Inn. We recorded an impairment charge of $1.7 million in the 2018 period which was comprised of a $2.0 million impairment charge at the SpringHill Suites Centreville, partially offset by impairment credits of $265,000 from changes in estimates of property damage incurred from Hurricanes Harvey and Irma.
Transaction Costs. Transaction costs decreased $9,000, or 81.8%, to $2,000 during the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period.
Advisory Services Fee. Advisory services fee decreased $7.6 million, or 18.9%, to $32.6 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. The advisory services fee represents fees incurred in connection with the advisory agreement between Ashford Inc. and the Company. In the 2019 period, the advisory services fee was comprised of a base advisory fee of $18.4 million, equity-based compensation of $8.8 million associated with equity grants of our common stock and LTIP units awarded to the officers and employees of Ashford Inc. and reimbursable expenses of $5.4 million. In the 2018 period, the advisory services fee was comprised of a base advisory fee of $17.5 million, equity-based compensation of $15.7 million associated with equity grants of our common stock and LTIP units awarded to the officers and employees of Ashford Inc., reimbursable expenses of $3.5 million and an incentive fee of $3.5 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, approximately $4.5 million of the equity-based compensation expense was related to the accelerated vesting of equity awards granted to one of our executive officers upon his death, in accordance with the terms of the awards.
Corporate, General and Administrative. Corporate, general and administrative expense increased $158,000, or 2.9%, to $5.5 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. The increase was primarily attributable to higher equity-based compensation to Premier Project Management employees of $185,000, higher public company costs, office expenses, professional fees and other miscellaneous expenses of $179,000, partially offset by lower transaction, acquisition and management conversion costs of $206,000 in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period.
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets and Hotel Properties. Gain on sale of assets and hotel properties was $561,000 and $403,000 in the 2019 and 2018 periods, respectively. The gain in the 2019 period was primarily related to sales of assets at the Santa Fe La Posada, Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley and the Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square related to ERFP. The gain in the 2018 period was related to gains from the sales of the Tampa Residence Inn and SpringHill Suites Centreville, partially offset by a loss from the sale of the SpringHill Suites Glen Allen.
Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Entities. Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities changed $2.5 million from equity in earnings of $582,000 in the 2018 period to equity in loss of $1.9 million in the 2019 period. The 2019 period included equity in loss of $1.7 million from Ashford Inc. and $216,000 from OpenKey. The 2018 period included equity in earnings of $856,000 from Ashford Inc. partially offset by equity in loss of $274,000 from OpenKey.
Interest Income. Interest income was $1.6 million in both the 2019 and 2018 periods.
Other Income (Expense). Other income (expense) changed $936,000, from income of $282,000 in the 2018 period to expense of $654,000 in the 2019 period. In the 2019 period, we recorded other expense of $537,000 related to CMBX premiums and interest paid on collateral and a realized loss of $388,000 on interest rate floors. These expenses were partially offset by dividend income of $121,000, other income of $134,000 and realized gain on marketable securities of $16,000. In the 2018 period, we recorded dividend income of $285,000, a realized gain on marketable securities of $149,000 and other miscellaneous income of $386,000 partially offset by expense of $538,000 related to CMBX premiums and interest paid on collateral.
Interest Expense and Amortization of Loan Costs. Interest expense and amortization of loan costs increased $21.2 million, or 18.8%, to $134.2 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. The increase is primarily due to higher interest expense and amortization of loan costs of $14.1 million due to higher LIBOR rates and higher amortization of loan costs from refinances at our comparable hotel properties and $7.7 million from our Hotel Acquisitions, partially offset by lower interest expense and amortization of loan costs of $526,000 from our Hotel Dispositions. The average LIBOR rates in the 2019 period and the 2018 period were 2.47% and 1.78%, respectively.
Write-off of Premiums, Loan Costs and Exit Fees. Write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees decreased $5.6 million to $2.2 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period. In the 2019 period, we wrote off $2.1 million of loan costs related to a refinanced mortgage loan and incurred other costs of $90,000. In the 2018 period, we incurred write-off of loan costs and exit

51

fees of approximately $7.7 million consisting of the write-off of approximately unamortized loan costs of approximately $1.8 million and other costs of approximately $6.0 million as a result of loan refinances and hotel property sales.
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Marketable Securities. We recognized a $1.4 million unrealized gain on marketable securities in the 2019 period and a $826,000 unrealized loss on marketable securities in the 2018 period, which are based on changes in closing market prices during the period.
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives. Unrealized loss on derivatives decreased $69,000, or 4.3%, from $1.6 million in the 2018 period to $1.5 million in the 2019 period. In the 2019 period, we recognized an unrealized loss of $2.7 million related to CMBX tranches and $1.1 million associated with interest rate caps, partially offset by an unrealized gain of $2.3 million related to interest rate floors. In the 2018 period, we recognized unrealized losses of $1.7 million and $238,000 and associated with interest rate caps and interest rate floors respectively, partially offset by an unrealized gain of $362,000 from CMBX tranches. The fair value of interest rate floors and interest rate caps are primarily based on movements in the LIBOR forward curve and the passage of time. The fair value of credit default swaps is based on the change in value of CMBX indices.
Income Tax (Expense) Benefit. Income tax expense increased $1.2 million, or 58.2% to $3.3 million in the 2019 period compared to the 2018 period primarily due to normal changes period over period in the valuation allowance recorded on our TRS entities’ deferred tax assets.
(Income) Loss from Consolidated Entities Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. Our noncontrolling interest partner in consolidated entities were allocated losses of $12,000 and $18,000 in the 2019 and 2018 periods, respectively.
Net (Income) Loss Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Partnership. Noncontrolling interests in operating partnership were allocated net losses of $13.7 million and $11.4 million in the 2019 and 2018 periods, respectively. Redeemable noncontrolling interests represented ownership interests of 15.88% and 14.89% in the operating partnership at June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our cash position from operations is affected primarily by macro industry movements in occupancy and rate as well as our ability to control costs. Further, interest rates can greatly affect the cost of our debt service as well as the value of any financial hedges we may put in place. We monitor industry fundamentals and interest rates very closely. Capital expenditures above our reserves will affect cash flow as well.
Certain of our loan agreements contain cash trap provisions that may get triggered if the performance of our hotels decline. When these provisions are triggered, substantially all of the profit generated by our hotels is deposited directly into lockbox accounts and then swept into cash management accounts for the benefit of our various lenders.
Also, we have entered into certain customary guaranty agreements pursuant to which we guaranty payment of any recourse liabilities of our subsidiaries or joint ventures that may result from non-recourse carve-outs, which include, but are not limited to fraud, misrepresentation, willful misconduct resulting in waste, misappropriations of rents following an event of default, voluntary bankruptcy filings, unpermitted transfers of collateral, and certain environmental liabilities. Certain of these guarantees represent a guaranty of material amounts, and if we are required to make payments under those guarantees.
These factors and others could affect our liquidity and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.
On December 5, 2017, the board of directors reapproved a stock repurchase program (the “Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which the board of directors granted a repurchase authorization to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”) having an aggregate value of up to $200 million. The board of director’s authorization replaced any previous repurchase authorizations. No shares were repurchased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 pursuant to the Repurchase Program.
On December 11, 2017, we entered into equity distribution agreements with UBS Securities LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, B. Riley FBR, Inc., Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated, D.A. Davidson & Co., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, each acting as a sales agent (the “Equity Distribution Agreements”). Pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreements, we may sell from time to time through the sales agents shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million. Sales of shares of our common stock, if any, may be made in negotiated transactions or transactions that are deemed to be “at-the-market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, including sales made directly on the New York Stock Exchange, the existing trading market for our common stock, or sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange or through an electronic communications network. We will pay each of the sales agents a commission, which in each case shall not be more than 2.0% of the gross sales price of the shares of our common stock sold through such sales agent. No shares were issued during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019. As of June 30, 2019, we have issued approximately 2.4

52

million shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $15.5 million leaving approximately $84.5 million available under the program.
On January 22, 2019, in connection with the acquisition of the Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square, we closed on a $145.0 million mortgage loan. This mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR +3.90%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is February 2022, with two one-year extensions. The mortgage loan is secured by the Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square.
On February 26, 2019, in connection with the acquisition of the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley, we assumed a $25.3 million non-recourse mortgage loan with a fair value of $24.9 million. This mortgage loan amortizes monthly and provides for a fixed interest rate of 4.66%. The stated maturity date of the mortgage loan is March 2025. The mortgage loan is secured by the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley.
On March 5, 2019, we refinanced our $178.1 million mortgage loan, secured by the Renaissance Nashville and Westin Princeton. The new mortgage loan totals $240.0 million. The mortgage loan is interest only and provides for an interest rate of LIBOR + 2.75%. The stated maturity is March 2021 with five one-year extension options, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. The mortgage loan is secured by the Renaissance Nashville and Westin Princeton.
On June 7, 2019, we amended the mortgage loan secured by the Fort Worth Ashton totaling $5.2 million. The amended mortgage loan totaling $8.9 million has a five-year term, is interest only and bears interest at a rate of LIBOR + 2.00%.
On August 2, 2019, we repaid $26.8 million of principal on our mortgage loan partially secured by the San Antonio Marriott as a result of the sale of the hotel property.
Secured Credit Facility
We have a one-year, senior secured revolving credit facility in the amount of $100 million. We believe the secured credit facility will provide us with financial flexibility to fund future acquisitions.
The secured credit facility is provided by Bank of America, N.A. Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, as the borrower. We guarantee the secured credit facility, which is secured by a pledge of 100% of the equity interests in the subsidiaries that own the hotel property for which revolving credit facility funds were used to acquire. The proceeds of the secured revolving credit facility may be used for property acquisitions.
The secured credit facility also contains customary terms, covenants, negative covenants, events of default, limitations and other conditions for credit facilities of this type. Subject to certain exceptions, we are subject to restrictions on incurring additional indebtedness, mergers and fundamental changes, sales or other dispositions of property, changes in the nature of our business and investments.
We also are subject to certain financial covenants, as set forth below, which are tested by the borrower on a consolidated basis (net of the amounts attributable to the noncontrolling interest held by our partner in a majority-owned consolidated entity) and include, but are not limited to, the following:
•
the ratio of total funded indebtedness (less unrestricted cash in excess of $15 million) to EBITDA shall not be greater than 9.75 to 1.0. Our ratio was 9.32 at June 30, 2019.
•
the ratio of EBITDA to fixed charges for the previous 4 consecutive fiscal quarters shall not be less than 1.25 to 1.0. Our ratio was 1.49 at June 30, 2019.
•
tangible net worth shall not at any time be less than 75% of the consolidated tangible net worth on the closing date of the secured credit facility plus 75% of the net proceeds of all new equity issuances of the consolidated group.
All financial covenants are tested and certified by the borrower on a quarterly basis. We were in compliance with all covenants at June 30, 2019.
The secured credit facility includes customary events of default and the occurrence of an event of default will permit the lenders to terminate commitments to lend under the secured revolving credit facility and accelerate payment of all amounts outstanding thereunder. If a default occurs and is continuing, we will be precluded from making distributions on our shares of common stock (other than those required to allow us to qualify and maintain our status as a REIT, so long as such default does not arise from a payment default or event of insolvency).
The interest rate associated with the borrowings under the secured credit facility is either the base rate + 1.65% or LIBOR + 2.65% at the Company’s election. The base rate is the greater of (i) the prime rate set by Bank of America; (ii) federal funds rate + 0.5%; or (iii) LIBOR + 1.00%.

53

The secured credit facility is a one-year interest-only facility with any outstanding principal being due at maturity on September 26, 2019. Borrowings must be repaid within 180 days.
We intend to repay any indebtedness incurred under our secured credit facility from time to time out of net cash provided by operations and from the net proceeds of issuances of additional equity and debt securities or sale of assets, as market conditions permit.
As of both August 6, 2019 and June 30, 2019, no amounts were outstanding under the secured credit facility.
Sources and Uses of Cash
Our principal sources of funds to meet our cash requirements include: cash on hand, cash flow from operations, capital market activities, property refinancing proceeds and asset sales. Additionally, our principal uses of funds are expected to include possible operating shortfalls, owner-funded capital expenditures, dividends, new investments, and debt interest and principal payments. Items that impacted our cash flow and liquidity during the periods indicated are summarized as follows:
Net Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities. Net cash flows provided by operating activities, pursuant to our consolidated statements of cash flows, which includes changes in balance sheet items, were $92.3 million and $99.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Cash flows from operations were impacted by changes in hotel operations, our hotel acquisitions in 2018 and 2019, our hotel dispositions in 2018 as well as the timing of collecting receivables from hotel guests, paying vendors, settling with derivative counterparties, settling with related parties and settling with hotel managers.
Net Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, net cash flows used in investing activities were $277.8 million. Cash outflows primarily consisted of $81.5 million for capital improvements made to various hotel properties and $213.1 million primarily related to the purchase of the Hilton Santa Cruz/Scotts Valley and Embassy Suites New York Manhattan Times Square hotels. Cash outflows were partially offset by cash inflows of $13.1 million from proceeds received from the sale of furniture, fixtures and equipment for ERFP and $4.0 million of proceeds from a franchise agreement extension. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, net cash flows used in investing activities were $188.7 million. Cash outflows primarily consisted of $117.7 million for capital improvements made to various hotel properties, $111.8 million for the acquisition of the Hilton Alexandria and an additional $667,000 investment in OpenKey. Cash outflows were partially offset by $40.9 million of net cash proceeds from the sale of the SpringHill Suites Glen Allen, SpringHill Suites Centreville and Residence Inn Tampa and $651,000 from property insurance.
Net Cash Flows Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, net cash flows provided by financing activities were $146.2 million. Cash inflows were $388.7 million from borrowings on indebtedness. Cash inflows were partially offset by cash outflows of $181.2 million for repayments of indebtedness, $50.3 million for dividend payments to common and preferred stockholders and unitholders, $9.1 million for payments of loan costs and exit fees, $1.0 million of payments for derivatives and $906,000 for the repurchase of common stock. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, net cash flows provided by financing activities were $170.4 million. Cash inflows primarily consisted of $2.7 billion of borrowings on indebtedness. Cash inflows were partially offset by cash outflows of $2.5 billion for repayments of indebtedness, $47.8 million for dividend payments to common and preferred stockholders and unitholders, $54.4 million for payments of loan costs and exit fees, $3.1 million of payments for derivatives and $1.6 million for the repurchase of common stock.
We are required to maintain certain financial ratios under various debt and derivative agreements. If we violate covenants in any debt or derivative agreement, we could be required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. Presently, our existing financial debt covenants primarily relate to maintaining minimum net worth and leverage ratios and liquidity. As of June 30, 2019, we were in compliance in all material respects with all covenants or other requirements set forth in our debt and related agreements.
Mortgage and mezzanine loans are nonrecourse to the borrowers, except for customary exceptions or carve-outs that trigger recourse liability to the borrowers in certain limited instances. Recourse obligations typically include only the payment of costs and liabilities suffered by lenders as a result of the occurrence of certain bad acts on the part of the borrower. However, in certain cases, carve-outs could trigger recourse obligations on the part of the borrower with respect to repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding principal amount of the loans. We have entered into customary guaranty agreements pursuant to which we guaranty payment of any recourse liabilities of the borrowers that result from non-recourse carve-outs (which include, but are not limited to, fraud, misrepresentation, willful conduct resulting in waste, misappropriations of rents following an event of default, voluntary bankruptcy filings, unpermitted transfers of collateral, and certain environmental liabilities). In the opinion of management, none of these guaranty agreements, either individually or in the aggregate, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition as of June 30, 2019.

54

Based on our current level of operations, management believes that our cash flow from operations and our existing cash balances should be adequate to meet upcoming anticipated requirements for interest and principal payments on debt (excluding any potential final maturity principal payments), working capital, and capital expenditures for the next 12 months and dividends required to maintain our status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. With respect to upcoming maturities, we will continue to proactively address the refinancing or repayment of our 2019 and 2020 maturities. No assurances can be given that we will obtain additional financings or, if we do, what the amount and terms will be. Our failure to obtain future financing under favorable terms could adversely impact our ability to execute our business strategy. In addition, we may selectively pursue debt financing on individual properties.
We are committed to an investment strategy where we will opportunistically pursue hotel-related investments as suitable situations arise. Funds for future hotel-related investments are expected to be derived, in whole or in part, from cash on hand, future borrowings under a credit facility or other loans, or proceeds from additional issuances of common stock, preferred stock, or other securities, asset sales, and joint ventures. However, there can be no assurance that we will successfully make additional investments. We may, when conditions are suitable, consider additional capital raising opportunities.
Our existing hotel properties are mostly located in developed areas with competing hotel properties. Future occupancy, ADR, and RevPAR of any individual hotel could be materially and adversely affected by an increase in the number or quality of competitive hotel properties in its market area. Competition could also affect the quality and quantity of future investment opportunities.
Dividend Policy. During the three month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the board of directors declared quarterly dividends of $0.06 per share and $0.12 per share, respectively, of outstanding common stock. In December 2018, the board of directors approved our 2019 dividend policy which was modified in June 2019. The revised dividend policy anticipates a quarterly dividend payment of $0.06 per share for the remainder of 2019. However, the adoption of a dividend policy does not commit our board of directors to declare future dividends. The board of directors will continue to review our dividend policy on a quarterly basis. We may incur indebtedness to meet distribution requirements imposed on REITs under the Internal Revenue Code to the extent that working capital and cash flow from our investments are insufficient to fund required distributions. Alternatively, we may elect to pay dividends on our common stock in cash or a combination of cash and shares of securities as permitted under federal income tax laws governing REIT distribution requirements. We may pay dividends in excess of our cash flow.
SEASONALITY
Our properties’ operations historically have been seasonal as certain properties maintain higher occupancy rates during the summer months, while certain other properties maintain higher occupancy rates during the winter months. This seasonality pattern can cause fluctuations in our quarterly lease revenue under our percentage leases. We anticipate that our cash flows from the operations of our properties will be sufficient to enable us to make quarterly distributions to maintain our REIT status. To the extent that cash flows from operations are insufficient during any quarter due to temporary or seasonal fluctuations in lease revenue, we expect to utilize other cash on hand or borrowings to fund required distributions. However, we cannot make any assurances that we will make distributions in the future.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
In the normal course of business, we form partnerships or joint ventures that operate certain hotels. We evaluate each partnership and joint venture to determine whether the entity is a Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”). If the entity is determined to be a VIE, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary and need to consolidate the entity. For further discussion of the company’s VIEs, see note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
There have been no material changes since December 31, 2018, outside of the ordinary course of business, to contractual obligations specified in the table of contractual obligations included in the section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our 2018 Form 10-K.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
Our accounting policies that are critical or most important to understanding our financial condition and results of operations and that require management to make the most difficult judgments are described in our 2018 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes in these critical accounting policies.
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
The following non-GAAP presentations of EBITDA, EBITDAre, Adjusted EBITDAre, Funds From Operations (“FFO”) and Adjusted FFO are presented to help our investors evaluate our operating performance.

55

EBITDA is defined as net income (loss) before interest expense and amortization of premiums and loan costs, net, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, equity in earnings/loss of unconsolidated entities and after the Company’s portion of EBITDA of unconsolidated entities. In addition, we include impairment charges on real estate, gain/loss on sale of hotel properties and gain/loss on sale of hotel properties of unconsolidated entities to calculate EBITDAre, as defined by NAREIT.
We then further adjust EBITDAre to exclude certain additional items such as uninsured hurricane related costs, gain/loss on insurance settlements, write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees, other income/expense, net, transaction, acquisition and management conversion costs, legal judgment and related legal costs, dead deal costs, advisory services incentive fee and non-cash items such as amortization of unfavorable contract liabilities, non-cash stock/unit-based compensation, unrealized gains/losses on marketable securities and derivative instruments, as well as our portion of adjustments to EBITDAre of unconsolidated entities.
We present EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre because we believe they reflect more accurately the ongoing performance of our hotel assets and other investments and provide more useful information to investors as they are indicators of our ability to meet our future debt payment requirements, working capital requirements and they provide an overall evaluation of our financial condition. EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre as calculated by us may not be comparable to EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre reported by other companies that do not define EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre exactly as we define the terms. EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre do not represent cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered as an alternative to operating income or net income determined in accordance with GAAP as an indicator of performance or as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as determined by GAAP as an indicator of liquidity.
Beginning with the three months ended March 31, 2018, we have started reporting EBITDA for real estate, or EBITDAre, as defined by NAREIT, and Adjusted EBITDAre. Previously, we reported Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDAre is calculated in a similar manner as Adjusted EBITDA, with the exception of the adjustment for the consolidated noncontrolling interest’s pro rata share of Adjusted EBITDA. The rationale for including 100% of EBITDAre for consolidated noncontrolling interests is that the full amount of any debt of these entities is reported in our consolidated balance sheet and therefore metrics using total debt to EBITDAre provide a better understanding of the Company’s leverage. This is also consistent with NAREIT’s definition of EBITDAre. All prior periods have been adjusted to conform to the current period presentation.

56

The following table reconciles net income (loss) to EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Net income (loss)
$
(21,352
)
 
$
(23,351
)
 
$
(67,974
)
 
$
(56,000
)
Interest expense and amortization of premiums and loan costs, net
67,987

 
58,206

 
134,153

 
112,949

Depreciation and amortization
67,511

 
64,566

 
134,689

 
127,613

Income tax expense (benefit)
3,706

 
2,973

 
3,301

 
2,087

Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated entities
867

 
(1,170
)
 
1,930

 
(582
)
Company’s portion of EBITDA of unconsolidated entities (Ashford Inc.)
1,703

 
3,551

 
3,577

 
2,566

Company’s portion of EBITDA of unconsolidated entities (OpenKey)
(94
)
 
(122
)
 
(209
)
 
(261
)
EBITDA
120,328

 
104,653

 
209,467

 
188,372

Impairment charges on real estate
6,533

 
19

 
6,533

 
1,679

(Gain) loss on sale of assets and hotel properties
(328
)
 
(412
)
 
(561
)
 
(403
)
EBITDAre
126,533

 
104,260

 
215,439

 
189,648

Amortization of unfavorable contract liabilities
117

 
(39
)
 
78

 
(78
)
Uninsured hurricane related costs
—

 
(17
)
 
—

 
(228
)
(Gain) loss on insurance settlements
—

 
—

 
(36
)
 
—

Write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees
90

 
5,694

 
2,152

 
7,744

Other (income) expense, net
413

 
(206
)
 
775

 
(282
)
Transaction, acquisition and management conversion costs
240

 
121

 
686

 
205

Legal judgment and related legal costs
1,399

 
161

 
1,816

 
927

Unrealized (gain) loss on marketable securities
(598
)
 
268

 
(1,406
)
 
826

Unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives
(1,476
)
 
1,916

 
1,518

 
1,587

Dead deal costs
18

 
3

 
50

 
3

Non-cash stock/unit-based compensation
5,368

 
9,801

 
9,958

 
16,803

Advisory services incentive fee
(636
)
 
3,270

 
—

 
3,457

Company’s portion of adjustments to EBITDAre of unconsolidated entities (Ashford Inc.)
618

 
(344
)
 
1,531

 
2,183

Company’s portion of adjustments to EBITDAre of unconsolidated entities (OpenKey)
14

 
3

 
35

 
8

Adjusted EBITDAre
$
132,100

 
$
124,891

 
$
232,596

 
$
222,803


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We calculate FFO and Adjusted FFO in the following table. FFO is calculated on the basis defined by NAREIT, which is net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders, computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses on properties, and extraordinary items as defined by GAAP, plus depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, impairment charges on real estate assets, and after adjustments for unconsolidated entities and noncontrolling interests in the operating partnership. Adjustments for unconsolidated entities are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. NAREIT developed FFO as a relative measure of performance of an equity REIT to recognize that income-producing real estate historically has not depreciated on the basis determined by GAAP. Our calculation of Adjusted FFO excludes write-off of loan costs and exit fees, gain/loss on insurance settlements, uninsured hurricane related costs, other income/expense, net transaction, acquisition and management conversion costs, legal judgment and related legal costs, dead deal costs, advisory services incentive fee and non-cash items such as non-cash stock/unit-based compensation, amortization of loan costs, unrealized gains/losses on marketable securities and derivative instruments, as well as our portion of adjustments to FFO related to unconsolidated entities. We exclude items from Adjusted FFO that are either non-cash or are not part of our core operations in order to provide a period-over-period comparison of our operating results. We consider FFO and Adjusted FFO to be appropriate measures of our ongoing normalized operating performance as a REIT. We compute FFO in accordance with our interpretation of standards established by NAREIT, which may not be comparable to FFO reported by other REITs that either do not define the term in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or interpret the NAREIT definition differently than us. FFO and Adjusted FFO do not represent cash generated from operating activities as determined by GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to a) GAAP net income or loss as an indication of our financial performance or b) GAAP cash flows from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to satisfy our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions. However, to facilitate a clear understanding of our historical operating results, we believe that FFO and Adjusted FFO should be considered along with our net income or loss and cash flows reported in the consolidated financial statements.

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The following table reconciles net income (loss) to FFO and Adjusted FFO (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Net income (loss)
$
(21,352
)
 
$
(23,351
)
 
$
(67,974
)
 
$
(56,000
)
(Income) loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interest
(14
)
 
(20
)
 
12

 
18

Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
5,084

 
5,065

 
13,663

 
11,405

Preferred dividends
(10,644
)
 
(10,644
)
 
(21,288
)
 
(21,288
)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
(26,926
)
 
(28,950
)
 
(75,587
)
 
(65,865
)
Depreciation and amortization of real estate
67,452

 
64,509

 
134,573

 
127,498

(Gain) loss on sale of assets and hotel properties
(328
)
 
(412
)
 
(561
)
 
(403
)
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in operating partnership
(5,084
)
 
(5,065
)
 
(13,663
)
 
(11,405
)
Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated entities
867

 
(1,170
)
 
1,930

 
(582
)
Impairment charges on real estate
6,533

 
19

 
6,533

 
1,679

Company’s portion of FFO of unconsolidated entities (Ashford Inc.)
(767
)
 
2,552

 
(1,402
)
 
921

Company’s portion of FFO of unconsolidated entities (OpenKey)
(96
)
 
(125
)
 
(196
)
 
(266
)
FFO available to common stockholders and OP unitholders
41,651

 
31,358

 
51,627

 
51,577

Write-off of premiums, loan costs and exit fees
90

 
5,694

 
2,152

 
7,744

(Gain) loss on insurance settlements
—

 
—

 
(36
)
 
—

Uninsured hurricane related costs
—

 
(17
)
 
—

 
(228
)
Other (income) expense
413

 
(206
)
 
775

 
(282
)
Transaction, acquisition and management conversion costs
240

 
121

 
686

 
205

Legal judgment and related legal costs
1,399

 
161

 
1,816

 
927

Unrealized (gain) loss on marketable securities
(598
)
 
268

 
(1,406
)
 
826

Unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives
(1,476
)
 
1,916

 
1,518

 
1,587

Dead deal costs
18

 
3

 
50

 
3

Non-cash stock/unit-based compensation
5,368

 
9,801

 
9,958

 
16,803

Amortization of loan costs
7,606

 
5,488

 
14,862

 
7,939

Advisory services incentive fee
(636
)
 
3,270

 
—

 
3,457

Company’s portion of adjustments to FFO of unconsolidated entities (Ashford Inc.)
2,198

 
(344
)
 
4,640

 
2,183

Company’s portion of adjustments to FFO of unconsolidated entities (OpenKey)
15

 
3

 
37

 
8

Adjusted FFO available to common stockholders and OP unitholders
$
56,288

 
$
57,516

 
$
86,679

 
$
92,749



59

HOTEL PORTFOLIO
The following table presents certain information related to our hotel properties as of June 30, 2019:
Hotel Property 
 
Location 
 
Service Type
 
Total Rooms 
 
% Owned
 
Owned Rooms
Fee Simple Properties
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Embassy Suites
 
Austin, TX
 
Full service
 
150

 
100
 
150

Embassy Suites
 
Dallas, TX
 
Full service
 
150

 
100
 
150

Embassy Suites
 
Herndon, VA
 
Full service
 
150

 
100
 
150

Embassy Suites
 
Las Vegas, NV
 
Full service
 
220

 
100
 
220

Embassy Suites
 
Flagstaff, AZ
 
Full service
 
119

 
100
 
119

Embassy Suites
 
Houston, TX
 
Full service
 
150

 
100
 
150

Embassy Suites
 
West Palm Beach, FL
 
Full service
 
160

 
100
 
160

Embassy Suites
 
Philadelphia, PA
 
Full service
 
263

 
100
 
263

Embassy Suites
 
Walnut Creek, CA
 
Full service
 
249

 
100
 
249

Embassy Suites
 
Arlington, VA
 
Full service
 
269

 
100
 
269

Embassy Suites
 
Portland, OR
 
Full service
 
276

 
100
 
276

Embassy Suites
 
Santa Clara, CA
 
Full service
 
258

 
100
 
258

Embassy Suites
 
Orlando, FL
 
Full service
 
174

 
100
 
174

Embassy Suites
 
New York, NY
 
Full service
 
310

 
100
 
310

Hilton Garden Inn
 
Jacksonville, FL
 
Select service
 
119

 
100
 
119

Hilton Garden Inn
 
Austin, TX
 
Select service
 
254

 
100
 
254

Hilton Garden Inn
 
Baltimore, MD
 
Select service
 
158

 
100
 
158

Hilton Garden Inn
 
Virginia Beach, VA
 
Select service
 
176

 
100
 
176

Hilton Garden Inn
 
Wisconsin Dells, WI
 
Select service
 
128

 
100
 
128

Hilton
 
Houston, TX
 
Full service
 
242

 
100
 
242

Hilton
 
St. Petersburg, FL
 
Full service
 
333

 
100
 
333

Hilton
 
Santa Fe, NM
 
Full service
 
158

 
100
 
158

Hilton
 
Bloomington, MN
 
Full service
 
300

 
100
 
300

Hilton
 
Costa Mesa, CA
 
Full service
 
486

 
100
 
486

Hilton
 
Boston, MA
 
Full service
 
390

 
100
 
390

Hilton
 
Parsippany, NJ
 
Full service
 
353

 
100
 
353

Hilton
 
Tampa, FL
 
Full service
 
238

 
100
 
238

Hilton
 
Alexandria, VA
 
Full service
 
252

 
100
 
252

Hilton
 
Santa Cruz, CA
 
Full service
 
178

 
100
 
178

Hampton Inn
 
Lawrenceville, GA
 
Select service
 
85

 
100
 
85

Hampton Inn
 
Evansville, IN
 
Select service
 
140

 
100
 
140

Hampton Inn
 
Parsippany, NJ
 
Select service
 
152

 
100
 
152

Hampton Inn
 
Buford, GA
 
Select service
 
92

 
100
 
92

Hampton Inn
 
Phoenix, AZ
 
Select service
 
106

 
100
 
106

Hampton Inn - Waterfront
 
Pittsburgh, PA
 
Select service
 
113

 
100
 
113

Hampton Inn - Washington
 
Pittsburgh, PA
 
Select service
 
103

 
100
 
103

Hampton Inn
 
Columbus, OH
 
Select service
 
145

 
100
 
145

Marriott
 
Beverly Hills, CA
 
Full service
 
260

 
100
 
260

Marriott
 
Durham, NC
 
Full service
 
225

 
100
 
225

Marriott
 
Arlington, VA
 
Full service
 
701

 
100
 
701

Marriott
 
Bridgewater, NJ
 
Full service
 
347

 
100
 
347

Marriott
 
Dallas, TX
 
Full service
 
265

 
100
 
265

Marriott
 
Fremont, CA
 
Full service
 
357

 
100
 
357

Marriott
 
Memphis, TN
 
Full service
 
232

 
100
 
232


60

Hotel Property 
 
Location 
 
Service Type
 
Total Rooms 
 
% Owned
 
Owned Rooms
Marriott
 
Irving, TX
 
Full service
 
491

 
100
 
491

Marriott
 
Omaha, NE
 
Full service
 
300

 
100
 
300

Marriott
 
San Antonio, TX
 
Full service
 
251

 
100
 
251

Marriott
 
Sugarland, TX
 
Full service
 
300

 
100
 
300

SpringHill Suites by Marriott
 
Jacksonville, FL
 
Select service
 
102

 
100
 
102

SpringHill Suites by Marriott
 
Baltimore, MD
 
Select service
 
133

 
100
 
133

SpringHill Suites by Marriott
 
Kennesaw, GA
 
Select service
 
90

 
100
 
90

SpringHill Suites by Marriott
 
Buford, GA
 
Select service
 
97

 
100
 
97

SpringHill Suites by Marriott
 
Charlotte, NC
 
Select service
 
136

 
100
 
136

SpringHill Suites by Marriott
 
Durham, NC
 
Select service
 
120

 
100
 
120

SpringHill Suites by Marriott
 
Manhattan Beach, CA
 
Select service
 
164

 
100
 
164

SpringHill Suites by Marriott
 
Plymouth Meeting, PA
 
Select service
 
199

 
100
 
199

Fairfield Inn by Marriott
 
Kennesaw, GA
 
Select service
 
86

 
100
 
86

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Bloomington, IN
 
Select service
 
117

 
100
 
117

Courtyard by Marriott - Tremont
 
Boston, MA
 
Select service
 
315

 
100
 
315

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Columbus, IN
 
Select service
 
90

 
100
 
90

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Denver, CO
 
Select service
 
202

 
100
 
202

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Louisville, KY
 
Select service
 
150

 
100
 
150

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Gaithersburg, MD
 
Select service
 
210

 
100
 
210

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Crystal City, VA
 
Select service
 
272

 
100
 
272

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Ft. Lauderdale, FL
 
Select service
 
174

 
100
 
174

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Overland Park, KS
 
Select service
 
168

 
100
 
168

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Savannah, GA
 
Select service
 
156

 
100
 
156

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Foothill Ranch, CA
 
Select service
 
156

 
100
 
156

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Alpharetta, GA
 
Select service
 
154

 
100
 
154

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Oakland, CA
 
Select service
 
156

 
100
 
156

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Scottsdale, AZ
 
Select service
 
180

 
100
 
180

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Plano, TX
 
Select service
 
153

 
100
 
153

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Newark, CA
 
Select service
 
181

 
100
 
181

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Manchester, CT
 
Select service
 
90

 
85
 
77

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Basking Ridge, NJ
 
Select service
 
235

 
100
 
235

Courtyard by Marriott
 
Wichita, KS
 
Select service
 
128

 
100
 
128

Courtyard by Marriott - Billerica
 
Boston, MA
 
Select service
 
210

 
100
 
210

Homewood Suites
 
Pittsburgh, PA
 
Select service
 
148

 
100
 
148

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Lake Buena Vista, FL
 
Select service
 
210

 
100
 
210

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Evansville, IN
 
Select service
 
78

 
100
 
78

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Orlando, FL
 
Select service
 
350

 
100
 
350

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Falls Church, VA
 
Select service
 
159

 
100
 
159

Marriott Residence Inn
 
San Diego, CA
 
Select service
 
150

 
100
 
150

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Salt Lake City, UT
 
Select service
 
144

 
100
 
144

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Las Vegas, NV
 
Select service
 
256

 
100
 
256

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Phoenix, AZ
 
Select service
 
200

 
100
 
200

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Plano, TX
 
Select service
 
126

 
100
 
126

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Newark, CA
 
Select service
 
168

 
100
 
168

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Manchester, CT
 
Select service
 
96

 
85
 
82

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Jacksonville, FL
 
Select service
 
120

 
100
 
120

Marriott Residence Inn
 
Stillwater, OK
 
Select service
 
101

 
100
 
101

TownePlace Suites by Marriott
 
Manhattan Beach, CA
 
Select service
 
143

 
100
 
143

One Ocean
 
Atlantic Beach, FL
 
Full service
 
193

 
100
 
193


61

Hotel Property 
 
Location 
 
Service Type
 
Total Rooms 
 
% Owned
 
Owned Rooms
Sheraton Hotel
 
Ann Arbor, MI
 
Full service
 
197

 
100
 
197

Sheraton Hotel
 
Langhorne, PA
 
Full service
 
186

 
100
 
186

Sheraton Hotel
 
Minneapolis, MN
 
Full service
 
220

 
100
 
220

Sheraton Hotel
 
Indianapolis, IN
 
Full service
 
378

 
100
 
378

Sheraton Hotel
 
Anchorage, AK
 
Full service
 
370

 
100
 
370

Sheraton Hotel
 
San Diego, CA
 
Full service
 
260

 
100
 
260

Hyatt Regency
 
Coral Gables, FL
 
Full service
 
254

 
100
 
254

Hyatt Regency
 
Hauppauge, NY
 
Full service
 
358

 
100
 
358

Hyatt Regency
 
Savannah, GA
 
Full service
 
351

 
100
 
351

Renaissance
 
Nashville, TN
 
Full service
 
673

 
100
 
673

Annapolis Historic Inn
 
Annapolis, MD
 
Full service
 
124

 
100
 
124

Lakeway Resort & Spa
 
Austin, TX
 
Full service
 
168

 
100
 
168

Silversmith
 
Chicago, IL
 
Full service
 
144

 
100
 
144

The Churchill
 
Washington, D.C.
 
Full service
 
173

 
100
 
173

The Melrose
 
Washington, D.C.
 
Full service
 
240

 
100
 
240

Le Pavillon
 
New Orleans, LA
 
Full service
 
226

 
100
 
226

The Ashton
 
Ft. Worth, TX
 
Full service
 
39

 
100
 
39

Westin
 
Princeton, NJ
 
Full service
 
296

 
100
 
296

W
 
Atlanta, GA
 
Full service
 
237

 
100
 
237

W
 
Minneapolis, MN
 
Full service
 
229

 
100
 
229

Le Meridien
 
Minneapolis, MN
 
Full service
 
60

 
100
 
60

Hotel Indigo
 
Atlanta, GA
 
Full service
 
141

 
100
 
141

Ritz-Carlton
 
Atlanta, GA
 
Full service
 
444

 
100
 
444

La Posada de Santa Fe
 
Santa Fe, NM
 
Full service
 
157

 
100
 
157

Ground Lease Properties
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Crowne Plaza (1)
 
Key West, FL
 
Full service
 
160

 
100
 
160

Crowne Plaza (2)
 
Annapolis, MD
 
Full service
 
196

 
100
 
196

Hilton (3)
 
Ft. Worth, TX
 
Full service
 
294

 
100
 
294

Renaissance (4)
 
Palm Springs, CA
 
Full service
 
410

 
100
 
410

Total
 
 
 
 
 
25,579

 
 
 
25,552

________
(1) 
The ground lease expires in 2084.
(2) 
The ground lease expires in 2114.
(3) 
The ground lease expires in 2040.
(4) 
The ground lease expires in 2059 with one 25-year extension option.

62

ITEM 3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our primary market risk exposure consists of changes in interest rates on borrowings under our debt instruments. The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market interest rates.
At June 30, 2019, our total indebtedness of $4.2 billion included $3.8 billion of variable-rate debt. The impact on our results of operations of a 25-basis point change in interest rate on the outstanding balance of variable-rate debt at June 30, 2019 would be approximately $9.6 million annually. Interest rate changes have no impact on the remaining $364.4 million of fixed-rate debt.
The above amounts were determined based on the impact of hypothetical interest rates on our borrowings and assume no changes in our capital structure. As the information presented above includes only those exposures that existed at June 30, 2019, it does not consider exposures or positions that could arise after that date. Accordingly, the information presented herein has limited predictive value. As a result, the ultimate realized gain or loss with respect to interest rate fluctuations will depend on exposures that arise during the period, the hedging strategies at the time, and the related interest rates.
We use credit default swaps, tied to the CMBX index, to hedge financial and capital market risk. We have entered into credit default swap transactions, excluding those that have terminated, for notional amounts totaling $212.5 million, to hedge financial and capital market risk. A credit default swap is a derivative contract that functions like an insurance policy against the credit risk of an entity or obligation. The seller of protection assumes the credit risk of the reference obligation from the buyer (us) of protection in exchange for annual premium payments. If a default or a loss, as defined in the credit default swap agreements, occurs on the underlying bonds, then the buyer of protection is protected against those losses. The only liability for us, the buyer, is the annual premium and any change in value of the underlying CMBX index (if the trade is terminated prior to maturity). For all CMBX trades completed to date, we were the buyer of protection. Credit default swaps are subject to master-netting settlement arrangements and credit support annexes. Assuming the underlying bonds pay off at par over their remaining average life, our total exposure for these trades was approximately $4.3 million at June 30, 2019.
We hold interest rate floors with notional amounts totaling $24.0 billion and strike rates ranging from (0.25)% to 2.0%. Our total exposure is capped at our initial upfront costs totaling $10.0 million. These instruments have termination dates ranging from September 2019 to November 2021.
ITEM 4.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) as of June 30, 2019 (the “Evaluation Date”). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective (i) to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms; and (ii) to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
There have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.


63

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Litigation—Palm Beach Florida Hotel and Office Building Limited Partnership, et al. v. Nantucket Enterprises, Inc. This litigation involves a landlord tenant dispute from 2008 in which the landlord, Palm Beach Florida Hotel and Office Building Limited Partnership, a subsidiary of the Company, claimed that the tenant had violated various lease provisions of the lease agreement and was therefore in default. The tenant counterclaimed and asserted multiple claims including that it had been wrongfully evicted. The litigation was instituted by the plaintiff in November 2008 in the Circuit Court of the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, in and for Palm Beach County, Florida and proceeded to a jury trial on June 30, 2014. The jury entered its verdict awarding the tenant total claims of $10.8 million and ruling against the landlord on its claim of breach of contract. In 2016, the Court of Appeals reduced the original $10.8 million judgment to $8.8 million and added pre-judgment interest on the wrongful eviction judgment. The case was further appealed to the Florida Supreme Court. On May 23, 2017, the trial court issued an order compelling the company that issued the supersedeas bond, RLI Insurance Company (“RLI”), to pay approximately $10.0 million. On June 1, 2017, RLI paid Nantucket this amount and sought reimbursement from the Company, and on June 7, 2017, the Company paid $2.5 million of the judgement. On June 27, 2017, the Florida Supreme Court denied the Company’s petition for review. As a result, all of the appeals were exhausted and the judgment was final with the determination and reimbursement of attorney’s fees being the only remaining dispute. On June 29, 2017, the balance of the judgment of $3.9 million was paid to Nantucket by the Company. On July 26, 2018, we paid $544,000 as part of a settlement on certain legal fees. The negotiations relating to the potential payment of the remaining attorney’s fees are still ongoing. As of June 30, 2019, we have accrued approximately $504,000 in legal fees, which represents the Company’s estimate of the amount of potential remaining legal fees that could be owed.
We are engaged in other various legal proceedings which have arisen but have not been fully adjudicated. The likelihood of loss from these legal proceedings, based on definitions within contingency accounting literature, ranges from remote to reasonably possible and to probable. Based on estimates of the range of potential losses associated with these matters, management does not believe the ultimate resolution of these proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, the final results of legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and if we fail to prevail in one or more of these legal matters, and the associated realized losses exceed our current estimates of the range of potential losses, our consolidated financial position or results of operations could be materially adversely affected in future periods.
ITEM 1A.
RISK FACTORS
The discussion of our business and operations should be read together with the risk factors contained in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which describe various risks and uncertainties to which we are or may become subject. These risks and uncertainties have the potential to affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, strategies, or prospects in a material and adverse manner. At June 30, 2019, there have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

64

ITEM 2.
UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer
The following table provides the information with respect to purchases and forfeitures of shares of our common stock during each of the months in the second quarter of 2019:
Period
 
Total
Number of
Shares
Purchased
 
Average
Price Paid
Per Share
 
Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plan (1)
 
Maximum Dollar
Value of Shares That
May Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plan
Common stock:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
April 1 to April 30
 
30,840

(2) 
$
5.40

(3) 
—

 
$
200,000,000

May 1 to May 31
 
13,890

 
—

(3) 
—

 
200,000,000

June 1 to June 30
 
7,109

 
—

(3) 
—

 
200,000,000

Total
 
51,839

 
$
5.40

 
—

 
 
____________________
(1) 
On December 5, 2017, the board of directors reapproved a stock repurchase program (the “Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which the board of directors granted a repurchase authorization to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”) having an aggregate value of up to $200 million. The board of director’s authorization replaced any previous repurchase authorizations.
(2) 
Includes 23,403 shares in April that were purchased from employees of Ashford LLC to satisfy stock vesting tax withholdings.
(3) 
There is no cost associated with the forfeiture of 7,437, 13,890 and 7,109 restricted shares of our common stock in April, May and June, respectively.
ITEM 3.
DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
ITEM 5.
OTHER INFORMATION
None.

65

ITEM 6.
EXHIBITS
Exhibit
 
Description
3.1
 
Articles of Amendment and Restatement, as amended by Amendment Number One to Articles of Amendment and Restatement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on May 15, 2015) (File No. 333-204235)
 
 
 
 
3.2
 
Amendment Number Two to Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on May 22, 2017)
 
 
 
 
3.3
 
Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended by Amendment No. 1 on October 26, 2014, by Amendment No.2 on October 19, 2015 and by Amendment No. 3 on August 2, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed on August 8, 2016)
 
 
 
 
31.1*
 
Certifications of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
 
 
 
 
31.2*
 
Certifications of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
 
 
 
 
32.1*
 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
 
 
 
 
32.2*
 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
 
 
 
 
The following materials from the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019 are formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) Consolidated Statements Comprehensive Income (Loss); (iii) Consolidated Statements of Equity; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In accordance with Rule 402 of Regulation S-T, the XBRL related information in Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q shall not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be part of any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.
 
 
101.INS
 
XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
 
101.SCH
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.CAL
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.LAB
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
Submitted electronically with this report.
101.PRE
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
Submitted electronically with this report.
___________________________________
* Filed herewith.

66

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST, INC.
Date:
August 6, 2019
By:
/s/ DOUGLAS A. KESSLER
 
 
 
 
Douglas A. Kessler
 
 
 
 
President and Chief Executive Officer
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date:
August 6, 2019
By:
/s/ DERIC S. EUBANKS
 
 
 
 
Deric S. Eubanks
 
 
 
 
Chief Financial Officer
 

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What is the market capitalization of a company?

The market capitalization sometimes referred as Marketcap, is the value of a publicly listed company.
In most cases it can be easily calculated by multiplying the share price with the amount of outstanding shares.

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